Cytoskeleton effectors

Heterotrimeric G proteins participate in signal transduction by transferring signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effector molecules. G proteins also interact with microtubules and participate in microtubule-dependent centrosome⁄chromosome movement during cell division, as well as neuronal differentiation.

10p inspiron33 23-03-2013 36 5   Download

The ATP-hydrolysing enzymes (Na + ,K + )-, H + - and Ca 2+ -ATPase are integral membrane proteins that play important roles in the exchange of ions and nutrients between the exterior and interior of cells, and are involved in signal transduction pathways. Activity of these ATPases is reg-ulated by several specific effectors.

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Enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenicEscherichia coliproduce various effector proteins that are directly injected into the host-cell cytosol through the type III secretion system. E. colisecreted protein (Esp)B is one such effector protein, and affects host-cell morphology by reorganizing actin net-works.

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EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) and enteropathogenic Escheri-chia coli (EPEC) are attaching⁄effacing pathogens that possess a type III secretion system and deliver a variety of effectors into host cells for suc-cessful infection. EHEC produces at least 20 effector families with various functions.

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A variety of microbes manipulate the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells to promote their internalization, motility and⁄or spread. Among such bacte-ria, enteropathogenic Escherichia coliand enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliare closely related pathogens that adhere to human intestinal cells and reorganize the underlying actin cytoskeleton into ‘pedestals’.

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Various bacterial protein toxins and effectors target the actin cytoskeleton. At least three groups of toxins⁄effectors can be identified, which directly modify actin molecules. One group of toxins⁄effectors causes ADP-ribosy-lation of actin at arginine-177, thereby inhibiting actin polymerization.

18p cosis54 04-01-2013 43 3   Download