Abstract of a thesis doctor of Philosophy in biology: Research on the diversity of medicinal plant resources in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang and proposed measures for sustainable conservation and use

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The research objectives of the thesis: To evaluate the diversity of medicinal plant resources in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang and propose measures for sustainable conservation and use.

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Nội dung Text: Abstract of a thesis doctor of Philosophy in biology: Research on the diversity of medicinal plant resources in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang and proposed measures for sustainable conservation and use

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AND TRAINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ……..….***………… NGUYEN DUY HUNG RESEARCH ON THE DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT RESOURCES IN HOANG SU PHI, HA GIANG AND PROPOSED MEASURES FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION AND USE Major: Botany Code: 9 42 01 11 ABSTRACT OF A THESIS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY Ha Noi – 2021
This Thesis was fulfilled at Graduate University of Science and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Luu Dam Cu Dr. Ha Minh Tam Referee 1: …………………………………………………. Referee 2: …………………………………………………. Referee 3: …………………………………………………. The Dissertation will be defended before the Doctoral Examination Board of Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology at.……Date ..….. /........ / 2021 The Dissertation can be accessed from: - The Library of Graduate University of Science and Technology - The National Library of Viet Nam
1 INTRODUCTION 1. The urgency of the thesis Hoang Su Phi district is located in the west of Ha Giang province, under the majestic Tay Con Linh mountain range, with an average altitude of over 2,000 m above sea level. The district has an area of 629.42 km², including 25 communes and towns, where 12 ethnic groups live together. At that majestic height, Hoang Su Phi is endowed by nature with complex and divided terrain that creates diverse climatic sub-regions forming a rich vegetation cover, including natural resources of medicinal plants. However, the district's medicinal plant resources have not been fully investigated and evaluated. Moreover, this place not only owns many valuable medicinal plants, but also preserves a lot of traditional knowledge in the use of medicinal plants for prevention and treatment among ethnic minorities, that’s why Vietnamese traditional medicine has been passed down. now. However, due to overexploitation, some valuable medicinal plants are in danger of extinction or of small quantity. Therefore, the thesis "Research on the diversity of medicinal plant resources in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang and proposed measures for sustainable conservation and use" is necessary and of great scientific significance. 2. The research objectives of the thesis To evaluate the diversity of medicinal plant resources in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang and propose measures for sustainable conservation and use. 3. The main research contents of the thesis Making an assessment on the current status of medicinal plant resources and the ethnic minorities’ knowledge and experience in using herbs for medicinal plants in the study area. Exploring threats and proposing measures to conserve medicinal plants resources and knowledge of using them in Hoang Su Phi
2 Initially proposing some measures to conserve and develop a number of potential medicinal plants of ethnic minorities in the study area. Doing a research on biological activities of some medicinal plants used by the H'Mong and Dao ethnic groups as a basis for the development of a number of medicinal plants, traditional remedies of great medicinal value in the community. 4. The thesis layout The thesis includes 5 parts: including 146 pages - Introduction: 02 pages. - Literature review: 38 pages ( from page 3 to 41). - Location, subject, content and research method: 16 pages (from page (from page 46 to 60). - Research results and discussion: 76 pages - Conclusion and Recommendation: 02 pages CHAPTER 1- LITERATURE OVERVIEW 1.1. A brief history of research on the diversity of medicinal plant resource 1.1.1. In the world Since ancient times, people have known to use plants as medicine to survive and fight against nature such as: to stop bleeding while using stone axes, for poisoning the arrowheads, hunting, etc . Along with the social development, people have drawn experience in the collection, processing, and use of plants as medicine . Because of its important role in human life, medicinal plant resources are currently being researched in most countries and territories around the world. Results discussed in works have published research benefits in many areas of life. 1.1.2. In Viet Nam
3 Vietnam stretches in the North-South direction, from Lung Cu commune - Dong Van district - Ha Giang province to Dat Mui commune, Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau province, with more than 1600 km on the mainland whose area is 327,480 km2 . According to the national statistics, there are 33 national parks and 61 nature reserves in our country, in addition, there are a lot of large islands and archipelagos, such as Cat Ba, Con Co, Bach Long Vi, Hon Me, Cu Lao Cham, Con Dao, Phu Quoc and Tho Chu. These places contain many resources in general and extremely rich resources of medicinal plants in particular. Along with the development of history, traditional knowledge and experience about drug use in Vietnam have become more and more diverse, associated with the names of many famous physicians such as Tue Tinh, Hai Thuong Lan Ong ... In addition to the above works specializing in medicinal plants, there are also some documents related to medicinal plants, such as: La Dinh Moi et al (2001; 2002), in " Essential Oil Plant Resources in Vietnam" ... From 2001 to 2003, in the List of Plant Species of Vietnam, botanists introduced more than 10,000 species of Vietnamese plants, which mentioned the medicinal value of many plant species across the country In Ha Giang province, there have been a few projects on medicinal plant conservation and restoration for nearly two decades, but basically it has not been able to maintain the desired results.. In 2015, in the topic " Strategic research and development of medicinal plants in Ha Giang province", author Pham Thi Thanh Huyen made a list of medicinal plants of the province including 1565 species, of which there are 97 medicinal plant species that need to be protected in Vietnam ... In general, up to now, there have been no full and systematic studies on medicinal plants in Hoang Su Phi district, Ha Giang province.
4 1.2. A brief history of research on use value and threats affecting the conservation of medicinal plant resources 1.2.1. In the world According to WHO around the world, it is estimated that 80% of the population depends on medicinal plants for treatment and primary health care in the community, especially in developing countries through famous traditional medicine systems. such as Ayurvedic, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Tibetan medicine, Jamu medicine and Koryo medicine, Kampo, traditional Chinese medicine, Africa medicine, etc. The value of using plants as medicine is becoming more and more popular in many countries in the world, even in advanced countries, where modern medicine is very developed ... Ethnic minorities in the world today is keeping and possessing a lot of unique knowledge and experience in using medicinal plants, especially traditional remedies with high therapeutic effect. Traditional remedies have been used and evaluated in reality for thousands of years, so they have high reliability and safety. Therefore, investigation of species composition and knowledge of using medicinal plants in ethnic groups is a research direction that is being interested in and deployed strongly in many countries around the world. 1.2.2. In Vietnam 1.2.2.1 The use value of medicinal plant resource In order to better serve the needs of the people to cure diseases, besides traditional methods of using medicinal plants such as boiling, drinking, massage, ... many modern drugs derived from plants are prepared that brings a better, faster and more convenient outcome of treatment. The use of drugs derived from plants tends to increase rapidly, so the
5 pharmaceutical industry in this direction is increasingly focused and developed. Thus, the development of existing medicinal plants in national parks, protected areas, and biosphere reserves is quite promising. 1.2.2.2. Threats to medicinal plant resources There are many threats to medicinal plant resources in Vietnam, but generally in the following groups: From nature; Due to human beings; Due to change of land use purpose; Overexploitation; Other Threats (Wildfire, War) 1.3. A brief history of the conservation and development of medicinal plant resources and the role of ethnic pharmacological knowledge 1.3.1. In the world Ethnic communities around the world greatly depend on forest products, including medicinal plants; They are holders knowledgeable about the characteristics of indigenous medicinal plants and their use value, and at the same time they are good holders and controllers of the indigenous knowledge system of medicinal plant conservation in the forests because of their experience in harvesting medicinal plants, concepts, taboos, beliefs. WHO has encouraged countries to re-document traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda or Unani systems, ... and folk medicine, or oral tradition, which will bring great benefits to humanity in terms of conservation in the future. Documenting, digitizing pharmaceutical knowledge sources is a very important action to preserve knowledge before being disappeared along with people who understand it. In addition, the sustainable conservation and use of medicinal plant resources used by indigenous peoples is essential as the basis for further scientific research based on indigenous knowledge.
6 1.3.2. In Viet Nam Our country has a long-standing ethnic medicine with a lot of experience in using valuable medicinal plants and remedies to treat from common diseases (cold, cough, fever, ...) to incurable diseases (liver , kidney, heart, ..). That unique traditional medicine has protected the health of our nation throughout history with the motto "Vietnamese medicine is used to cure Vietnamese people". At the same time, the natural conditions favor the country and people of Vietnam a rich and diversified ecosystem of medicinal plants, with great potential for medicinal plant resources with more than 5,000 known species. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH LOCATION, SUBJECT, CONTENT AND METHOD 2.1. Research location The research location is Hoang Su Phi District, this is a mountainous district in the western border, 110 km from the administrative center of Ha Giang. 2.2. Research subject Medicinal plant resources of Hoang Su Phi District, Ha Giang Province (high-level vascular plants and some of medicinal potential). Knowledge of medicinal plant use of 2 indigenous peoples (Mong and Dao) living in Hoang Su Phi District, Ha Giang Province. 2.3. Research content 2.3.1. Research on the diversity and distribution of medicinal plant resources 2.3.2. Research and identifying threats to medicinal plant resources 2.3.3. Research and proposing conservation measures
7 2.3.4. Research on the biological activity of a number of medicinal plants used by the H’Mong and Dao ethnic groups for treatment 2.4. Research Methods 2.4.1. General methods 2.4.1.1. Inheritance method 2.4.1.2. Information processing 2.4.2. Group of methods of assessing the current status of medicinal plant resources 2.4.2.1 Methods of investigating medicinal plants To determine the composition of the species, we rely on the research method of Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007) and Gary J. Martin (2002) in combination with the Medicinal Investigation Process of the Institute of Medicinal Materials. Plants research method Specifying the specimen is based on the document on Vietnamese plants written by Pham Hoang Ho (1999-2003), Vietnamese Journal of plant (2000). The scientific name adjustment is based on the List of Vietnamese Plant Species edited by Nguyen Tien Ban and Phan Ke Loc and The plant list of the Royal Botanic Gardens. To assess the diversity of the taxonomy, the diversity of life forms, ... of medicinal plant resources, we use the plant research methods of Nguyen Nghia Thin. 2.4.2.2 Threat assessment To assess the level of threats, we rely on documents such as: Viet Na Red Book, World Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org) and actual investigation among
8 people; Decree No. 06/2019 / ND-CP on: "Management of endangered, precious and rare forest plants and animals" 2.4.3 Identifying threats to medicinal plant resources 2.4.4 Conservation research methods 2.4.4.1 Research method of sexual propagation of seedlings 2.4.4.2 Research method of asexual propagation by cuttings 2.4.5 Research method of biological activity 2.4.5.1 Methods of anti-inflammatory activity evaluation 2.4.5.2. Test method of verified antimicrobial activity CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. The diversity of medicinal plant resources of Hoang Su Phi district, Ha Giang province 3.1.1. Diversity of taxonomic unit Up to now, the medicinal plant resources of Hoang Su Phi district, Ha Giang province have been identified, including species distributed in 5 vascular plant branches: Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta. (Table 3.1). Table 3.1. Distribution of medicinal plant species Plants Family Genus Species Num Ratio Num Ratio Nu Ratio ber (%) ber (%) mbe (%) r LYCOPODIOPH YTA 2 1,38 3 0,77 4 0,71 EQUISETOPHYTA 1 0,69 1 0,26 2 0,35 POLYPODIOPHYTA 11 7,65 14 3,57 17 3,02 PINOPHYTA 6 4,17 8 2,04 12 2,35 MAGNOLIOPHYTA 124 86,11 366 93,36 527 93,77
9 Magnoliopsida 98 79,03 303 82,78 438 83,11 Liliopsida 26 20,97 63 17,22 89 16,89 Total 144 100 392 100 567 100 The number of medicinal plants distributed in different branches is not equal, mainly concentrated in the Ngoc Lan branch (Magnoliophyta), with 124 families (accounting for 86.11%), 366 genera (93.36%), 527 species ( accounting for 93.77%). In which, the two-leaf cotyledon class accounts for a high proportion, with 98 families (accounting for 79.03%), 303 genera (accounting for 82.78%) and 438 species (accounting for 83.11%). In particular, the study results have recognized that the Oreocnide kwangsiensis Hand.-Mazz supplemented the flora of Vietnam. At the same time, during the study, we have also recorded that the Coptis quinquesecta W. T. Wang supplemented the study area. 3.1.2. The diversity of life forms of species The results have showed that the group of medicinal plants with terrestrial buds
10 Statistics show 18 geographic factors in proportion to northern endemic factors and Vietnamese endemic factors are relatively high, with 59 species (accounting for 10.50%) out of the total 567 medicinal plant species of the flora. Tropical elements of Asia, Indochina, India or tropical Asia are all factors with abundant number of species. The diversity of geographical factors shows the diversity and scientific value of the flora of the study area. 3.1.4. Diversity of distribution in the types of vegetation cover They has statistically studied the distribution of medicinal plants in 10 types of vegetation cover: closed temperate evergreen forest on high mountains; Forest ecosystem on limestone mountains; Ecosystem of closed evergreen mixed broadleaf - subtropical coniferous forest on medium mountain; Planted forest ecosystem: Mixed wood and rattan ecosystem; the vegetation cover type of grass and shrub and settlement vegetation type. 3.1.5. The conservation value of the medicinal plant sources of Hoang Su Phi Currently, there are 567 medicinal plants out of a total of 5119 known medicinal plant species in Vietnam. The number of species recorded in the 2007 Vietnam Red Book: 40 species (accounting for 7.05%), the total number of medicinal plant species in the study area are threatened at different levels, in which: Critically Endangered (CR): includes 04 species: Cinamomum parthenoxylon Jack. Meisn. - CR. A1a, c, d; Coptis quinquesecta W. T. Wang - CR A1a, c, d. B1 + 2b, c; Panax bipinnatifidum Seem - CR A1a, c, d, B1 + 2b, c, e and Panax stipuleanatus Tai & Feng)- CR A1c, d, B1 + 2b, c, e Endangered level (EN): includes 20 species Vulnerable Level (VU): includes 16 species
11 The number of species included in the Prime Minister's Decree No. 06/2019/ND-CP dated January 22, 2019 on the management of endangered, precious, and rare wild plants and animals and the implementation of the international convention on trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, the study area has been 28 species, specifically as follows: Group IA: includes 5 species, Group II.A: includes 23 species, the number of species of Red List of Threatened Species IUCN (2010) and CITES International Convention (1973) are 6 species. 3.2. Use value and threat to medicinal plant resources 3.2.1. Value of medicinal plant resources in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industry. 3.2.1.1. Values in traditional medicine In the process of existence and development, the community of Vietnamese ethnic groups, especially the ethnic minorities, has a very close relationship with the natural world, the botanical world, especially many medicinal plants of Hoang Su Phi have been used in traditional medicine that shows us the fact that medicinal plant resources here have great potential in exploiting, researching, developing new drugs as well as developing the medical industry in our country. 3.2.1.2. Values in the pharmaceutical industry Currently, many types of medicinal products are produced from medicinal plants popularly circulated in the Vietnamese market, including: Berberin for diarrhea produced from coscinium fenestratum; andrographis paniculate is used to treat dysentery, gastritis, colon ... Compared with the list of medicinal plants (about 300 types) of plant origin of the Ministry of Health (2013), medicinal plants of Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang province
12 currently contain about 90 species for drug production. Typically among them are the Codonopsis javanica; Rauvolfia cambodiana; Ampelopsis cantoniensis, Zingiber officinale and so on. In which, some species can supply the market. In addition, Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang province also has a great potential for rare, valuable medicinal plants of high economic value but little or no specialized pharmacology research such as: Coptis quinquesecta, Disporopsis longifolia, Peliosanthes teta, Polygonatum kingianum, etc. Thus, the development of existing medicinal plants in the study area is absolutely promising and is also an issue that Hoang Su Phi district needs to pay attention to in the focus strategy for sustainable poverty reduction. 3.2.2. Indigenous knowledge and the role of medicinal plants in the lives of ethnic minorities of the region The community of ethnic minorities has lived with forests and forestry land for a long time, which has created an organic bond between people and nature. Land and forests, besides feed them, also help them to cope with diseases for their survival. That is why the previous generations transmit to the next knowledge about plants which are edible, which are poisonous, which to prevent pregnancy and which are posibly used to help the body be healthy, etc. Although each ethnic group has a different source of knowledge and the different number of medicinal plants, almost all ethnic groups have their own unique colors. Traditional medicinal plant composition of 2 indigenous peoples *The H’Mong people Initially, there were 127 species of medicinal plants belonging to 94 genera, 39 families, 03 branches: Lycopodiophyta, Polypodiophyta and
13 Magnoliophyta that are regularly harvested by the H'Mong and used according to their traditional experience. Among the families of Magnoliophyta, Asteraceae has the highest number of species used as medicine by them (28 species), followed by the families of Zingiberaceae (12 species); Araliaceae (10 species); Araceae (6 species). Other families such as: Vitaceae, Convallariaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae have 5 species each. The remaining families each have from 1 to 3 species used as medicine by the H’mong people. Medicinal plants are mainly Magnoliophyta, proving that Magnoliophyta branch has a large number of medicinal plants for drug production that plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of H’Mong people. * The Dao people According to the survey results, the number of medicinal plants regularly collected and used by the Dao people has been 188 species, belonging to 73 families, 154 genera, 4 branches: Lycopodiophyta, Polypodiophyta, Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta branch. Like the H'Mong and many other ethnic groups, the medicinal plant composition of the Dao mainly is Magnoliophyta branch, especially with 64 families (accounting for 87.67%). 143 genera (92.85%), 173 species (92.03%). In which, the two cotyledons class accounts for a high proportion, with 50 families (accounting for 68.49%), 117 genera (accounting for 75.97%) and 141 species (accounting for 75.00%). However, the number of medicinal plants used by the Dao is higher than that of other ethnic minorities (Tay, Nung, H'Mong, ...). At the same time, they also have many unique combinations in their treatment regimen. Thus, medicinal plants of
14 both Dao and Hmong ethnic groups of Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang province can be summarized as follows: + The total number of medicinal plants of 2 ethnic groups belongs to the botanical branches: club-nodding, ferns, gymnosperms and magnoliophyta. Among them, there are medicinal plants that are shared by Dao and H’Mong ethnic groups; on the other hand, there are species used only by the Dao people. The difference in medicinal plant composition between the two ethnic groups shows that although living in the same administrative boundaries, each ethnic group has its own medicinal plant composition and a source of knowledge. Some shared species have the same use, reflecting the knowledge interference of using medicinal plants between ethnic groups in the same geographical area. This interference stems from the openness in sharing knowledge and experiences in using herbs as medicine, on the other hand, it also originates from the marriage between one ethnic group and another in the region. b) Experiences of using medicinal plants of different ethnic groups. Eight parts of medicinal plants have been collected for medicinal purposes by both ethnic groups, including roots, stems, leaves, trees, flowers, fruits, seeds and resins. Uses: Because each ethnic group owns its own source of knowledge, the way of using medicinal plants is also very different + For the H’Mong ethnic group The number of species used to strengthen the body for the elderly, postpartum women, and children accounts for a large proportion (29.1%), followed by digestive diseases (19.6%) - stimulation of eating, stomachache, diarrhea, dysentery, stomach pain, colon pain,etc.
15 + For the Dao ethnic group: the number of species used to treat diseases related to the digestive tract; stomach pain, colitis accounts for a large proportion (23.93%); followed by the body tonic group, accounting for 20.74%. Group of motor therapy, bones and joints therapy accounting for 10.1%; followed by the urinary system diseases (9.57%); number of species for treating eye diseases, liver diseases, physiological weakness, etc. *Harvesting experience: The H’Mong and Dao indigenous peoples living in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang province often collect medicinal plants all year round. However, the level of exploitation depends on each disease and the need for treatment in the community. Depending on each part used, people choose the most effective time to harvest. * Preservation experience: Medicinal plants preserved by ethnic minorities living in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang province are very simple, including two main ways as follows: + Preserving fresh ingredients + Preserving dry ingredients ... 3.2.3. Research results on the biological activity of a number of medicinal plants used by the H’Mong and Dao ethnic groups for medical treatment. Initially tested nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity on RAW264.7 cells and tested antimicrobial activity. Table 3.14. Results of screening for nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity on RAW264.7 cells of 07 samples % Name of % sample Concentration Error Living Error Inhibition cells Tinospa 30 µg/mL 92.59 0.22 94.78 2.27 crispa 100 µg/mL 102.78 0.13 22.53 1.55 Plumbago > 30 µg/mL 35.19 0.34 2.01 zeylanica 100.00
16 100 µg/mL 67.59 0.59 92.14 0.84 Macrosolen 30 µg/mL 74.07 0.34 34.05 1.74 cochinchine nsis 100 µg/mL 21.30 0.13 9.29 2.03 Euphorbia 30 µg/mL 73.15 0.22 70.12 1.55 thymifolia 100 µg/mL 93.52 0.26 58.67 1.84 Curcuma 30 µg/mL 54.31 0.63 96.26 0.76 aromatic 100 µg/mL 93.26 0.66 81.90 1.07 > Curcuma 30 µg/mL 51.69 0.79 1.93 aromatica 100.00 100 µg/mL 99.63 0.36 84.42 1.41 > Sanchezia 30 µg/mL 95.13 0.18 2.86 100.00 nobilis 100 µg/mL 94.01 0.18 41.31 0.26 Croton 30 µg/mL 54.31 0.63 96.26 0.76 tonkinensis 100 µg/mL 93.26 0.66 81.90 1.07 Cardamonin 0.3 µM 4.63 1.62 98.15 0.68 * 3 µM 92.59 0.78 96.55 2.11 Testing nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity on RAW264.7 cells showed that samples of Tinospa crispa; Plumbago zeylanica, Macrosolen cochinchinensis, Euphorbia thymifolia, Curcuma aromatic, Curcuma aromatica, Sanchezia, Croton tonikensis Exhibited good NO production inhibitory activity at both test concentrations of 30µg / mL and 100µg / mL. However, at a concentration of 100µg / mL, samples of Tinospora crispa, Euphorbia thymifolia and Sanchezia were toxic to RAW264.7 cells. - At a concentration of 100µg / mL, the sample of Plumbago zeylanica had good inhibitory activity and was non-toxic to cells. The experimental results showed good anti-inflammatory ability of some medicinal plants collected in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang. This has opened up the prospect of further research in the coming years. The test samples were not resistant to the growth of gram-negative bacteria strains. Macrosolen cochinchinensis showed the ability to inhibit the
17 growth of 2 strains of E. faecalis (ATCC29212), B. cereus (ATCC13245) and C. albicans yeast (ATCC10231). Curcuma aromatic (leaf), Curcuma aromatica, Croton tonikensis are resistant to E. faecalis bacteria Research evaluating anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity can partly clarify the scientific basis of the use of these medicinal plants and confirm the curative effect of some medicinal plants according to the ethnic experience. Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activity such as Euphorbia thymifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, and Croton tonikensis are also used in anti-inflammatory and antiseptic remedies. The research results obtained in this study for medicinal plants of Hoang Su Phi district, Ha Giang province are only initial steps. However, the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of some medicinal plants which use the experience of ethnic minorities have been demonstrated. This not only proves the correctness in the direction of promoting national medicine, but also suggests new research and application directions for medicinal plants of ethnic minorities (research on production of anti-inflammatory, anti-infection products, etc.). 3.2.4. Threats to medicinal plant resources 3.2.4.1. Threats to medicinal plant resources a) Direct cause * Overexploitation; Loss of habitat; Change of crop structure; Waste of medicinal plant resources; Natural disasters; Change the structure of people's income; No effective management policy b) Indirect causes: People's awareness is not high; Life is still difficult. 3.2.4.2. Threats to indigenous knowledge about the use of medicinal plant.
18 Biodiversity reduction; undocumented knowledge of using herbs for medicine; developed modern medicine; Disruption of word of mouth sources. 3.3. The scientific basis, solutions for conservation and development of medicinal plants 3.3.1 The current status of conservation of medicinal plant resources of Hoang Su Phi The local have made many efforts in the conservation work, but many medicinal plants of both practical and scientific value have not yet received adequate attention and investment. Therefore, the local should soon take effective measures, especially finding funding sources for effective management, conservation and exploitation Table 3.17. Some species are protected in Hoang Su Phi district. Table 3.17. Some protected species in Hoang Su Phi district. Species Current status, conservation value No Latin name Vietnamese name 1 Coptis Hoàng liên Uncommon, distributed at altitudes quinquesecta chân gà above 1,500m in Nam Ty area with small number of individuals. CR A1d.B1 + 2b, c 2 Platycladus Trắc bách The number of individuals is small, orientalis diệp, trắc concentrated in Tung San and Peo bá mountain village. EN A1a, c, d.B1 + 2bc1 3 Cinnamomum Re hương Commonly seen at elevations above parthenoxylon 1,500m to the summit of Peo mountain village, concentrated in the top of waistline between two mountain slopes. CR A1a, c, d 4 Reynoutria m Distributed scatteredly in belts of Hà thủ ô đỏ ultiflora 600m height or more. EN, A3a, c, d 5 Madhuca Sến mật Distributed scatteredly in the belt