Spatial genetic patterns

Fish are remarkably diverse in repertoires of visual opsins by gene duplications. Differentiation of their spatiotemporal expression patterns and absorption spectra enables fine-tuning of feature detection in spectrally distinct regions of the visual field during ontogeny.

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The spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA, Jombart (Heredity 101:92-103, 2008) is designed to investigate non-random spatial distributions of genetic variation. Unfortunately, the associated tests used for assessing the existence of spatial patterns (global and local test; (Heredity 101:92-103, 2008) lack statistical power and may fail to reveal existing spatial patterns.

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Over the years, agriculture across the world has been compromised by a succession of devastating epidemics caused by evolving viruses that spilled over from reservoir species or by new variants of classic viruses that acquired new virulence factors or changed their epidemiological patterns. Population genetics can be used as a powerful tool for identification of disease dynamics over population across large-scale geographic regions. Knowledge of life-history and origin of pathogen can greatly benefit from emergence and expansion of spatial genetics.

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Transcriptional Activation and Repression Every gene is controlled uniquely, whether in its spatial or temporal pattern of expression or in its response to extracellular signals. It is estimated that transcription factors account for ~30% of expressed genes. A growing number of identified genetic diseases involve transcription factors (Table 62-2). The MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) disorders are representative of this group of diseases; mutations in several different islet cell–specific transcription factors cause various forms of MODY (Chap. 338).

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