Gastrointestinal diseases

There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development.

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Document presentation of content: Epidemiology, osteoporosis in GI/Liver associated conditions, etiology, diagnosis, management of osteoporosis, literature references, links to useful websites and consensus statements, queries and feedback.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous movement disorder character-ized by progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra. We have previously presented genetic evidence for the possible involvement of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADH; ALDH) by identifying genetic variants in ADH1C and ADH4 that associate with PD.

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Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by an inflammatory process associated with mucosal damage. Many studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) possess anti-inflam-matory effects in inflammatory bowel disease.

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Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: Impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease on daily life: the Systematic Investigation of Gastrointestinal Diseases in China (SILC) epidemiological study

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Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: Six years survival on imatinib with no disease progression after diagnosis of metastatic duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumour: A case report

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Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor resembling a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in a patient with neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen’s disease): a case report

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The term acid-peptic disorders encompasses a variety of relatively specific medical conditions in which injury by gastric acid (and activated pepsin) is thought to play an important role. These disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), benign "peptic" ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, ulcers secondary to the use of conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and ulcers due to the rare Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 130. Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections: Introduction Many varieties of streptococci are found as part of the normal flora colonizing the human respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. Several species are important causes of human disease. Group A Streptococcus (GAS, S.

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 122. Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning: Introduction Ranging from mild annoyances during vacations to devastating dehydrating illnesses that can kill within hours, acute gastrointestinal illnesses rank second only to acute upper respiratory illnesses as the most common diseases worldwide.

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Transmission to New Hosts As part of the pathogenic process, most microbes are shed from the host, often in a form infectious for susceptible individuals. However, the rate of transmissibility may not necessarily be high, even if the disease is severe in the infected individual, as transmissibility and virulence are not linked traits.

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Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis: Treatment No specific therapy exists for chronic IMF. Anemia may be due to gastrointestinal blood loss and exacerbated by folic acid deficiency, and in rare instances, pyridoxine therapy has been effective. However, anemia is more often due to ineffective erythropoiesis uncompensated by extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen and liver. Neither recombinant erythropoietin nor androgens, such as Danazol, have proved consistently effective as therapy for anemia.

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Hematologic Syndromes: Introduction The elevation of granulocyte, platelet, and eosinophil counts in most patients with myeloproliferative disorders is caused by the proliferation of the myeloid elements due to the underlying disease rather than a paraneoplastic syndrome. The paraneoplastic hematologic syndromes in patients with solid tumors are less well characterized than the endocrine syndromes because the ectopic hormone(s) or cytokines responsible have not been identified in most of these tumors (Table 96-2).

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Radiation therapy to the pelvis is recommended for patients with rectal cancer because it reduces the 20–25% probability of regional recurrences following complete surgical resection of stage II or III tumors, especially if they have penetrated through the serosa.

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Screening The rationale for colorectal cancer screening programs is that earlier detection of localized, superficial cancers in asymptomatic individuals will increase the surgical cure rate. Such screening programs are important for individuals having a family history of the disease in first-degree relatives. The relative risk for developing colorectal cancer increases to 1.75 in such individuals and may be even higher if the relative was afflicted before age 60.

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Etiology and Risk Factors Risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer are listed in Table 874. Table 87-4 Risk Factors for the Development of Colorectal Cancer Diet: Animal fat Hereditary syndromes (autosomal dominant inheritance) Polyposis coli Nonpolyposis syndrome (Lynch syndrome) Inflammatory bowel disease Streptococcus bovis bacteremia Ureterosigmoidostomy ? Tobacco use Diet The etiology for most cases of large-bowel cancer appears to be related to environmental factors. The disease occurs more often in upper socioeconomic populations who live in urban areas.

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Gastric (Nonlymphoid) Sarcoma Leiomyosarcomas and GISTs make up 1–3% of gastric neoplasms. They most frequently involve the anterior and posterior walls of the gastric fundus and often ulcerate and bleed. Even those lesions that appear benign on histologic examination may behave in a malignant fashion. These tumors rarely invade adjacent viscera and characteristically do not metastasize to lymph nodes, but they may spread to the liver and lungs. The treatment of choice is surgical resection. Combination chemotherapy should be reserved for patients with metastatic disease.

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Several additional etiologic factors have been associated with gastric carcinoma. Gastric ulcers and adenomatous polyps have occasionally been linked, but data on a cause-and-effect relationship are unconvincing. The inadequate clinical distinction between benign gastric ulcers and small ulcerating carcinomas may, in part, account for this presumed association. The presence of extreme hypertrophy of gastric rugal folds (i.e.

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Tumors of the Stomach Gastric Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Epidemiology For unclear reasons, the incidence and mortality rates for gastric cancer have decreased markedly during the past 75 years. The mortality rate from gastric cancer in the United States has dropped in men from 28 to 5.8 per 100,000 persons, while in women the rate has decreased from 27 to 2.8 per 100,000. Nonetheless, 21,260 new cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed in the United States, and 11,210 Americans died of the disease in 2007.

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Clinical Features About 10% of esophageal cancers occur in the upper third of the esophagus (cervical esophagus), 35% in the middle third, and 55% in the lower third. Squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas cannot be distinguished radiographically or endoscopically. Progressive dysphagia and weight loss of short duration are the initial symptoms in the vast majority of patients. Dysphagia initially occurs with solid foods and gradually progresses to include semisolids and liquids.

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