Oil and gas transport

The velocity at which radiation travels (or propagates) through a medium is dependent on the medium itself When radiation travels through a medium and does not undergo a frequency change, it cannot be undergoing a permanent energy transfer However, radiation can still interact with the medium – Radiation, an EM field, polarizes the electron clouds of atoms in the medium – Polarization is a temporary deformation of the electron clouds

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 IUPAC Definition: chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves in a definite direction  Stationary phase (SP): common name for the column packing material in any type of chromatography  Mobile phase (MP): liquid media that continuously flows through the column and carries the analytes  Analyte: the chemical species being investigated (detected and quantitatively measured) by an analytical method...

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 Matched against a wide range of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, the techniques of electroanalytical chemistry find an important role for several reasons: – Electroanalytical methods are often specific for a particular oxidation state of an element – Electrochemical instrumentation is relatively inexpensive and can be miniaturized – Electroanalytical methods provide information about activities (rather than concentration)

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 UV-Visible spectra can be interpreted to help determine molecular structure, but this is presently confined to the analysis of electron behavior in known compounds.  Information from other techniques (NMR, MS, IR) is usually far more useful for structural analysis  However, UV-Vis evidence should not be ignored!

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Aldehydes and Ketones – Form acetals and ketals respectively with normal methanol-containing reagents – Water formed in this reaction will then be titrated to give erroneously high water results – With aldehydes a second side reaction can take place, consuming water, which can lead to sample water content being underestimated – Replacing methanol with another solvent can solve the difficulties (commercial reagents are widely available)

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