An inventory of VietNam marine and coastal economic and environment

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An inventory of VietNam marine and coastal economic and environment

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Located in the South-East Asian region, thanks to an over 3400 km of coastline and 3000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, Vietnam is considered as a country has a great potential on marine and coastal economic development. From the North to the South of the country's coastal line, there are hundreds of aquaculture bases, many transshipment ports, fishing ports, tourist beaches, seaside resorts, petroindustrial plants,... that are contributed considerably to the Gross National Product. Beside its benefit on the country one million square kilometers of exclusive economic sea zone, Vietnam's seawater contains a lot of coral reefs, sea weeds, many valuable......

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Nội dung Text: An inventory of VietNam marine and coastal economic and environment

AN INVENTORY OF VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENT Le Anh Tuan1, Le Hoang Viet 1, Do Ngoc Quynh2 1 Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering - College of Technology 2 International relation office CanTho University, CanTho City, Vietnam --- oOo --- SUMMARY Located in the South-East Asian region, thanks to an over 3400 km of coastline and 3000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, Vietnam is considered as a country has a great potential on marine and coastal economic development. From the North to the South of the country's coastal line, there are hundreds of aquaculture bases, many transshipment ports, fishing ports, tourist beaches, seaside resorts, petro- industrial plants,... that are contributed considerably to the Gross National Product. Beside its benefit on the country one million square kilometers of exclusive economic sea zone, Vietnam's seawater contains a lot of coral reefs, sea weeds, many valuable and rare creatures in out of nearly 11,000 marine species. Along with rapid economic growth, maritime shipping development and petro- industrization, Vietnam marine and coastal is being threatened by water pollution due to the over-exploitation of the natural resources. This report will inventory some data figures on marine and coastal economic activities and discussion the environmental problems that may be concerned. Key words: marine and coastal, economic, environment, development, pollution. I INTRODUCTION Vietnam, an independent country located in the SouthEast Asian region (figure 1), has a total area of 329,560 km2, bordering China to the North, Laos and Cambodia to the West, the Gulf of Thailand to the South and the Pacific Ocean to the East. The country stretches from latitudes 830' to 2330'N and has an 3,444 km long of coastline, over 3,000 islands and more than 1,000,000 km2 of exclusive economic sea zone, including approximately 700,000 km2 of shelf area (to 200 m depth under the sea level). In average, each 1 kilometer of coastline, Vietnam has 100 km2 of inland area and each 1 km2 of inland area, Vietnam has nearly 4 km2 of exclusive economic sea zone. Coastal zone is divided into natural areas as follow: Mong Cai - Do Son, Do Son - Lach Truong, Lach Truong - Mui Ron, Mui Ron - Hai Van, Hai Van - Dai Lanh, Dai Lanh - Vung Tau, Vung Tau - Ca Mau, Tay Nam Bo, and off-shore islands. Almost Vietnam coastal and beaches are interesting tourism points. Vietnam has a subtropical to tropical climate from the North to the South. The mean annual temperature at sea level is about 27C in the south, falling steadily northwards to about 21C in the extreme north. Most of the country receives about 2,000 mm of rainfall per year, but the mountains of the narrow central region of the country are considerably more humid, with an annual rainfall of up to 3,000 mm. Each year, there are more or less 10 sea-typoons from the Philippines and the East Sea attacking the coastal provinces, special the Central region. Sea- 1
typhoons are considered as one of the natural risks for fishing, shipping, tourist and aquaculture that may be one of the limitation factors to the national developments. Historically, Vietnamese has gone along the sea coastal for expending, defending and building the country. Therefore, the marine and coastal is really an important strategic objective on the currently nation's socio-economic long-term development targets, especially the big role has such sea economics as mining, oil exploitation, sea transportation, fishing, planning, sea food processing and tourism etc... Being an agricultural country with a high population (more than 80 million habitants) and limited cultivated land, Vietnam's economy has experienced almost exponential growth in total output production especially in the last 10 years despite the global economic crisis during the period 2001 - 2002. Vietnam's Gross National Product (GDP) was 7.2% in 2003, and is projected at 7.0% for 2004 and 2005, counted mainly on the oil and gas exploitation, fishery and aquaculture production and tourist activities. Figure 1: Vietnam location map Currently, Vietnam territorial waters contain a great wealth of fauna and flora species. It is surveyed and indicated that there are about 10,837 marine and coastal plants and animals species exist. They are living in more than 20 typical ecological systems and distributed in 9 different marine and coastal biodiversity regions. The higher levels of biodiversity sea zones are recognized as Mong Cai - Do Son, Hai Van - Dai Lanh and Dai Lanh - Vung Tau. Coral reefs exist on rocky islands of Halong Bay, the Paracel Island (Hoang Sa) and Spratly Islands (Truong Sa), both rocky promontories of the central coastline, and around Con Dao Island and Phu Quoc Islands. Vietnam coastal is evaluated as a place having a high bio- 2
productivity and it is estimated that each year marine and coastal capture fishery have brought about a net profit of 60 - 80 million USD for the nation. Vietnam has about 252,000 hectares of the mangrove swamp forests and tidal mudflats, including estuary and delta systems, numerous small offshore islands, large coastal brackish and saline lagoons, large areas of salt pans and aquaculture ponds, many freshwater lakes and water storage reservoirs, and numerous rivers and streams. The biggest wetland forest is in the Mekong River Delta (191,800 ha) (figure 2). There are about 1,600 fauna and flora species living under the canopyes these mangrove forests. Although Vietnam could be a very valuable renewable resource and there are many sea protected species areas, however, it seems difficulty to control the threat of sea pollution and over- exploitation. Table 1: Vietnam national profiles Area 329 560 km2 Land boundaries 4 639 km Continental shelf area approx. 700 000 km2 (to 200 m) Length of coastline 3 444 km (excludes islands) Number of islands approx. 3 000 Population (July 2004) 82,689,518 Age structure (July 2004) 0-14 years 29.4% (male 12,524,098; female 11,807,763) 15-64 years 65% (male 26,475,156; female 27,239,543) 65 years and over 5.6% (male 1,928,568; female 2,714,390) Population growth rate (2004) 1.3% Administrative divisions 59 provinces and 5 municipalities provinces An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Dac Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Ha Nam, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai Municipalities Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh GDP (2003) purchasing power parity - $203.7 billion GDP - real growth rate (2003) 7.2% GDP - per capita (2003) purchasing power parity - $2,500 GDP - distribution (2003) agriculture 21.8% industry 39.7% services 38.5% Investment (gross fixed 2003) 33% of GDP 3
Figure 2: Vietnam water map (Source: World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC), 1994) 4
II VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ECONOMIC II.1 OIL AND GAS Since the early of 1970s, oil and gas in the offshore and continental shelf of the Southern Vietnam (the Cuu Long and South Con Son Basin) have been allowed to survey. After 1990, the activities of oil exploration have really expanded parallel with the economical development of the country. Vietnam has been identified as a medium priority market for the oil and gas sector (Table 2). Annually Vietnam oil and gas production rapidly increased and reached 16.8 millions tons and 1.6 billions cubic meters respectively. Total petroleum production is over 98 millions tones of oil and 5.6 billions cubic meters of gas. Currently, there are six largest operating oil fields (figure 3), of which Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang Dong (Dawn), Hong Ngoc (Rubi), and Dai Hung (Big Bear) are the largest. Crude oil production averaged 352,507 barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2003 (figure 4). Almost a large portion of its oil production is exported mainly to Japan, Singapore, the United States, South Korea due to there is no operating oil refineries. The 140,000 bbl/d Dung Quat Oil Refinery Plant in Quang Ngai province is under construction with the estimation cost of $1.3 billion. A new largest oil storage facility with the capacity of 2.68 million barrels is being planed to build in Khanh Hoa province. Oil and natural gas exploration and production industries in Vietnam is now conducted foreign investors and Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation (PetroVietnam), a government-owned company. Figure 3: Vietnam Oil and gas exploitaion map (Source: PetroVietnam, 2004) 5
Figure 4: Vietnam Crude Oil Production (Source: PetroVietnam, 2004) Table 2: Oil and Gas data figures Proven Oil Reserves (2004) 600 million barrels Oil Production (2003) 352,507 barrels per day (bbl/d) Oil Consumption (2003) 202,000 bbl/d Net Oil Exports (2003) 150,507 bbl/d Natural Gas Reserves (2004) 6.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) Natural Gas Production (2002) 79.8 billion cubic feet (Bcf) Natural Gas Consumption (2002) 79.8 Bcf (Source: PetroVietnam, 2004) In Vietnam, natural gas production and consumption are rising quickly. It is estimated that about 70% of urban households using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking and other purposes. In 2004, PetroVietnam has taken 202 billion cubic feet from the oil fields as Bach Ho, Hong Ngoc and Rang Dong, Lan Tay (Western Orchid), Lan Do (Red Orchid), Ca Ngu Vang (Golden Tuna) and Voi Trang (White Elephant) wells ... Natural gas is exploited and transported from offshore oil fields to Dinh Co Gas Terminal in Ba Ria - Vung Tau onshore for consuming use partly in Phu My electricity power plant. Another gas-power- nitrogenous fertilizer plant complex projection southernmost Ca Mau was 6
approved with the investigation cost of $230 million and the capacity of approximately 70 billion cubic feet per year and the electricity generation of 720 megawatt. The oil and petroleum products such as DO, FO for domestic and industrial uses were imported fully. 2003 was to see 2,410 ton of petroleum products shipments transferred and the amount of oil to be transshipped there will be increase gradually in the years to come. During the period 1970 - 1990, there were no record concerning the oil spill events. The oil spill events have been officially recorded in Vietnam since 1994 (Table 3). From 1994 to 2002, port authorities have counted at least 35 oil spill events. It is estimated that about 92,000 ton of oil have been poured into the Vietnam sea and coastlines. Ho Chi Minh port is considered as a biggest black spot on the oil spill pointed map of Vietnam. Table 3: Numbers of oil spills from ships in Vietnam (1995 - 2002) Year Number of cases Oil Spill Amount (ton) 1995 2 202 1996 7 68,300 1997 4 2,450 1998 6 12,900 1999 10 7,600 2000 2 45 2001 3 app. 900 6/2002 1 24 (Sources: Department of Environmental Protection, Environmental Status Report, 2002) II.2 FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE The Vietnamese marine capture fisheries can be divided into coastal fishery, inshore fishery (at a depth of less than 20 m), shallow water offshore fishery (up to approx. 50 m depth) and deep-sea fishery (more than 50 m depth). It is found that in Vietnam's marine and coastal there are 10,837 species of plants and animals exist classified as below :  Flora: 537 species of algae, 662 species of macrophytes, 15 species of seagrass. Mangrove flora has 94 species.  Zooplankton: 468 species  Benthic fauna: 6,337 species of benthos, 225 species of marine shrimps, 298 species of hard corals (Scleractinia)  53 species of cephalopods have been identified.  2,038 fish species belonging to 717 genera, 178 families have been recorded.  Various animals: 50 species of marine snakes, 4 species of tortoise, and 16 marine mammal species have been identified. (Source: Environmental Database Division, 2002) Out of 1260 marine fish species, Vietnam's water contains approximately 100 commercially viable marine fish species of which 1.3 million tons of the approximately 3.5 million tons are considered renewable. Marine capture fishery 7
and brackish water aquaculture production have developed strongly in Vietnam after economic reform, special since 1990s and towards. Fishery have been regarded as one the most important sectors in the Vietnamese economy. In 2000, the fishery and aquaculture export value up by 35% to $1.3 billion and total output production up by 20% to 1,827,310 tons. According the Vietnam Ministry of Fishery (1997), the potential area for aquaculture development is estimated at 1.82 million hectares as distributed as figure 5. Figure 5: Potential fisheries development (Sources: Ministry of Fisheries, 1997) Each year, Vietnam sea area can supply nearly 4.2 million tons of marine fishes (table 4), 45,000 tons of shrimp (table 5), 64,000 tons of cuttlefish (table 6) and 59,000 tons of squid (table 7). Beside marine animals, there are also many high valued natural resources such as Gracilaria verrucosa, Sargassum can be exploited with a volume of 45,000 - 50,000 tons. In addition, there are also many precious species such as abalones, sea turtles, sea birds. Fish fin, fish bladder, mother pearl can also be exploited. Vietnamese fishers still have used traditional inshore fishing with small and medium wooden boats, simple fishnets and own-experiences applied direct nearby the beaches, estuaries, shallow river mouths. They have captured all kinds and sizes of fish and shellfish species for their daily protein possible. Over-fishing capture situation becomes one of the serious pressures on the coastal and seabed animal resources in present. About 8% of fishers have investigated new big vessels equipped with 400-500 horse-power (HP) engines for deep-sea fishing. There are an additional 1.4 million ha of freshwater, brackishwater and marine water-surface available for aquaculture purposes, mainly shrimp, smaller mud crab, lobster, oyster and seaweed. However, the productivity of aquaculture is rather low (250-300 kg/ha) compared to other countries in the region. It is estimated that there are 3.4 million labourers working in the fishery sector as fishing, processing and services, of which more than 700,000 are involved in aquaculture. Up to now, Viet Nam’s fisheries products has punched in 80 countries and territories. It is expected that the fisheries production will score 3.3 million MT (including 1.94 million MT of capture and 1.36 million MT of aquaculture) and the export will amount to US$2.6 billion in 2005 (Ministry of Fishery, 2002). There is a high requirement for upgrading the seafood processing technique according to international standards as coveted EU, Japanese and the USA export licenses. 8
Table 4. Vietnam marine fish stock and fishing capacity Sea Fish stock Fishing capacity % entire Kind of fish Depth area Ton (%) Ton (%) sea area Small pelagic fish 390,000 57.3 156,000 57.3 Tonkin < 50m 39,200 5.7 15,700 5.7 Dermersal fish 16.3 Gulf > 50m 252,000 37 100,800 37 Total 681,200 272,500 Small pelagic fish 500,000 82.5 200,000 82.5 Central < 50m 18,500 3.0 7,400 3.0 Dermersal fish 14.5 region > 50m 87,900 14.5 35,200 14.5 Total 606,400 242,600 Small pelagic fish 524,000 25.2 209,600 25.2 South < 50m 349,200 16.8 139,800 16.8 Eatern Dermersal fish 49.7 > 50m 1,202,700 58.0 481,100 58.0 region Total 2,075,900 830,400 South Small pelagic fish 316,000 62.0 126,000 62.0 Western Dermersal fish < 50m 190,700 38.0 76,300 38.0 12.1 region Total 506,700 202,300 Floating Small pelagic fish 10,000 100 2,500 100 0.2 knoll Whole Deep sea pelagic sea (300,000) (120,000) 7.2 fish (*) area Small pelagic fish 1,740,000 694,100 Demersal fish 2,140,000 855,900 Deep sea pelagic 100 Total (300,000) (120,000) fish (*) Total 4,180,000 1,700,000 (*) Data presumed according to total catch of the countries in this sea area Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP) Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen) Table 5: Reserve and capable to exploitation of shrimp (ton) in Vietnam sea area < 50m 50 - 100m 100 - 200m > 200m Total Sea Fish Fishing Fish Fishing Fish Fishing Fish Fishing Fish Fishing area stock capacity stock capacity stock capacity stock capacity stock capacity Tonkin 318 116 114 42 430 158 Gulf Central 7 3 2,462 899 13,482 4,488 34 12 15,985 5,402 region South Eastern 8,160 2,475 2,539 927 6,092 2,224 1,852 676 18,641 6,300 region South Western 9,180 3,351 166 61 9,346 3,412 region Total 17.664 5.945 5.281 1.929 19.574 6.712 1.886 688 44.402 15.272 Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP) Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen) 9
Table 6: Reserve and capable to exploitation of cuttlefish in Vietnam sea area Reserve & fishing Region < 50m 50 - 100 m 100 - 200 m > 200 m Total capacity (ton) Tonkin Gulf Reserve 1,500 400 1,900 Fishing capacity 600 160 760 Central region Reserve 3,900 3,840 4,500 1,300 13,540 Fishing capacity 1,560 1,530 1,800 520 5,410 South Eastern Reserve 24,900 10,800 7,400 5,600 48,700 region Fishing capacity 9,970 4,300 2,960 2,250 19,480 Reserve 30,300 14,990 11,900 6,910 64,100 Total Fishing capacity 12,130 5,990 4,760 2,770 25,650 Percentage (%) 47.3 23.3 18.6 10.8 100 Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP) Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen) Table 7: Reserve and capable to exploitation of squid in Vietnam sea area Reserve & fishing Region < 50m 50 - 100 m 100 - 200 m > 200 m Total capacity (ton) Reserve 9,240 2,520 11,760 Tonkin Gulf Fishing capacity 3,700 1,000 4,700 Percentage % 78.6 21.4 10 Reserve 320 140 2,000 3,000 5,760 Central region Fishing capacity 130 180 810 1,190 2,310 Percentage % 5.5 7.5 35.3 51.7 10 Reserve 21,300 12,800 2,600 4,900 41,500 South Eastern Fishing capacity 8,500 5,100 1,000 2,000 16,600 region Percentage % 51.3 30.9 6.1 11.7 10 Reserve 30,900 15,700 1,600 7,900 59,100 Total Fishing capacity 12,400 6,300 1,800 3,100 23,600 Percentage (%) 52.2 26.7 7.8 13.3 100 Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP) Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen) II.3 TOURISM Vietnam is considered as one of the favourable geographical position for tourism development in the South East Asian Region. The tourism potential of Vietnam is very rich with beautiful natural beaches, islands, caves, water and forest resources and historical-cultural humanity Currently, each year Vietnam Tourism has received more than 2 million international visitors and overseas Vietnamese. Tourism have contributed considerable for national budget, approximately 10% GDP of the whole country. Vietnam Tourism has indicated 7 areas which are given priority to investment in tourism development, 5 of them are coastal and sea areas (figure 6). 1. Ha Noi Capital and the surrounding areas. 2. Ha Long Bay-Cat Ba Island-Do Son Peninsula, which belong to Quang Ninh and Hai Phong. 3. The area of Hue-Da Nang-Lao Bao. 4. The areas of Van Phong bay-Nha Trang-Ninh Chu-Da lat. 5. The Vung Tau-Long Hai coastal areas. 6. Ho Chi Minh City and the surrounding areas. 7. Ha Tien-Phu Quoc marine areas. 10
Figure 6: Prioritised zones for tourism development in Vietnam (Source: Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2000) Untreated wastewater and solid waste from hotels and restaurants, beaches, tourism boats and ships are sources of serious pressure on the water quality in the tourism areas. To meet a sustainable development, Vietnam tourism should combine the environmental resources management, special in marine and coastal environment. It is strictly noticed because more than 70 percent of the leisure and tourist of Vietnam are located at the coastal areas, attracting annually 80 percent of the total tourist number. The sea tourism may be strongly affected if there are many uncontrollable modern industrial processes, oil spill disasters, overexploitation of natural resources and the negative impacts of human activities. II.4 PORT AND MARINE TRANSPORT At present there are 7 big ports and more than 50 small ports located at estuaries and along the coast. Generally, Vietnamese flotilla is still weak with average useful life of 15 - 20 years. Vietnam ports are also places for goods and oil transshipment to other countries. Vietnam sea is also currently waterway for oil transportation from Middle East to the country and other Eastern Asian region (figure 7). Waterway dredging is necessary to do regularly for almost Vietnam ports because sedimentation processes are constantly raising. For the environmental protection of ports, it is important think is to restrain the oil spill disasters and other shipping accidents. Ports should provide around-the-clock 11
services which are capable of mopping up spilled oil on the seas and the rivers surrounding. Figure 7: Oil shipping ways in the world III VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Vietnam is known as one of countries have had a high biodiversity in the world (Table 8), including in species composition, landscapes and ecosystems as well. In the last few years, the growth rate of industrial production was 10-15% per year and highly distributed to the percentage of GDP in the whole country, especially in the development zones. However, this growth involves production of waste water, much of which is not treated and flows into the rivers and then on to the coastal zone. Otherwise, Vietnam biodiversity is being threatenedd by its modernization and industrialization processs (Table 9). Coral reef condition in Vietnam is declining (figure 8). Table 8: Comparison between the number of species in Vietnam and the world Taxa No. of species in No. of species in SV/SW Vietnam (SV)* the world (SW) (%) Mammals 265 4,000 6.8 Birds 800 9,040 8.8 Reptiles 180 6,300 2.9 Amphibians 80 4,184 2.0 Fishes 2,470 19,000 13.0 Plants 7,000 220,000 3.2 Mean percentage of global biodiversity 6.2 * estimated to be 12,000 (Source: WCMC database, 1994) 12
Table 9: Nationally threatened species in Vietnam Taxa/Category Endangered Vulnerable Threatened Rare Indeterminate Total Mammals 30 23 1 24 - 78 Birds 14 6 32 31 - 83 Reptiles/ Amphibians 8 19 16 11 - 54 Fishes 6 24 13 29 3 75 Inverts 10 24 9 29 3 75 Total 68 96 71 124 6 365 (Source: WCMC database, 1994) Figure 8: Reefs at risk in Vietnam (Source: Vo Si Tuan, 1998) There are three main reasons that may lead the degradation of environment seriously in Vietnam as following:  Industrial pollution: almost the industrial plants have been constructed closed the water areas as coastal, estuaries, river banks, reservoirs, lagoons and wetlands. Their untreated wastewater and hazardous wastes and other tailings are highly sources for water pollution. Oil pollution due to shipping activities and accidents occurs in the coastal estuarine waters. Almost 29 coastal provinces of Vietnam are facing oil spills problem and the number of such accident has grown over the last few years, especially in the Southern sea. A significant amount of uncollected solid waste from the households also goes into rivers and the sea.  Chemical pollution: over-used agriculture fertilizers and pesticide have runoff from the fields to the streams caused water pollution. A great amount of organic compounds, heavy metals and oil comprises the pollution load of such waste water. Together with the recorded oil spills, attention must also be paid to oil spills from non-identified sources. Untreated wastewater from households have also contributed the degradation of water quality. 13
Natural overexploitation: increasing population pressure, high poverty and paucity of livelihood opportunities are contributing to the natural resources overexploitation and habitat destruction and biodiversity losses. The situation of overfishing, fishing with poisons and explosives, fishing with fine gill nets, electric fishing, … are destroying aqua habitats. Coral habitats are threatened by pollution, including siltation from land; over exploitation of fish and invertebrates, oil spill disasters, and coral breaking for the souvenir trade, making cement, … These are some suggestions to response for marine water protection:  To adopt and apply strictly a legislation system (Appendix 1) concerning marine environment protection.  To raise awareness to the people via community education programmes for keeping the sea clean, especially in the beaches and tourism points.  To build wastewater treatment plants for big cities, industrial zones as a legal requirement.  To control and prepare oil spill events. Vietnam marine and coastal has been increasing his great important role in the country economic and social development in recent years and towards. However, the sea ecosystem is very dramatic and sensitive if we continue to exploit without protection. Vietnam waters should become one of the country’s most express concern now for a long-term firm development targets. Le Anh Tuan – Le Hoang Viet -- Do Ngoc Quynh CanTho University, Vietnam 2005 14
Appendix 1 KEY OCEAN MANAGEMENT RELATED LEGISLATION Legislation Description National Conservation This Strategy is a national program that addresses the Strategy (1985) issues of conservation and rational use of natural resources. Ordinance on the This Ordinance seeks to ensure the unification of Protection and management for the protection and development of aquatic Development of Aquatic resources, the protection of habitat and the prohibition of all Resources (1989) acts that endanger aquatic resources. Ordinance on the This Ordinance provides for the sustainable management of Conservation and fisheries and deals with such matters as fishing seasons, Management of Living catch size, prevention of pollution in fisheries grounds and Aquatic Resources (1989) the encouragement of local and international investment of capital and technology. National Plan for This Plan outlines a national framework for action in the field Environment and of environment and sustainable development for Vietnam. Sustainable Development 1991-2000 Law on Petroleum (July This Law regulates the exploration and production of 6th 1993) petroleum resources within the territorial waters, the EEZ and on the Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Law (1994) This Law establishes the process for the grant of initial leases to companies engaged in oil and gas activities. The law also imposes environmental protection requirements on these companies. Environmental Protection This Law protects the environment by implementing Law (LEP) Vietnam’s obligations under various international environmental conventions National Law on This Law takes a holistic approach to oceans governance. Environment Protection Its objectives are to create an integrated management (1993) structure, increase environmental awareness in the general public and safeguard human and environmental health so as to create an environment for sustainable development Vietnam Maritime The Maritime Code largely covers ships and crews, it Code/Law (1990) includes provisions on the responsibilities for protecting the marine environment and for dealing with pollution and accidents in the marine environment. This law also prescribes liability for environmental damage Biodiversity Action Plan This is a comprehensive Plan that sets out broad strategies (1995) for strengthening institutional capacity in the management of protected areas, wetlands and biological diversity in general. These strategies are consistent with the obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Integrated Coastal This Plan considers environmental issues as well as the Management Plan (ICM) dominant social and economic concerns of Vietnam with (1996-2000) regard to Coastal development National Marine and Coastal Zone Development Strategy of Vietnam Under this Strategy, Vietnam has passed a number of legal and policy instruments in order to improve the integration of national marine and coastal management systems. Fisheries Master Plan for This Plan is focused on improving fisheries management Fisheries to the Year 2010 and development 15
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