The storage problem

The two most important environmental hazards faced by humankind today are air pollution and global warming. Both have a direct link with our current overdependence on fossil fuels. Pollutants produced from combustion of hydrocarbons now cause even more health problems due to the urbanization of world population

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The bulkiness of linguistic reference data, contrasted with the limited capacity of existing random-access memory units, has aroused interest in means of conserving storage space. A dictionary, for example, can be considerably compressed, yet at the same time virtually all of its usefulness can be retained.

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Clinical Manifestations Intestinal Disorders Food Poisoning C. perfringens, primarily type A, is the second or third most common cause of food poisoning in the United States (Chap. 122). The responsible toxin is thought to be a cytotoxin produced by 75% of strains isolated from cases of foodborne disease. The cytotoxin binds to a receptor on the small-bowel brush border and induces a calcium ion–dependent alteration in permeability. The associated loss of ions alters intracellular metabolism, resulting in cell death.

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Nonimmunologic Reactions Fluid Overload Blood components are excellent volume expanders, and transfusion may quickly lead to volume overload. Monitoring the rate and volume of the transfusion and using a diuretic can minimize this problem. Hypothermia Refrigerated (4°C) or frozen (–18°C or below) blood components can result in hypothermia when rapidly infused. Cardiac dysrhythmias can result from exposing the sinoatrial node to cold fluid. Use of an in-line warmer will prevent this complication.

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A system of linear equations is called sparse if only a relatively small number of its matrix elements aij are nonzero. It is wasteful to use general methods of linear algebra on such problems, because most of the O(N 3 ) arithmetic operations devoted to solving the set of equations or inverting the matrix involve zero operands. Furthermore, you might wish to work problems so large as to tax your available memory space, and it is wasteful to reserve storage for unfruitful zero elements.

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