Total internal reflection

Ebook "B cell receptor signaling: Methods and protocols" looks the current advanced protocols used to study aspects of the B cell receptor (BCR). The chapters in this book cover topics such as the mutant of BCR repertoire to understand antibody evolution; interactions between B cells and viruses; mechanical force during BCR activation; B cell signaling using flow cytometry; confocal microscopy, total internal reflection microscopy and intravital two-photon microscopy;...

262p lucchinguyen 28-12-2023 5 2   Download

Characterizing membrane dynamics is a key issue to understand cell exchanges with the extra-cellular medium. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is well suited to focus on the late steps of exocytosis at the plasma membrane.

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Uric acid is a key product of the metabolism of purines, the backbone of Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Being a fundamental component of every living cell, the total Earth’s DNA base pairs is estimated to weigh 50 billion tons [1], which translates into a huge abundance of uric acid in our planet. It would be naive to think of all these virtual heaps of uric acid as useless, inert waste produces. Indeed, they are not. Uric acid in the environment is a rich source of nitrogen (33% of its weight) to plant life, hence its important role in the universal food chain.

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Results show that the present configuration can be a high Q-factor, easy-to-use, broadband prism resonator suitable as a laser oscillator not only in the ultraviolet (UV) region but also down to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) wavelengths where alignment is restricted to vacuum environments.

6p thuyliebe 08-10-2018 27 1   Download

These publications—international journals as well as niche and regional scholarly publications—were collectively responsible for 1 million manuscript submissions in 2010 (1.2 million in 2011). In 2005, the total number of submissions made using ScholarOne Manuscripts was 317,325. The data have not been normalized to reflect the growing number of sites using ScholarOne Manuscripts. The trend from clients has been initially to debut larger sites, usually in Science, Technical and Medical (STM) subjects, and then move to smaller titles, often in non-STM fields (see Figure 1).

8p docvachiase 03-05-2013 30 2   Download

Final  figures  have  been  projected  to  reflect  international  statistics  and  are  exclusively  based  on  the  estimated number of Plastic Surgeons  in each country and  the  responding sample.  Whereas  the U.S.‐ based study funded by the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery includes Board Certified Plastic  Surgeons, Dermatologists, and Otolaryngologists, this  International Survey  is focused entirely on board  certified (or national equivalent) Plastic Surgeons.

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This book is comprised of a collection of reviews and research works from international professionals from various parts of the world. A practical approach to quality management provides the reader with the understanding of basic to total quality practices in organizations, reflecting a systematic coverage of topics. Its main focus is on quality management practices in organization and dealing with specific total quality practices to quality management systems.

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Assessment of Circulating (Visceral) Proteins The serum proteins most used to assess nutritional status include albumin, total iron-binding capacity (or transferrin), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (or transthyretin), and retinol-binding protein. Because they have differing synthesis rates and half-lives—the half-life of serum albumin is about 21 days whereas those of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein are about 2 days and 12 h, respectively—some of these proteins reflect changes in nutritional status more quickly than others.

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Protein Catabolism The rate of endogenous protein breakdown (catabolism) to supply energy needs normally falls during uncomplicated energy deprivation. After about 10 days of total starvation, the unstressed individual loses about 12–18 g/d protein (equivalent to approximately 2 oz of muscle tissue or 2–3 g of nitrogen). By contrast, in injury and sepsis, protein breakdown accelerates in proportion to the degree of stress, to 30–60 g/d after elective surgery, 60–90 g/d with infection, 100–130 g/d with severe sepsis or skeletal trauma, and 175 g/d with major burns or head injuries.

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