501 CHALLENGING LOGIC AND REASONING PROBLEMS phần 5

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– QUESTIONS – S et 32 455. It is well known that the world urgently (Answers begin on page 136.) needs adequate distribution of food, so that everyone gets enough. Adequate distribution Each of the questions in this set contains a short para- of medicine is just as urgent. Medical expert- graph, and each paragraph presents an argument. Your ise and medical supplies need to be redistrib- task is to read the paragraph carefully and determine uted throughout the world so that people in the main point the author is trying to make. What emerging nations will have proper medical conclusion can be drawn from the argument? Each care. paragraph is followed by ﬁve statements. One statement supports the author’s argument better than the others This paragraph best supports the statement do. The best way to approach these questions is to ﬁrst that read the paragraph and then restate the author’s main a. the majority of the people in the world have argument, or conclusion, in your own words. never been seen by a doctor. b. food production in emerging nations has slowed during the past several years. 454. If you’re a ﬁtness walker, there is no need for c. most of the world’s doctors are selﬁsh a commute to a health club. Your neighbor- about giving time and money to the poor. hood can be your health club. You don’t need d. the medical-supply industry should step up a lot of fancy equipment to get a good work- production of its products. out either. All you need is a well-designed e. many people who live in emerging nations pair of athletic shoes. are not receiving proper medical care. This paragraph best supports the statement 456. The criminal justice system needs to change. that The system could be more just if it allowed a. ﬁtness walking is a better form of exercise victims the opportunity to confront the per- than weight lifting. son who has harmed them. Also, mediation b. a membership in a health club is a poor between victims and their offenders would investment. give the offenders a chance to apologize for c. walking outdoors provides a better workout the harm they have done. than walking indoors. d. ﬁtness walking is a convenient and valuable This paragraph best supports the statement form of exercise. that victims of a crime should e. poorly designed athletic shoes can cause a. learn to forgive their offenders. major foot injuries. b. have the right to confront their offenders. c. learn the art of mediation. d. insist that their offenders be punished. e. have the right to impose a sentence on their offenders. 83
– QUESTIONS – 459. One of the warmest winters on record has 457. In the past, consumers would rarely walk into put consumers in the mood to spend money. an ice cream store and order low-fat ice Spending is likely to be the strongest in thir- cream. But that isn’t the case today. An teen years. During the month of February, increasing health consciousness combined sales of existing single-family homes hit an with a much bigger selection of tasty low-fat annual record rate of 4.75 million. foods in all categories has made low-fat ice cream a very proﬁtable item for ice cream This paragraph best supports the statement store owners. that a. consumer spending will be higher thirteen This paragraph best supports the statement years from now than it is today. that b. more people buy houses in the month of a. low-fat ice cream produces more revenue February than in any other month. than other low-fat foods. c. during the winter months, the prices of b. ice cream store owners would be better off single-family homes are the lowest. carrying only low-fat ice cream. d. there were about 4 million homes for sale c. ice cream store owners no longer think that during the month of February. low-fat ice cream is an unpopular item. e. warm winter weather is likely to affect the d. low-fat ice cream is more popular than rate of home sales. other kinds of ice cream. e. consumers are ﬁckle and it is impossible to 460. One New York publisher has estimated that please them. 50,000 to 60,000 people in the United States 458. A few states in this country are considering want an anthology that includes the complete works of William Shakespeare. And what legislation that would prohibit schools from accounts for this renewed interest in Shake- using calculators before the sixth grade. speare? As scholars point out, his psychologi- Other states take a different position. Some cal insights into both male and female states are insisting on the purchase of graph- characters are amazing even today. ing calculators for every student in middle school. This paragraph best supports the statement that This paragraph best supports the statement a. Shakespeare’s characters are more interest- that in this country ing than ﬁctional characters today. a. there are at least two opinions about the use b. people today are interested in Shakespeare’s of calculators in schools. work because of the characters. b. calculators are frequently a detriment to c. academic scholars are putting together an learning math. anthology of Shakespeare’s work. c. state legislators are more involved in educa- d. New Yorkers have a renewed interested in tion than ever before. the work of Shakespeare. d. the price of graphing calculators is less e. Shakespeare was a psychiatrist as well as a when schools buy in bulk. playwright. e. the argument against calculators in schools is unfounded. 84
– QUESTIONS – 463. Today’s high school students spend too much 461. Today’s workforce has a new set of social val- time thinking about trivial and distracting ues. Ten years ago, a manager who was matters such as fashion. Additionally, they offered a promotion in a distant city would often dress inappropriately on school not have questioned the move. Today, a man- grounds. Rather than spending time writing ager in that same situation might choose another detailed dress policy, we should family happiness instead of career advance- make school uniforms mandatory. If students ment. were required to wear uniforms, it would This paragraph best supports the statement increase a sense of community and harmony that in our schools and it would instill a sense of a. most managers are not loyal to the corpora- discipline in our students. Another positive tions for which they work. effect would be that teachers and administra- b. businesses today do not understand their tors would no longer have to act as clothing employees’ needs. police, freeing them up to focus on more c. employees’ social values have changed over important issues. the past ten years. This paragraph best supports the statement d. career advancement is not important to that today’s business managers. a. inappropriate clothing leads to failing e. companies should require their employees grades. to accept promotions. b. students who wear school uniforms get into 462. Generation Xers are those people born better colleges. c. teachers and administrators spend at least roughly between 1965 and 1981. As employ- 25% of their time enforcing the dress code. ees, Generation Xers tend to be more chal- d. students are not interested in being part of lenged when they can carry out tasks a community. independently. This makes Generation Xers e. school uniforms should be compulsory for the most entrepreneurial generation in high school students. history. This paragraph best supports the statement that Generation Xers a. work harder than people from other generations. b. have a tendency to be self-directed workers. c. have an interest in making history. d. tend to work in jobs that require risk-taking behavior. e. like to challenge their bosses’ work attitudes. 85
– QUESTIONS – S et 33 465. There are no effective boundaries when it (Answers begin on page 138.) comes to pollutants. Studies have shown that toxic insecticides that have been banned in For more practice with logical reasoning, try another many countries are riding the wind from set of questions that contain short paragraphs that countries where they remain legal. Com- make a speciﬁc argument. Remember, you are looking pounds such as DDT and toxaphene have for the statement that is best supported by the infor- been found in remote places like the Yukon mation given in the passage. and other Arctic regions. 464. Critical reading is a demanding process. To This paragraph best supports the statement read critically, you must slow down your that reading and, with pencil in hand, perform a. toxic insecticides such as DDT have not speciﬁc operations on the text. Mark up the been banned throughout the world. text with your reactions, conclusions, and b. more pollutants ﬁnd their way into polar questions. When you read, become an active climates than they do into warmer areas. participant. c. studies have proven that many countries have ignored their own antipollution laws. This paragraph best supports the statement d. DDT and toxaphene are the two most toxic that insecticides in the world. a. critical reading is a slow, dull, but essential e. even a worldwide ban on toxic insecticides process. would not stop the spread of DDT pollution. b. the best critical reading happens at critical times in a person’s life. 466. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution c. readers should get in the habit of question- protects citizens against unreasonable ing the truth of what they read. searches and seizures. No search of a person’s d. critical reading requires thoughtful and home or personal effects may be conducted careful attention. without a written search warrant issued on e. critical reading should take place at the probable cause. This means that a neutral same time each day. judge must approve the factual basis justify- ing a search before it can be conducted. This paragraph best supports the statement that the police cannot search a person’s home or private papers unless they have a. legal authorization. b. direct evidence of a crime. c. read the person his or her constitutional rights. d. a reasonable belief that a crime has occurred. e. requested that a judge be present. 86
– QUESTIONS – 469. Human technology developed from the ﬁrst 467. During colonial times in America, juries were stone tools about two and a half million years encouraged to ask questions of the parties in ago. At the beginning, the rate of develop- the courtroom. The jurors were, in fact, ment was slow. Hundreds of thousands of expected to investigate the facts of the case years passed without much change. Today, themselves. If jurors conducted an investi- new technologies are reported daily on televi- gation today, we would throw out the case. sion and in newspapers. This paragraph best supports the statement that This paragraph best supports the statement a. juries are less important today than they that were in colonial times. a. stone tools were not really technology. b. jurors today are less interested in court b. stone tools were in use for two and a half cases than they were in colonial times. million years. c. courtrooms today are more efﬁcient than c. there is no way to know when stone tools they were in colonial times. ﬁrst came into use. d. jurors in colonial times were more d. In today’s world, new technologies are con- informed than jurors today. stantly being developed. e. the jury system in America has changed e. none of the latest technologies is as signiﬁ- since colonial times. cant as the development of stone tools. 468. Mathematics allows us to expand our con- sciousness. Mathematics tells us about eco- nomic trends, patterns of disease, and the growth of populations. Math is good at exposing the truth, but it can also perpetuate misunderstandings and untruths. Figures have the power to mislead people. This paragraph best supports the statement that a. the study of mathematics is dangerous. b. words are more truthful than ﬁgures. c. the study of mathematics is more impor- tant than other disciplines. d. the power of numbers is that they cannot lie. e. ﬁgures are sometimes used to deceive people. 87
– QUESTIONS – 470. Obesity is a serious problem in this country. 471. In the 1966 Supreme Court decision Miranda Research suggests that obesity can lead to a v. Arizona, the court held that before the number of health problems including dia- police can obtain statements from a person betes, asthma, and heart disease. Recent subjected to an interrogation, the person research has even indicated that there may be must be given a Miranda warning. This a relationship between obesity and some warning means that a person must be told types of cancer. Major public health cam- that he or she has the right to remain silent paigns that increase awareness and propose during the police interrogation. Violation of simple lifestyle changes that will, with dili- this right means that any statement that the gence and desire, eliminate or least mitigate person makes is not admissible in a court the incidence of obesity are a crucial ﬁrst step hearing. in battling this critical problem. This paragraph best supports the statement This paragraph best supports the statement that that a. police who do not warn persons of their a. public health campaigns that raise con- Miranda rights are guilty of a crime. sciousness and propose lifestyle changes are b. a Miranda warning must be given before a a productive way to ﬁght obesity. police interrogation can begin. b. obesity is the leading cause of diabetes in c. the police may no longer interrogate per- our country. sons suspected of a crime unless a lawyer is c. people in our country watch too much tele- present. vision and do not exercise enough. d. the 1966 Supreme Court decision in d. a decline in obesity would radically Miranda should be reversed. decrease the incidence of asthma. e. persons who are interrogated by police e. fast-food restaurants and unhealthy school should always remain silent until their lunches contribute greatly to obesity. lawyer comes. 88
– QUESTIONS – 472. Walk into any supermarket or pharmacy and 473. Yoga has become a very popular type of exer- you will ﬁnd several shelves of products cise, but it may not be for everyone. Before designed to protect adults and children from you sign yourself up for a yoga class, you the sun. Additionally, a host of public health need to examine what it is you want from campaigns have been created, including your ﬁtness routine. If you’re looking for a National Skin Cancer Awareness Month, that high-energy, fast-paced aerobic workout, a warn us about the sun’s damaging UV rays yoga class might not be your best choice. and provide guidelines about protecting our- This paragraph best supports the statement selves. While warnings about the sun’s dan- that gers are frequent, a recent survey found that a. yoga is more popular than high-impact fewer than half of all adults adequately pro- aerobics. tect themselves from the sun. b. before embarking on a new exercise regi- This paragraph best supports the statement men, you should think about your needs that and desires. a. children are better protected from the sun’s c. yoga is changing the world of ﬁtness in dangerous rays than adults. major ways. b. sales of sun protection products are at an d. yoga beneﬁts your body and mind. all-time high. e. most people think that yoga isn’t a rigorous c. adults are not heeding the warnings about form of exercise. the dangers of sun exposure seriously enough. d. more adults have skin cancer now than ever before. e. there is not enough information dissemi- nated about the dangers of sun exposure. 89
– QUESTIONS – 475. During the last six years, the number of prac- S et 34 (Answers begin on page 140.) ticing physicians has increased by about 20%. During the same time period, the number of Here’s one more set of questions based on short para- healthcare managers has increased by more graphs that make a speciﬁc argument. You will some- than 600%. These percentages mean that times have to use inference—reading between the many doctors have lost the authority to make lines—to see which statement is best supported by the their own schedules, determine the fees that passage. they charge, and decide on prescribed treatments. 474. For too long, school cafeterias, in an effort to provide food they thought would be appetiz- This paragraph best supports the statement ing to young people, mimicked fast-food that doctors restaurants, serving items such as burgers a. resent the interference of healthcare and fries, pizza, hot dogs, and fried chicken. managers. School districts nationwide are now address- b. no longer have adequate training. ing this trend by incorporating some simple c. care a great deal about their patients. and inexpensive options that will make cafe- d. are less independent than they used to be. teria lunches healthier while still appealing to e. are making a lot less money than they used students. to make. This paragraph best supports the statement that 476. By the time they reach adulthood, most peo- a. school cafeterias have always emphasized ple can perform many different activities nutritional guidelines over any other involving motor skills. Motor skills involve considerations. such diverse tasks as riding a bicycle, thread- b. young people would rather eat in a school ing a needle, and cooking a dinner. What all cafeteria than a local fast-food restaurant. these activities have in common is their c. school lunch menus are becoming healthier dependence on precision and timing of mus- due to major new initiatives on the part of cular movement. school districts. This paragraph best supports the statement d. it is possible to make school lunches both that healthier and appealing without spending a a. most adults have not reﬁned their motor great deal of money and undertaking a rad- skills. ical transformation. b. all adults know how to ride a bicycle. e. vegetarian lunch options would greatly c. reﬁned motor skills are speciﬁcally limited improve the nutritional value of the school to adults. lunch program. d. children perform fewer ﬁne motor activities in a day than adults do. e. threading a needle is a precise motor skill. 90
– QUESTIONS – 479. Originating in the 1920s, the Pyramid 477. Close-up images of Mars by the Mariner 9 scheme is one of the oldest con games going. probe indicated networks of valleys that Honest people are often pulled in, thinking looked like the stream beds on Earth. These the scheme is a legitimate investment enter- images also implied that Mars once had an prise. The ﬁrst customer to “fall for” the atmosphere that was thick enough to trap the Pyramid scheme will actually make big sun’s heat. If this were true, something hap- money and will therefore persuade friends pened to Mars billions of years ago that and relatives to join also. The chain then con- stripped away the planet’s atmosphere. tinues with the con artist who originated the This paragraph best supports the statement scheme pocketing, rather than investing, the that money. Finally, the pyramid collapses, but by a. Mars now has little or no atmosphere. that time, the scam artist will usually have b. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere than moved out of town, leaving no forwarding Earth does. address. c. the Mariner 9 probe took the ﬁrst pictures This paragraph best supports the statement of Mars. that d. Mars is closer to the sun than Earth is. a. it is fairly easy to spot a Pyramid scheme in e. Mars is more mountainous than Earth is. the making. 478. Forest ﬁres feed on decades-long accumula- b. the ﬁrst customer of a Pyramid scheme is the most gullible. tions of debris and leap from the tops of young c. the people who set up Pyramid schemes are trees into the branches of mature trees. Fires able to fool honest people. that jump from treetop to treetop can be d. the Pyramid scheme had its heyday in the devastating. In old-growth forests, however, 1920s, but it’s making a comeback. the shade of mature trees keeps thickets of e. the Pyramid scheme got its name from its small trees from sprouting, and the lower structure. branches of mature trees are too high to catch the ﬂames. This paragraph best supports the statement that a. forest ﬁre damage is reduced in old-growth forests. b. small trees should be cut down to prevent forest ﬁres. c. mature trees should be thinned out to pre- vent forest ﬁres. d. forest ﬁres do the most damage in old- growth forests. e. old-growth forests have a larger accumula- tion of forest debris. 91
– QUESTIONS – 480. Most Reality TV centers on two common 481. The image of a knitter as an older woman sit- motivators: fame and money. The shows ting in a comfortable, old-fashioned living transform waitresses, hairdressers, invest- room with a basket of yarn at her feet and a ment bankers, counselors, and teachers, to bun in her hair is one of the past. As knitting name a few, from obscure ﬁgures to house- continues to become more popular and hold names. A lucky few successfully parlay increasingly trendy, it is much more difﬁcult their ﬁfteen minutes of fame into celebrity. to describe the average knitter. Knitters today The luckiest stars of Reality TV also reap might be 18, 28, 40, or 65. They might live in huge ﬁnancial rewards for acts including eat- a big urban center and take classes in a knit- ing large insects, marrying someone they ting shop that doubles as a café or they may barely know, and revealing their innermost gather in suburban coffee shops to support thoughts to millions of people. one another in knitting and other aspects of life. They could be college roommates knit- This paragraph best supports the statement ting in their dorm room or two senior citi- that zens knitting in a church hall. Even men are a. the stars of Reality TV are interested in getting in the act. It would be incredibly dif- being rich and famous. ﬁcult to come up with an accurate proﬁle of b. Reality TV is the best thing that has hap- a contemporary knitter to replace that image pened to network television in a long time. of the old woman with the basket of yarn! c. for Reality TV stars, fame will last only as long as their particular television show. This paragraph best supports the statement d. traditional dramas and sitcoms are being that replaced by Reality TV programming at an a. people are returning to knitting in an alarming rate. attempt to reconnect with simpler times. e. Reality TV shows represent a new wave of b. knitting is now more of a group activity, as sensationalistic, low quality programming. opposed to an individual hobby. c. creating an accurate proﬁle of a particular type of person depends on the people in this group having traits and characteristics in common. d. today’s knitters are much less accomplished than knitters of the past. e. young people are turning to knitting in record numbers. 92
– QUESTIONS – S et 35 (Answers begin on page 141.) 482. A person seeking to refute the argument might argue that a. all doctors charge too much money and A typical logical reasoning question presents an argu- should lower their fees. ment and asks you to analyze it. You may be asked to b. medical practices are more expensive to draw further conclusions from the argument, deter- maintain in large cities than in small towns mine what strengthens or weakens the argument, ﬁnd and rural areas. ﬂaws in the argument, or justify the argument. Success c. doctors who owe student loans should with these types of questions depends on your being charge more than other doctors. able to understand the structure of the argument. d. medical care from small-town doctors is Remember that every argument has a point of view. better than medical care from large-city Every argument draws a conclusion and is generally doctors. supported with evidence. Study each passage to deter- e. certain medical specialists should charge mine how each sentence contributes to the argument more than others. the speaker is trying to make. Then make sure you understand the question that is being asked before you 483. A major ﬂaw in the argument is that the choose from the ﬁve answer options. speaker assumes that a. all doctors are specialists. Answer questions 482 and 483 on the basis of the infor- b. all patients carry health insurance. mation below. c. all doctors have huge student loans. d. all patients take too much time. According to last week’s newspaper, doctors in e. all doctors see the same number of patients. large cities make more money than doctors in small towns or rural areas. It does not seem fair Answer questions 484 and 485 on the basis of the infor- that just because a doctor’s ofﬁce is in a fancy mation below. building or at a fancy address, he or she can charge the patients more. Of course, some med- English ought to be the ofﬁcial language of the ical schools cost more than others, but basically all United States. There is no reason for the govern- doctors spend a lot of money and a long time in ment to spend money printing documents in sev- school. There’s no proof that graduates of the eral different languages, just to cater to people more expensive schools practice in big cities and who cannot speak English. The government has graduates of the less expensive schools practice in better ways to spend our money. People who small towns. All doctors should charge the same. come to this country should learn to speak Eng- Whether a patient goes to a doctor in a big city or lish right away. small town, the cost should be the same. 93
– QUESTIONS – 486. Which of the following best expresses the 484. Which of the following, if true, would make main point of the passage? the speaker’s argument stronger? a. Only veterans care about the ﬂag-burning a. There is currently a law that says the issue. government must provide people with b. Flag burning almost never happens, so out- documents in their native language. lawing it is a waste of time. b. Most people in the United States who do c. Flag burning will be a very important issue not speak English were born here. in the next election. c. Immigration rates have decreased in recent d. To outlaw ﬂag burning is to outlaw what years. the ﬂag represents. d. Many other countries have an ofﬁcial e. Burning the ﬂag should only be illegal language. when it is done in foreign countries. e. Canada has two ofﬁcial languages. 487. Which of the following, if true, would 485. Which of the following, if true, would make weaken the speaker’s argument? the speaker’s argument weaker? a. An action is not considered a part of free- a. The government currently translates ofﬁcial dom of speech. documents into more than twenty b. People who burn the ﬂag usually commit languages. other crimes as well. b. English is the most difﬁcult language in the c. The ﬂag was not recognized by the govern- world to learn. ment until 1812. c. Most people who immigrate to the United d. State ﬂags are almost never burned. States learn English within two years of e. Most people are against ﬂag burning. their arrival. d. Making English the ofﬁcial language is a 488. Which of the following is similar to the argu- politically unpopular idea. ment made by the speaker? e. People who are bilingual are usually highly a. The rich should not be allowed to “buy” educated. politicians, so the Congress should enact campaign ﬁnance reform. Answer questions 486 through 488 on the basis of the b. The idea of freedom of religion also means information below. the right not to participate in religion, so mandated school prayer violates freedom of Some groups want to outlaw burning the ﬂag. religion. They say that people have fought and died for the c. The Constitution guarantees freedom to ﬂag and that citizens of the United States ought to own property, so taxes should be illegal. respect that. But I say that respect cannot be leg- d. Convicted felons should not have their con- islated. Also, most citizens who have served in victions overturned on a technicality. the military did not ﬁght for the ﬂag, they fought e. In order to understand what may be consti- for what the ﬂag represents. Among the things the tutional today, one needs to look at what flag represents is freedom of speech, which the laws were when the Constitution was includes, I believe, the right for a citizen to express enacted. displeasure with the government by burning the ﬂag in protest. 94
– QUESTIONS – S et 36 Answer questions 490 and 491 on the basis of the (Answers begin on page 142.) information below. Some logical reasoning questions ask you to determine A recent study on professional football players the method the speaker is using when he or she pres- showed that this new ointment helps relieve ents the argument. Method-of-argument questions ask joint pain. My mother has arthritis, and I told you to demonstrate an understanding of how a her she should try it, but she says it probably speaker’s argument is put together. To determine the won’t help her. method of argument, again focus on the conclusion and on the evidence presented. What method does the 490. What argument should the mother use to speaker use to link the two? point out why the ointment probably will not help her arthritis? Answer question 489 on the basis of the information a. The ointment was just experimental. below. b. The ointment is expensive. c. Football players’ joint pain is not the result I know that our rules prohibit members from of arthritis. bringing more than one guest at a time to the d. She has already tried another ointment and club, but I think there should be an exception to it didn’t work. the rule on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thurs- e. Football players are generally younger than days. Members should be allowed to bring mul- she is. tiple guests on those days, since the majority of members use the club facilities on the other four 491. Which of the following, if true, would days of the week. strengthen the speaker’s argument? a. The mother used to be a professional 489. The rules restricting the number of guests a bowler. member can bring to the club probably are b. Football players’ injuries are rarely painful. intended to c. The mother’s arthritis only ﬂares up in bad a. assure that members are not crowded by weather. the presence of guests. d. The mother ﬁnds exercise helps her arthritis. b. provide extra income for the club on e. Football players who are injured tend to slow days. develop arthritis. c. allow members to bring guests to the club for special events. Answer questions 492 through 494 on the basis of the d. restrict guests to public areas of the club. information below. e. control the exact number of people in the club at any time. Giving children computers in grade school is a waste of money and teachers’ time. These chil- dren are too young to learn how to use comput- ers effectively and need to spend time on learning the basics, like arithmetic and reading. After all, a baby has to crawl before she can walk. 95
– QUESTIONS – Answer questions 495 and 496 on the basis of the infor- 492. Which of the following methods of argument mation below. is used in the previous passage? a. a speciﬁc example that illustrates the The corner of Elm and Third needs to have a speaker’s point stoplight. Children cross this intersection on the b. attacking the beliefs of those who disagree way to school, and sometimes, they do not check with the speaker for trafﬁc. I’ve seen several children almost get hit c. relying on an analogy to prove the speaker’s by cars at this corner. I know that stoplights are point not cheap, and I know that children cannot be d. displaying statistics that back up the protected from every danger, but this is one of the speaker’s point worst intersections in town. There needs to be a e. comparing different methods of learning stoplight here so that trafﬁc will be slowed down and the children can walk more safely. 493. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the speaker’s argument? 495. Which of the following methods of argument a. studies showing computers are expensive is used in the above passage? b. research on the effect of computer games a. analogy—comparing the intersection to on children something dangerous c. examples of high school students who use b. emotion—referring to the safety of chil- computers improperly dren to get people interested d. proof that the cost of computers is coming c. statistical analysis—noting the number of down children almost hit and the cost of a stop e. evidence that using computers makes learn- light ing to read difﬁcult d. personalization—telling the story of one child’s near accident at the intersection 494. Which of the following, if true, would e. attack—pointing out that people who are weaken the speaker’s argument? against the stoplight do not care about a. a demonstration that computers can be children used to teach reading and arithmetic b. analysis of the cost-effectiveness of new 496. Which of the following, if true, would computers versus repairing old computers weaken the speaker’s argument? c. examples of adults who do not know how a. Sometimes, cars run red lights. to use computers b. Fewer children are injured at corners that d. recent grade reports of students in the com- have stoplights. puter classes c. If parents teach their children basic trafﬁc e. a visit to a classroom where computers are safety, then they might remember to look being used for cars. d. Children from this neighborhood used to take the bus to a school farther away. e. In the last year, there have only been three minor accidents at the intersection and none of them involved children. 96
– QUESTIONS – S et 37 497. In what way does Lars’s comment relate to (Answers begin on page 143.) Frances’s? a. It weakens Frances’s argument by changing Another type of logical reasoning question presents the focus of the discussion. you with two different speakers talking about the same b. It strengthens Frances’s argument by pro- issue. Sometimes, the speakers’ arguments overlap; in viding support for her premise. other words, they support each other. Sometimes, the c. It states the logical outcome of Frances’s speakers are presenting opposing viewpoints. For these views. items, make sure you understand the conclusion of d. It cannot be true if Frances’s assertion both speakers before you attempt to answer the about parental responsibility is true. questions. e. It provides an argument that is the opposite of Frances’s views. Answer questions 497 and 498 on the basis of the infor- mation below. 498. What main assumption underlies each statement? Frances: Studies show that eating a healthy break- a. As teachers become more scarce, schools fast improves young children’s ability to learn. will have to learn to be more cost-effective However, it is not the responsibility of the schools in recruiting new teachers. to provide this meal; it is the responsibility of b. In the information age, the equipment each child’s parents. schools must purchase for their students is getting more expensive. Lars: Although it would be nice if the schools c. The study about students and breakfast is could provide each child with a healthy breakfast, inconclusive at best, and more studies the cost of doing that takes money away from should be conducted to ﬁnd out if school other, more important learning resources, such as breakfasts are healthy. the purchase of new computers. In the long run, d. Schools have never had the responsibility children learn more when the schools concentrate for supplying students with breakfast; on the services they traditionally provide and the rather, they spend their money on teachers, parents do what they are supposed to do. books, and other tangibles of education. e. Parents are not assuming enough responsi- bility for their children’s education and should become more involved in school issues. 97
– QUESTIONS – Answer questions 499 through 501 on the basis of the 499. What is the point at issue between Quinn information below. and Dakota? a. whether sixteen-year-olds should be Quinn: Our state is considering raising the age at required to take drivers’ education before which a person can get a driver’s license to eight- being issued a license een. This is unfair because the age has been six- b. whether schools ought to provide drivers’ teen for many years and sixteen-year-olds today education to fourteen- and ﬁfteen-year-old are no less responsible than their parents and students grandparents were at sixteen. Many young people c. whether the standards for issuing drivers’ today who are fourteen and ﬁfteen years old are licenses should become more stringent preparing to receive their licenses by driving with d. whether sixteen-year-olds are prepared to a learner’s permit and a licensed driver, usually drive in today’s trafﬁc conditions one of their parents. It would not be fair to sud- e. whether parents are able to do a good job denly say they have to wait two more years. teaching their children to drive Dakota: It is true that people have been allowed 500. On what does Quinn rely in making her to receive a driver’s license at sixteen for genera- argument? tions. However, in recent years, the increase in a. statistics trafﬁc means drivers face more dangers than ever b. emotion and must be ready to respond to a variety of sit- c. fairness uations. The fact that schools can no longer afford d. anecdotes to teach drivers’ education results in too many e. actualities young drivers who are not prepared to face the trafﬁc conditions of today. 501. On what does Dakota rely in making her argument? a. statistics b. emotion c. fairness d. anecdotes e. actualities 98
Answers S et 1 8. b. This is an alternating number subtraction (Page 2) series. First, 2 is subtracted, then 4, then 2, and so on. 1. b. This is a simple addition series. Each num- 9. c. In this simple alternating subtraction and ber increases by 2. addition series; 1 is subtracted, then 2 is 2. b. This is a simple subtraction series. Each added, and so on. number is 6 less than the previous number. 10. d. This alternating addition series begins with 3. c. This is an alternation with repetition series 3; then 1 is added to give 4; then 3 is added in which each number repeats itself and to give 7; then 1 is added, and so on. then increases by 7. 11. a. This is a simple alternating subtraction 4. a. This is a simple subtraction series. Each series, which subtracts 2, then 5. number is 35 less than the previous number. 12. c. In this alternating repetition series, the ran- 5. d. In this addition series, 1 is added to the ﬁrst dom number 21 is interpolated every other number; 2 is added to the second number; 3 number into an otherwise simple addition is added to the third number; and so forth. series that increases by 2, beginning with 6. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran- the number 9. dom number, 8, interpolated as every other 13. b. In this series, each number is repeated, then number. In the series, 6 is added to each 13 issubtracted to arrive at the next number. number except 8, to arrive at the next 14. c. This is a simple multiplication series. Each number. number is 3 times more than the previous 7. a. This is an alternating addition and subtrac- number. tion series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 10 is sub- 15. a. This is a simple division series. Each num- tracted from each number to arrive at the ber is divided by 5. next. In the second, 5 is added to each num- ber to arrive at the next. 99
– ANSWERS – 16. b. This is a simple alternating addition and 19. d. In this simple subtraction series, each num- subtraction series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 3 is ber decreases by 0.4. 20. b. This is a simple division series; each num- added; in the second, 2 is subtracted. 17. b. This is an alternating multiplication and ber is one-half of the previous number. subtracting series: First, multiply by 2 and then subtract 8. 18. c. In this simple addition series, each number increases by 0.8. 100
– ANSWERS – 32. a. This is a subtraction series with repetition. S et 2 (Page 4) Each number repeats itself and then decreases by 9. 21. b. In this simple subtraction series, each num- 33. e. This is an alternating subtraction series with ber is 6 less than the previous number. repetition. There are two different patterns 22. c. In this simple addition series, each number here. In the ﬁrst, a number repeats itself; is 5 greater than the previous number. then 3 is added to that number to arrive at 23. e. This is a simple subtraction with repetition the next number, which also repeats. This series. It begins with 20, which is repeated, gives the series 17, 17, 20, 20, 23, and so on. then 3 is subtracted, resulting in 17, which Every third number follows a second pat- is repeated, and so on. tern, in which 3 is subtracted from each 24. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran- number to arrive at the next: 34, 31, 28. dom number, 18, interpolated as every third 34. d. This is an alternating addition series with a number. In the series, 4 is added to each random number, 4, interpolated as every number except 18, to arrive at the next third number. In the main series, 1 is added, number. then 2 is added, then 1, then 2, and so on. 25. a. In this alternating repetition series, a ran- 35. e. This is an alternating repetition series, in dom number, 33, is interpolated every third which a random number, 61, is interpolated number into a simple addition series, in as every third number into an otherwise which each number increases by 2. simple subtraction series. Starting with the 26. b. This is a simple addition series, which second number, 57, each number (except begins with 2 and adds 6. 61) is 7 less than the previous number. 27. a. This is an alternating subtraction series with 36. d. Here is a simple addition series, which the interpolation of a random number, 5, as begins with 9 and adds 7. every third number. In the subtraction series, 37. c. This is an alternating repetition series, with a 3 is subtracted, then 4, then 3, and so on. random number, 22, interpolated as every 28. e. This is a simple alternating addition and third number into an otherwise simple addi- subtraction series. First, 3 is added, then 1 is tion series. In the addition series, 4 is added subtracted, then 3 is added, 1 subtracted, to each number to arrive at the next number. and so on. 38. d. This is an alternating addition and subtrac- 29. b. This is a simple subtraction series in which a tion series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 2 is added to random number, 85, is interpolated as every each number to arrive at the next; in the third number. In the subtraction series, 10 is alternate pattern, 6 is subtracted from each subtracted from each number to arrive at the number to arrive at the next. next. 39. d. In this simple addition series, each number 30. c. Here, every other number follows a different is 5 more than the previous number. pattern. In the ﬁrst series, 6 is added to each 40. b. This is an alternating addition series, with a number to arrive at the next. In the second random number, 21, interpolated as every series, 10 is added to each number to arrive at third number. The addition series alternates the next. between adding 3 and adding 4. The num- 31. e. This is an alternating addition series, in ber 21 appears after each number arrived at which 10 is added, then 5, then 10, and by adding 3. so on. 101
– ANSWERS – 52. c. Here, every third number follows a different S et 3 (Page 6) pattern from the main series. In the main series, beginning with 16, 10 is added to 41. e. This is a simple subtraction series, in which each number to arrive at the next. In the 3 is subtracted from each number to arrive alternating series, beginning with 56, 12 is at the next. added to each number to arrive at the next. 42. e. This simple addition series adds 4 to each 53. a. This is an alternating addition series with number to arrive at the next. repetition, in which a random number, 66, 43. d. This is a simple subtraction series, in which is interpolated as every third number. The 4 is subtracted from each number to arrive regular series adds 2, then 3, then 2, and so at the next. on, with 66 repeated after each “add 2” step. 44. d. Here, there are two alternating patterns, one 54. c. This is an alternating addition series, with a addition and one subtraction. The ﬁrst random number, 35, interpolated as every starts with 2 and increases by 2; the second third number. The pattern of addition is to starts with 44 and decreases by 3. add 2, add 5, add 2, and so on. The number 45. a. In this simple subtraction series, the num- 35 comes after each “add 2” step. bers decrease by 3. 55. e. This is an alternating subtraction series, 46. b. In this simple addition with repetition which subtracts 5, then 2, then 5, and so on. series, each number in the series repeats 56. c. This is an alternating subtraction series in itself, and then increases by 12 to arrive at which 2 is subtracted twice, then 3 is sub- the next number. tracted once, then 2 is subtracted twice, and 47. b. This is an alternating addition and subtrac- so on. tion series, in which the addition of 4 is 57. a. This is a simple addition series with repeti- alternated with the subtraction of 3. tion. It adds 3 to each number to arrive at 48. e. Two patterns alternate here, with every the next, which is repeated before 3 is added third number following the alternate pat- again. tern. In the main series, beginning with 4, 3 58. c. Here, there are two alternating patterns. is added to each number to arrive at the The ﬁrst begins with 17 and adds 2; the sec- next. In the alternating series, beginning ond begins with 32 and subtracts 3. with 26, 6 is subtracted from each number 59. a. Two patterns alternate here. The ﬁrst pat- to arrive at the next. tern begins with 10 and adds 2 to each 49. c. This is an alternating addition series that number to arrive at the next; the alternating adds 5, then 2, then 5, and so on. pattern begins with 34 and subtracts 3 each 50. d. In this simple subtraction with repetition time. series, each number is repeated, then 3 is 60. a. This is an alternating repetition series. The subtracted to give the next number, which is number 32 alternates with a series in which then repeated, and so on. each number decreases by 2. 51. b. Here, there are two alternating patterns, with every other number following a differ- ent pattern. The ﬁrst pattern begins with 13 and adds 2 to each number to arrive at the next; the alternating pattern begins with 29 and subtracts 3 each time. 102

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