A li-fi technology based smart vehicle

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Smart car deals with the smart collision avoidance between the vehicles using visible light communication. The basic concept behind this technique is that the data can be transferred through LED light by varying light intensities faster than the human eyes can perceive.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 03, April 2019, pp. 1483-1491. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_150 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed A LI-FI TECHNOLOGY BASED SMART VEHICLE N. Selvarani, P. Malathy, G. Devi and J. Velmurugan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology,Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. ABSTRACT Smart car deals with the smart collision avoidance between the vehicles using visible light communication. The basic concept behind this technique is that the data can be transferred through LED light by varying light intensities faster than the human eyes can perceive. This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum, instead of Gigahertz radio waves for data transfer. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) has got a much broader spectrum for transmission compared to conventional methods of wireless communications that rely on radio waves. By Communication through visible light, Li-Fi technology has the possibility to change how to access the Internet, stream videos, receive emails and much more. Security would not be an issue as data can’t be accessed in the absence of light. As a result, it can be used in high security military areas where RF communication is prone to eavesdropping. By adding new and unutilized bandwidth of visible light to the currently available radio waves for data transfer, Li-Fi can play a major role in relieving the heavy loads which the current wireless system is facing. By the use of this technology, smart cars have been implemented. Key words: Light Fidelity technology, Microcontroller, Arduino, alcohol sensor, ultrasonic sensor. Cite this Article N. Selvarani, P. Malathy, G. Devi and J. Velmurugan, A Li-Fi Technology Based Smart Vehicle, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 1483-1491 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 1. INTRODUCTION Li-Fi is a new paradigm for short range wireless technology to provide connectivity within a localized data-centric environment. Li-Fi is a transmission of data through illumination, sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in a intensity faster than the human eyes can follow. Li-Fi has reached speeds of 224Gbps, which is far faster than typical Wi-Fi connection offers. In fact, it’s roughly 100 times faster, which is useful now but as data demands grow it could become near essential. There is far more spectrum available for use with Li-Fi than Wi-Fi, as http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1483 editor@iaeme.com
A Li-Fi Technology Based Smart Vehicle the visible light spectrum is 10,000 times larger than the entire radio frequency spectrum and is unregulated so the technology doesn’t need to be licensed. This makes it hugely important for 5G as that also requires a large amount of radio-spectrum. By offloading as many tasks to Li- Fi as possible, more radio spectrum can be freed up for use with 5G. In the conventional system, the vehicle to vehicle communication is done by the means of Wi-Fi. This is modified by the use of Li-Fi which uses visible light communication technology. Li-Fi is more secure compared with the Wi-Fi and offers a high speed data transfer. Obstacle detection with intimation through alarm unit from front vehicle to back vehicle using Li-Fi communication. During this process, the information regarding the alcohol consumption of the vehicle driver also gets detected using the alcohol sensor and is stored in the microcontroller and gets transferred to the back vehicle. Deep Steep Curve information or other scenarios where overtaking is not possible, is intimated to the back vehicle from front vehicle driver. This makes the driver to drive safely. The scope of this work is to design a collision detection system for smart car using Li- Fi and ultrasonic sensor on the Arduino platform. This design consists of ultrasonic sensor, Arduino processor, and Li-Fi circuit. Ultrasonic is used for measurement of distance between vehicles and Arduino processes the data and gets decisions accordingly. The data transmission between the vehicles ensued using Li-Fi transmitter circuit and Li-Fi receiver circuit. The transmitter circuit will be mounted on tail lights of leading car and the receiver circuit will be mounted on the front side of car that follows. Using visible light communication the transmitter circuit will transmit the calculated distance and the information will be received by the receiver circuit of second car and based on the information received the speed of the second car will be changed in order to avoid the collision. 2. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 2.1. Proposed Li-Fi Technique Li-Fi is a new way of wireless communication that uses LED lights to transmit data wirelessly. Transmission of data is one of the most important day to day activities in the fast growing world. The current wireless networks that connect us to the Internet are very slow when multiple devices are connected. Also with the increase in the number of devices which access the Internet, the availability of fixed bandwidth makes it much more difficult to enjoy high data transfer rates and to connect a secure network. Radio waves are just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum available for data transfer. Li-Fi has got a much broader spectrum for transmission compared to conventional methods of wireless communications that rely on radio waves. The basic ideology behind this technology is that the data can be transferred through LED light by varying light intensities faster than the human eyes can perceive. This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- the Visible Spectrum, instead of Gigahertz radio waves for data transfer. The Li-Fi transmitter and receiver is shown in Fig 1. The idea of Li-Fi was introduced for the first time by a German physicist Harald Hass in the TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) Global talk on Visible Light Communication (VLC) in July 2011, by referring to it as “data through illumination”. He used a table lamp with an LED bulb to transmit a video of a blooming flower that was then projected onto a screen. In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi i.e. instead of radio waves it uses light to transmit data. In place of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceivers fitted with LED lamps that could light a room as well as transmit and receive information. By adding new and unutilized bandwidth of visible light to the currently available radio waves for data transfer, Li-Fi can play a major role in relieving the heavy loads which the current wireless system is http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1484 editor@iaeme.com
N. Selvarani, P. Malathy, G. Devi and J. Velmurugan facing. Thus it may offer additional frequency band of the order of 400 THz compared to that available in RF communication which is about 300 GHz. Also, as the Li-Fi uses the visible spectrum, it will help alleviate concerns that the electromagnetic waves coming with Wi-Fi could adversely affect our health. By Communication through visible light, Li-Fi technology has the possibility to change how we access the Internet, stream videos, receive emails and much more. Security would not be an issue as data can’t be accessed in the absence of light. Figure 1 Li-Fi Transmitter and Receiver 2.2. Li-Fi transmitter Fig. 2 represents the block diagram of the Li-Fi transmitter circuit. The transmitter circuit is usually placed on the tail light of the car. This system as a whole is used to transmit the data to the receiver circuit. The main components of this section contains an ultrasonic sensor, alcohol sensor, overtake guidance switch and an LCD display.. Figure 2 Block Diagram of Li-Fi Transmitter 2.3. Li-Fi receiver Fig. 3 represents the block diagram of the Li-Fi receiver circuit. This is usually mounted on the head light of the car. This is used to receive the information from the transmitter section. The main components of this section are power supply, microcontroller, LCD display, buzzer, Li- Fi receiver, motor driving circuit. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1485 editor@iaeme.com
A Li-Fi Technology Based Smart Vehicle Figure 3 Block Diagram of Li-Fi receiver 2.4. Operating Principle The hardware set up consists of a transmitter and a receiver section. The transmitter is usually placed on the tail light of the car. The transmitter section consists of ultrasonic sensor which is used to sense the distance between the cars. The alcohol gas sensor is used to detect the drunkard drive and the overtake guidance switch is used to indicate in case of overtaking. The information passed is received on the receiver circuit. At the normal conditions when there is no indication of overtaking or drunkard drive and the distance between the cars is greater than 30cm the LCD of the back car receives the message of normal drive. The data from the transmitter reaches the receiver by the Li-Fi circuit. The data passes at a rate of 9600bits/sec. When the alcohol sensor detects the presence of alcohol, the indication of alcohol drive is send to the back car. The overtaking guidance is also passed through the transmitter circuit. When the back car approaches forward, the distance between the two cars reduces as a result the command for speed reduction is passed. When the distance is between 20- 25 cm, the indication of slow speed is passed and when the distance is less than 20cm the indication of stop is displayed in the back car. 3. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 3.1. Embedded C Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded systems. Embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main () function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc. Embedded systems programming is different from developing applications on a desktop computers. Key characteristics of an embedded system, when compared to PCs, are as follows: http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1486 editor@iaeme.com
N. Selvarani, P. Malathy, G. Devi and J. Velmurugan Embedded devices have resource constraints(limited ROM, limited RAM, limited stack space, less processing power)Components used in embedded system and PCs are different; embedded systems typically uses smaller, less power consuming components. Embedded systems are more tied to the hardware. Two salient features of Embedded Programming are code speed and code size. Code speed is governed by the processing power, timing constraints, whereas code size is governed by available program memory and use of programming language. Goal of embedded system programming is to get maximum features in minimum space and minimum time. Some of the merits of are it is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug. C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is a large pool of experienced C programmers. 3.2. Arduino Arduino programs are written in the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Arduino IDE is special software running on your system that allows you to write sketches (synonym for program in Arduino language) for different Arduino boards. The Arduino programming language is based on a very simple hardware programming language called processing, which is similar to the C language. After the sketch is written in the Arduino IDE, it should be uploaded on the Arduino board for execution. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike. Arduino was invented at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open- source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide. Some of the merits of Arduino Simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. 4. HARDWARE PROTOTYPE http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1487 editor@iaeme.com
A Li-Fi Technology Based Smart Vehicle 4.1. Transmission section Transmission section is located in front car, it is shown in Fig. 4. This section consists of ATmega 328 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor (obstacles), alcohol sensor; overtake guidance switch, 16x2 LCD display, power supply and Li-Fi transmitter. Figure 4 Transmitter Section 4.2. Receiver section Receiver section is located in back car, it is shown in Fig. 5. This section consists of ATmega 328 microcontroller, Buzzer, Motor driving circuit, DC gear motor, 16x2 LCD display, power supply and Li-Fi receiver. Figure 5 Receiver Section http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1488 editor@iaeme.com
N. Selvarani, P. Malathy, G. Devi and J. Velmurugan 4.3. Hardware outputs At normal conditions, when the distance is above 25cm and there is no indication of alcohol or overtaking. The corresponding display is shown in fig. 6 and fig. 7. Figure 6 Front Car Display Figure 7 Back Car Display The indication for overtaking is displayed as in fig. 8 and 9 Figure 8 Front Car Display Figure 9 Back Car Display When drunkard drive is detected. The indication will be as in fig. 10 and 11 Figure 10 Front Car Display Figure 11 Back Car Display When the obstacle is nearing and the distance between the car is about 20 to 25cm. The display will indicate as in fig.12 and 13. Figure 12 Front Car Display Figure 13 Back Car Display 5. CONCLUSION http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1489 editor@iaeme.com
A Li-Fi Technology Based Smart Vehicle As a result of increased population, the number of accidents also increased. This is reduced to a great extent by this technology. The Li-Fi helps faster transfer of data between the vehicles. This technology can also be implemented in street lights for data transfer about the traffic. As it employs visible light for communication, this is not restricted in any places. There is no interference in the signals. Hence this technology is far better than other methods of data transfer. It will allow inter access in places such as operation theaters and aircrafts where internet access is usually not allowed. If this technology can be used efficiently, we might soon have something of the kind of WI-FI hotspots wherever a light bulb is available. It will be cleaner and greener and the future of mankind will be safe. Since this technology has a vast potential, many researches are being conducted in this field. In this fast changing world as a result of increased population, the number of accidents also increased. This is reduced to a great extent by this technology. The Li-Fi helps faster transfer of data between the vehicles. This technology can also be implemented in street lights for data transfer about the traffic. As it employs visible light for communication, this is not restricted in any places. There is no interference in the signals. Hence this technology is far better than other methods of data transfer. It will allow inter access in places such as operation theaters and aircrafts where internet access is usually not allowed. If this technology can be used efficiently, we might soon have something of the kind of WI-FI hotspots wherever a light bulb is available. It will be cleaner and greener and the future of mankind will be safe. Since this technology has a vast potential, many researches are being conducted in this field. In this method along with the distance measurement, drunkard drive indication and overtake guidance switch, the speed sensors can also be added to measure the speed of the cars. REFERENCES [1] Zhu, C., Leung, V.C.M., Shu, L. and Ngai, E.C.H. Green Internet of things for smart world, IEEE Access,2015, Vol.3, pp.2151-2162. [2] Sharma, R.R. and Raunak. Li-Fi technology transmission of data through light, International Journal of Computational Technology. Appl.,2014, Vol.5, No.1, pp.150-154. [3] Patel et al, J.A.. Li-Fi technology-vehicle to vehicle data transmission, Int. J. Innov. Res. Elect. Electron. Instrum. Control Eng.,2016, Vol.4, No,4, pp.215-217. [4] Kulkarni, S., Darekar, A. and Joshi, P. A survey on Li-Fi technology’ Proc. Int. Conf. Wireless Commun. Signal Process. Netw.,2016, pp.1624-1625.. [5] Jiang, T., Ayyer, U., Tolani, A. and Hussain, S. Self-driving cars:Disruptive or incremental?, Appl. Innov. Rev., Vol.1, pp.3-22. [6] Haas, H.,Yin, L., Wang, Y. and Chen, C.. What is Li-Fi J. Lightw. Technol.,2016 Vol.34, No.6, pp.1533-1544. [7] Haas, H.. Li-Fi: Conceptions misconceptions and opportunities, Proc. IEEE Photon. Conf.,2016, pp.680-681 [8] Ghoreishi, S.F. and Allaire, D.L.Adaptive uncertainity propagation for coupled multidisciplinary systems AIAA J., 2017,Vol.55, No.11, pp.1-11. [9] Imani, M. and Braga Neto, U.M. Particle gilters for partially observed Boolean dynamical systems, Automatica,2018, Vol.87, pp.238-250.. [10] Bhateley, P. and Mohindra, R.. Smart Vehicular Communication System using Li-Fi technology Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Power Energy Inf. Commun., 2016,pp.222-226. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1490 editor@iaeme.com
N. Selvarani, P. Malathy, G. Devi and J. Velmurugan [11] Berlin, M.A. and Muthusundari, S. Safety distance calculation for collision avoidance in vehicular ad hoc networks’, Scholars J. Eng. Technol., 2016,Vol.4, No.1, pp.63-69. [12] Al Abdulsalam, N., Al Hajri, R., Al Abri, Z., Lawati Al, Z. and Bait Suwailam, M.M. Design and implementation of a vehicle to vehicle communication system using Li-Fi technology, Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. Inf. Commun. Technol. Res.,2015, pp.136-139. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1491 editor@iaeme.com