A comprehensive assessment of anthropogenic impacts, contamination, and ecological risks of toxic elements in sediments of urban rivers: A case study in Qingdao, East China

The results of Monte Carlo simulation were generally in accordance with the detected contamination and risk levels, except for several elements (Cu and Zn) with huge spatial heterogeneity. According to the Monte Carlo simulation, the river sediments could undergo extremely high contamination and high ecological risk of the PTEs in the worst situation