Type I error

When testing for SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) associations in related individuals, observations are not independent. Simple linear regression assuming independent normally distributed residuals results in an increased type I error and the power of the test is also affected in a more complicate manner.

11p vinarcissa 21-03-2023 4 1   Download

Weighted genetic risk scores (GRS), defined as weighted sums of risk alleles of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are statistically powerful for detection gene-environment (GxE) interactions. To assign weights, the gold standard is to use external weights from an independent study.

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The CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) Sequencing Project is a national, collaborative effort from 3 studies: Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC).

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In a recent paper, we described our efforts in search for evidence supporting epigenetic transgenerational inheritance caused by endocrine disrupter chemicals. One aspect of our study was to compare genome-wide DNA methylation changes in the vinclozolin-exposed fetal male germ cells (n = 3) to control samples (n = 3), their counterparts in the next, unexposed, generation (n = 3 + 3) and also in adult spermatozoa (n = 2 + 2) in both generations.

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Demographic bottlenecks can severely reduce the genetic variation of a population or a species. Establishing whether low genetic variation is caused by a bottleneck or a constantly low effective number of individuals is important to understand a species’ ecology and evolution, and it has implications for conservation management.

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Gaining biological insights into molecular responses to treatments or diseases from omics data can be accomplished by gene set or pathway enrichment methods. A plethora of diferent tools and algorithms have been developed so far. Among those, the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) proved to control both type I and II errors well.

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Pathway enrichment analysis is extensively used in the analysis of Omics data for gaining biological insights into the functional roles of pre-defined subsets of genes, proteins and metabolites. A large number of methods have been proposed in the literature for this task.

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Correct application of the classical factorial F-test depends on normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions. If these assumptions are violated the type I error rate will be inflated and power of the test will be decreased. Therefore nonparametric statistical tests have been proposed to analyze the interaction effects in factorial designs.

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The probability of Type-I error for the plutonium Material Unaccounted For (MUF) is evaluated by the hypothesis testing method as a function of the sizes of powder particles and granules, which are dominant parameters to determine the sample size. The results show the probability of Type-I error is occasionally greater than 5%. However, increasing granule sample sizes could surmount the weakness of material accounting because of the non-uniformity of nuclide composition.

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the second edition of atoms, radiation, and radiation protection has several important new features. si units are employed throughout, the older units being de-fined but used sparingly. there are two new chapters. one is on statistics for health physics. it starts with the description of radioactive decay as a bernoulli process and treats sample counting, propagation of error, limits of detection, type-i and type-ii errors, instrument response, and monte carlo radiation-transport computations.

595p tranthanhkhang93 19-04-2017 61 8   Download

Chapter 10 - One-sample tests of hypothesis. In this chapter you will be able to: Define a hypothesis, explain the five-step hypothesis-testing procedure, define type i and type ii errors, define the term test statistic and explain how it is used, distinguish between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis,...

15p whocare_e 04-10-2016 59 2   Download

Chapter 9 - Hypothesis testing. After mastering the material in this chapter, you will be able to: Set Up appropriate null and alternative hypotheses, describe Type I and Type II errors and their probabilities, use critical values and p-values to perform a z test about a population mean when s is known,...

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When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: Define null and alternative hypothesis and hypothesis testing, define Type I and Type II errors, describe the five-step hypothesis testing procedure, distinguish between a one-tailed and a two-tailed test of hypothesis,...

53p tangtuy09 21-04-2016 59 3   Download

The pre-service teachers in the writing methods course learned about the history of writing instruction and writing theories, writers’ workshops and the use of various types of journals. They were also introduced to the role of literature and methods for integrating oral skills into literacy instruction. In addition to these materials, I reviewed sample ESL student essays to illustrate techniques for providing feedback on student writing.

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We have obtained two types of thermostable mutant lactate oxidase – one that exhibited an E-to-G point mutation at position 160 (E160G)through error-prone PCR-based random mutagenesis, and another that exhibited an E-to-G mutation at position 160 and a V-to-I mutation at position 198 (E160G/V198I)through DNA shuffling-based random mutagenesis – both of which we have previously reported.

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I argue that because of spelling and typing errors and other properties of typed text, the identification of words and word boundaries in general requires syntactic and semantic knowledge. A lattice representation is therefore appropriate for lexical analysis. I show how the use of such a representation in the CLARE system allows different kinds of hypothesis about word identity to be integrated in a uniform framework. I then describe a quantitative evaluation of CLARE's performance on a set of sentences into which typographic errors have been introduced. ...

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I have noticed over the years that students have great deal of difficulty dealing with composite and abstract data types. Therefore we are going spend an extra lab review material we have already learned. Vector data type, a variation of array, will be introduced as well. Vector data type (Vector Class) can be used when you need an array that grows dynamically. However, C++ does not allow us to declare size of an array dynamically like some other languages. It is important for you to declare the maximum size you will need. Suppose you are writing a program to keep...

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After the first laboratory assignment several students came to my office and asked questions that were very similar. Thus, this addendum to Chapter 1 was written. When a program is assigned to you the first thing you should do is to understand the problem. Even though you may think that the assignment is very easy and you can do it at the last minute, most of the time this is not the case. Therefore, I require you to solve the problem assigned to you with "paper and pencil" first.

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This is the first book of examples from the Theory of Probability. This topic is not my favourite, however, thanks to my former colleague, Ole Jørsboe, I somehow managed to get an idea of what it is all about. The way I have treated the topic will often diverge from the more professional treatment. On the other hand, it will probably also be closer to the way of thinking which is more common among many readers, because I also had to start from scratch. Unfortunately errors cannot be avoided in a first edition of a work of this type. However, the author has tried to put...

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This is the eight book of examples from the Theory of Probability. In general, this topic is not my favourite, but thanks to my former colleague, Ole Jørsboe, I somehow managed to get an idea of what it is all about. We shall, however, in this volume deal with some topics which are closer to my own mathematical fields. The prerequisites for the topics can e.g. be found in the Ventus: Calculus 2 series and the Ventus: Complex Function Theory series, and all the previous Ventus: Probability c1-c6. Unfortunately errors cannot be avoided in a first edition of a work of this type.

109p sn_buon 29-11-2012 56 6   Download