Common biases

Acoustic feedback is a major problem in openfit digital hearing aids, which significantly lowers the signal quality and limits the achievable maximum stable gain. Adaptive feedback cancellation (AFC) is a common and efficient approach, however, it introduces a biased estimate of the feedback path due to a high correlation between loudspeaker signal and the incoming signal, especially when the incoming signal is spectrally coloured, e.g., speech, music.

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The patterns of gene expression on highly differentiated sex chromosomes differ drastically from those on autosomes, due to sex-specific patterns of selection and inheritance. As a result, X chromosomes are often enriched in female-biased genes (feminization) and Z chromosomes in male-biased genes (masculinization).

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State-of-the-art methods assessing pathogenic non-coding variants have mostly been characterized on common disease-associated polymorphisms, yet with modest accuracy and strong positional biases. In this study, we curated 737 high-confidence pathogenic non-coding variants associated with monogenic Mendelian diseases.

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Head fixation can induce hemodynamic instability. Remifentanil is commonly used with propofol for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) during neurosurgery. This study investigated the 90% effective concentration (EC90) of remifentanil for blunting of cardiovascular responses to head fixation during neurosurgery via bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.

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After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: Intuition, types of problems & decision making, decision making conditions, common decision making errors & biases, what is planning? types of plans.

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Periampullary cancers (PAC) including pancreatic, ampulla of Vater (AOV), and common bile duct (CBD) cancers are highly aggressive with a lack of useful prognostic markers beyond T stage. However, T staging can be biased due to the anatomic complexity of this region.

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Articulate the role of the external environment in management decisions and effectiveness, explain the five major dimensions of an organization’s general environment, describe the critical forces in the organization’s task environment,…

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To report the outcomes of hepatoblastoma respected in our institution. The OS for patients with hepatoblastoma who underwent liver resection was satisfactory. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and TACE seemed to have a similar effect on OS. However, the abandonment of treatment by patients with hepatoblastoma was common, and may have biased our results.

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Mental accounting is the common tendency to create artificial budgets covering different categories of spending and saving. People use this technique to evaluate and keep track of their finances but it can lead to seemingly irrational decisions such as saving at low interest rates whilst simultaneously borrowing at high rates. Status quo bias is the tendency for people to stick with their prior choices. It is therefore relevant to the selection of financial products and the incentive to stay informed.

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· Behavioural economics has been directed more to explaining choices than to changing them. Even if there is a sense in which people can be shown to be making poor decisions it is of course debatable whether it is appropriate to try to intervene. A relatively small literature has looked at remedies for various cognitive biases. Little of this is specifically applied to personal finance. · A number of the debiasing techniques in the literature involve encouraging thinking that is more critical. “Consider the opposite” encourages people to think why they may be wrong.

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To date, there has been no explicitly systematic review of the available literature on this topic. In contrast to non-systematic reviews which can be biased and incomplete, the prime purpose of systematic reviews of literature is to provide a comprehensive display of all available evidence in a common format. Systematic reviews have clear principles for their conduct. First, the process of the review should be carried out according to a pre- specified method. Second, the proposed method should be open to public scrutiny and peer review.

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Let me begin this preface with a confession of a few of my own biases. First, I believe that theory, and the models that flow from it, should provide us with the tools to understand, analyze and solve problems. The test of a model or theory then should not be based upon its elegance but upon its usefulness in problem solving. Second, there is little in corporate financial theory, in my view, that is new and revolutionary. The core principles of corporate finance are common sense ones, and have changed little over time....

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Behavioral economics has been the economics profession’s runaway growth area of recent decades. Scholars in this area work largely at the intersection of economics and psychology. Much of their attention has focused on systematic biases in people’s judgments and decisions. As the late Amos Tversky, a Stanford University psychologist and a founding father of behavioral economics, liked to say, “My colleagues, they study artifi cial intelligence. Me? I study natural stupid

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Potential Biases of Screening Tests The common biases of screening are lead time, length-biased sampling, and selection. These biases can make a screening test seem beneficial when actually it is not (or even causes net harm). Whether beneficial or not, screening can create the false impression of an epidemic by increasing the number of cancers diagnosed. It can also produce a shift in proportion of patients diagnosed at an early stage that improves survival statistics without reducing mortality (i.e.

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