Computational immunology

Ebook "Immunoformatics: Bioinformatic strategies for better understanding of immune function" is the first to feature thorough coverage of this new field. Immunoinformatics facilitates the understanding of immune function by modelling the interactions among immunological components. Biological research provides ever deeper insights into the complexity of living organisms while computer science provides an effective means to store and analyse large volumes of complex data.

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The crosstalk between cancer and the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) has attracted significant interest in the latest years because of its impact on cancer evolution and response to treatment. Despite this, cancer-specific tumour-TIME interactions and their mechanistic insights are still poorly understood.

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T-cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune system by triggering responses against cancer cells and pathogens, while maintaining tolerance against self-antigens, which has sparked interest in the development of various T-cell-focused immunotherapies.

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Steroid therapy, a key therapy for inflammatory, allergic, and immunological disorders, is often associated with steroid myopathy as one of the side effects. Steroid therapy is considered the first-line therapy for myositis; however, there have been no reports strictly comparing the muscle mass in patients with myositis before and after steroid therapy.

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The aim of a recent research project was the investigation of the mechanisms involved in the onset of type 2 diabetes in the absence of familiarity. This has led to the development of a computational model that recapitulates the aetiology of the disease and simulates the immunological and metabolic alterations linked to type-2 diabetes subjected to clinical, physiological, and behavioural features of prototypical human individuals.

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Understanding the interactions between antibodies and the linear epitopes that they recognize is an important task in the study of immunological diseases. We present a novel computational method for the design of linear epitopes of specified binding affinity to Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg).

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The identification of immunogenic regions on the surface of antigens, which are able to be recognized by antibodies and to trigger an immune response, is a major challenge for the design of new and effective vaccines. The prediction of such regions through computational immunology techniques is a challenging goal, which will ultimately lead to a drastic limitation of the experimental tests required to validate their efficiency.

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In 2009, a novel influenza vaccine was distributed worldwide to combat the H1N1 influenza “swine flu” pandemic. However, antibodies induced by the vaccine display differences in their specificity and cross-reactivity dependent on pre-existing immunity.

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Artificial immune system (AIS) is a diverse research area that combines the disciplines of immunology and computation. Negative selection algorithm (NSA) is one of the computational models of self/nonself discrimination can be designed for anomaly detection in AIS. It contains two stages: generate a set D of detectors that do not match any element of a given self-set S.

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Nutrigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics are three new disciplines that will contribute to the rapid development of functional foods. Bioinformatics is a new tool that uses computer database technology to integrate data from multiple, and sometimes disparate, disciplines. Already these disciplines and tools have improved our understanding of food science and human nutrition. Discoveries in genetics make it possible to understand the effects of nutrients in processes at the molecular level in the body and also the variable effects of dietary components on each individual.

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The delivery of technology-assisted distance counseling continues to grow and evolve. Technology assistance in the form of computer-assisted assessment, computer-assisted information systems, and telephone counseling has been available and widely used for some time. The rapid development and use of the Internet to deliver information and foster communication has resulted in the creation of new forms of counseling. Developments have occurred so rapidly that it is difficult to communicate a common understanding of these new forms of counseling practice.

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Most Western societies take clean water for granted. When we turn on the tap, we rarely question the source, its reliability or its quality. Perhaps out of habit, we assume there will always be more. Water is one of our most critical resources – even more important than oil. Water sustains agriculture and, thus, our food chain. Vast quantities of water are used to make the silicon chips that help power our computers and cell phones. Electric power plants depend heavily on water, and account for a staggering 39 percent of freshwater withdrawals in the United States.

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Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology/ Biopsy (FNAC/FNAB) is now a widely accepted diagnostic procedure, which has largely replaced open biopsy. This method is applicable to lesions that are easily palpable, for example swellings in Thyroid, Breast, superficial Lymph node etc. Imaging techniques, mainly ultra-sonography and computed tomography, offer an opportunity for guided FNAC of deeper structures. The practice of diagnostic cytology needs proper training of the laboratory personnel including cytopathologist, cytotechnologist and cytotechnician.

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This book presents several recent advances on Evolutionary Computation, specially evolution-based optimization methods and hybrid algorithms for several applications, from optimization and learning to pattern recognition and bioinformatics. Concerning evolutionbased optimization methods, this book presents diverse versions of genetic algorithms, genetic programming, and performance studies and analyses, as well as several particle swarm optimizers and hybrid approaches using neural networks and artificial immunological systems for multi-objective optimization....

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