Bách dịch trường: Quan hệ buôn bán biên giới Lý-Tống thế kỷ XI-XIII

BAC DjCH TRU&NG: Q U A N HE B U O N B A N<br /> <br /> <br /> BIEN G i f t LY-TONG THE K Y XI-XIII<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYEN HUU TAM*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> S a u khi tien hanh djnh do tai Thang xuan thang 2, thuyen budn ba midc Trao<br /> Long, viidng trieu Ly day manh viec Oa (Gia Va thudc Inddnexia), Lo Lac,<br /> trao ddi budn ban, dang chd y la quan he Xiem La (Thai Lan) vao Hai Ddng (vdng<br /> thong thiidng bien gidi gida trieu Ly va da't tinh Quang Ninh ngay nay), xin cii trd<br /> trieu Td'ng diidc tang ciidng va phat trien. budn ban, ben cho lap trang d ndi hai dao,<br /> Quan he budn ban tieu dung hang ngay goi la Van Ddn, de mua ban hang hda quy,<br /> cua nhan dan doc bien gidi ca cua hai niidc dang tien san vat dia phiidng" (2). Ngoai<br /> diidc day manh ngay td nhdng nam dau cac niidc vdng Ddng Nam A nhii Xiem La<br /> the' ky XI, cac 'hac dich triidng" (1) (trung (Thai Lan), Trao Oa (Gia Va)... cdn cd<br /> tam trao ddi (hang hoa) da diidc chinh nhieu niidc khac xa xdi hdn tdi Van Ddn<br /> quyen trieu Ly va trieu Td'ng md ra tren trao ddi hang hoa. Nhdng hien vat khao cd<br /> dat Viet Nam va Trung Qudc de phuc vu hoc, trong dd cd nhieu do gdm sd phat<br /> cho nhu cau trao ddi cua cac dja phiidng hien gan day tai khu viic cang Van Ddn,<br /> vung bien (goi tat la bien mau). Cac vua da minh chdng cho nhan djnh tren (3).<br /> trieu Ly da quy dinh mot sd' dia diem giao Viec quy dinh thiidng nhan midc ngoai chi<br /> liiu nha't djnh, cd sii khd'ng che' cua nha diidc budn ban tai Van Ddn trang, khdng<br /> niidc nham han che' thiidng nhan niidc nhdng the hien y thdc canh giac cao cua<br /> ngoai vao sau ndi dja de budn ban, lai kiem cac vua trieu Ly trong cdng cudc bao ve<br /> ca viec do tham tinh hinh chinh t r i . Cang quo'c gia vao the k i XI-XIII. Ma hdn nda,<br /> Van Ddn, vung quan dao phia ddng bac nd cdn chi ro phiidng thdc quan ly ddc lap,<br /> Viet Nam cd mot vi t r i dja ly rat thuan ldi chu ddng, chat che cua trieu Ly dd'i vdi<br /> cho tau thuyen qua lai va neo trd, lai nam ngoai thiidng cua qudc gia Dai Viet. Dieu<br /> tren tuyen hang hai td Trung Quo'c thdng nay chdng td md'i giao liiu ngoai thiidng,<br /> xuo'ng cac midc viing Ddng Nam A diidc trong do giao liiu diidng bien cua viidng<br /> trieu Ly chon lam ndi tap trung thdng trieu Ly vdi cac qudc gia vdng Ddng Nam<br /> thiidng vdi midc ngoai. Sach Bai Viet sic ky A va cac khu viic lan can phia nam bien<br /> toan thu chep: "Ky Ti, nien hieu Dai Dinh Ddng, thdng qua trung tam thvidng cang<br /> (vua Ly Anh Tdng) nam thd 10 (1149), mua Van Ddn kha phat trien.<br /> <br /> <br /> * TS. Vien Sd hoc<br /> Bac Bich Truong: quan te buon ban 33<br /> <br /> Khong nhQng chi trieu Ly sd sQ xam Trung. Ddi khi sd gia ve niidc, mdi lenh cho<br /> nhap qua sau noi dia, do la tinh hinh cua dem tha vao vung bie'n. Chi Trung lai sai<br /> cac thiidng nhan ngoai qudc, ma ca trieu sd deh dang bieu xin bd giap tru day du.<br /> Tdng cung co chung mot tam trang nhii Ban chieu chuan theo bieu xin. Lai xin<br /> vdy. Vua Ly Thai To khi mdi len ngdi diidc diidc lap chd giao dich tai Ung chau, vien<br /> hai nam, vao thang 6 nam 1012 cung da Chuye'n van sd d dao dd (Quang Tay-TG)<br /> tdng yeu cau trieu Td'ng cho md thi triidng dang bieu bao cho vua biet. Vua (Td'ng<br /> budn ban tai Ung Chau (Nam Ninh ngay Chan Tdng) ndi: Dan vung ven bien da<br /> nay). Nhiing phia trieu Td'ng cho rang trieu nhieu lan khdn khd vi giac xam lan cua<br /> Ly thiidng hay xam lan bien ciidng phia Giao chau, theo triidc chi cho lap chd tai<br /> nam cua Td'ng, nen khdng ddng y. Sach Tuc Liem chau va tra'n Nhii Hdng, dai khai day<br /> tU tri thdng gidm trUdng bien do Ly Dao, la ndi hiem yeu cua bien ciidng. Nay trQc<br /> ngiidi ddi Nam Td'ng bien soan, chep tiep vao tan ndi dia, e rang bat tien. Ban<br /> "Thang 6, Giap Ty, nien hieu Dai Trung chieu xudng: Lenh cho Dao do (Quang Tay)<br /> Tiidng Phd thd 5 Td'ng Chan Tdng (nam theo quy che' cu ma truyen bao'' (6). Thu 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1012), Chuyen van sd cua Ld Quang Nam tich cua Viet Nam cung chep sii kien tren<br /> Tay tau rang: Ly Cdng Uan d Giao Chau va cho biet: Le Long Dinh sai em trai la Le<br /> xin diidc diia ngiidi va thuyen deh thang Minh Siidng sang sd, sau khi bieu te giac<br /> Ung Chau de budn ban. Vua (Td'ng) ndi: trang, xin Kinh Dai tang, ao giap va mu tru<br /> Dan vdng ven bien ludn sd Giao Chau xam deu diidc vua Td'ng chap nhan. Sd gia trieu<br /> lan, theo Lenh chi triidc cho phep lap chd Ly lai xin cho sang mua ban ddi chac vdi<br /> giao dich tai Kham Chau va tran Nhii ngiidi Td'ng tai Ung Chau, vua Td'ng khdng<br /> Hdng. Va lai, vdng ven bien cd cda ai hiem nghe, chi cho mua ban ddi chac d Liem<br /> yeu, nay neu cho di sau vao ndi dia, e rang Chau va tra'n Nhu Hdng ma thdi (7).<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> cd dieu bat tien. Lenh cho ban Ty phai can Chinh sach cua vridng trieu Td'ng vao<br /> than tuan thu theo quy dinh cu" (4). Quy the' ky XI-XIII cung chi cho phep thiidng<br /> dinh cu ma vua Td'ng Chan Tdng nhac den, nhan midc ngoai, dac biet la thiidng nhan<br /> do chinh la Lenh chi cho phep diidc lap chd Dai Viet diidc trao ddi hang hoa tai nhdng<br /> giao dich (hay thiidng goi la Bac dich dia diem do trieu Td'ng chi dinh va chiu sQ<br /> trUdng) tai vdng Kham Chau va tran Nhii kiem soat cua cac cap chinh quyen dia<br /> Hdng. phiidng. Theo cac thii tich cd cua Viet Nam<br /> Chung ta cung can phai nhac lai mot sQ va Trung Quo'c ghi chep: Diidng thdi (the'<br /> kien vao triidc ddi Ly, ma chinh sd ddi ky XI den the' ky XIII), da xua't hien nhQng<br /> Td'ng chep cd lien quan den viec xin l i p chd trung tam budn ban ldn vdi ten goi la "Bac<br /> tai Nam Ninh. Sach Tuc tU tri thdng gidm dich triidng" doc bien gidi Ly-Td'ng. Cd tdi 4<br /> trUdng bien chep: 'Thang 12, Qui Mdi nam "Bac dich triidng" diidc lap ra tai trai Vinh<br /> thd 2 nien hieu Dai Trung Tiidng Phd Binh, chau Td Mau, trai Hoanh Sdn, trai<br /> (1009), Le Chi Trung (5) d Giao Chau sai sd Nhii Hdng d Kham Chau (8). Hdn 100 nam<br /> den cd'ng, dang tang mot con te giac da triidc ke tQ nam 1012, khi vua Ly Thai td<br /> diidc thuan diidng. Vua (Td'ng Chan Tdng) chu ddng dat van de thdng thiidng kinh te'<br /> cho rang te giac khdng hdp vdi thd ngdi, bien gidi vao sau trong ndi dia Trung Qudc,<br /> khdng the nudi diidng diidc, mud'n td chd'i khdng diidc cac vua trieu Td'ng chap thuan<br /> khdng nhan, nhiing lai lo trai y cua Chi (9). Cho tdi nhdng nam cudi thudc nien<br /> 34 Rghien cum Lich sJr. so' 3.2011<br /> <br /> hieu Chinh Hoa (1111-1118) cua Tong Huy nha't cua ca hai niidc. Sach Linh ngoai dqi<br /> Tong, sau mot the k i tim hieu ki cang tinh dap cua Chu Khd Phi (14) bien soan diidi<br /> hinh vung bien gidi Dai Viet, trieu Tong da ddi Td'ng chep nhii sau: Trai Vinh Binh d<br /> md them mot "Bac dich triidng" budn ban sdng Hdu Giang thudc Ung Chau, tiep giap<br /> tai Ung Chau (Nam Ninh)" (10). Khi dd vdi bien gidi Giao Chi, chi each mdt con<br /> chinh quyen trieu Tdng cho rang: Giao Chi sud'i ma thdi. Phia Bac cd tram Giao Chi,<br /> (trieu Ly) td nien hieu Hi Ninh Td'ng Than phia Nam cd dinh Tuyen Hoa (15), lam<br /> Tdng (1068-1077), khdng co sinh sii, tha bd "Bac djch triidng"... (16). Trai Nhii Hdng tai<br /> lenh ca'm buon ban (11). Sach T\ic tii tri Kham Chau cung la mdt trung tam giao<br /> thdng gidm triidng bien chep: 'Thang 6, djch nhdn nhjp cua thiidng nhan hai midc.<br /> Quy Hdi nam thd 2 nien hieu Nguyen Thanh phan khach budn den trao ddi<br /> Phong (1079), Tang Bd la Chuyen van sd hang hoa tai cac Bac djch triidng bien gidi<br /> cua Quang Nam Tay 16 tau rang: "Kham Ly-Tdhg kha ddng dao, cd the chia lam may<br /> chau, Liem chau nen dat cac tram dich, loai: phan nhieu la ngiidi dan thieu sd' sinh<br /> lam yen long nhdng dan Giao Chi dau sd'ng tai cac vung bien cua Dai Viet va<br /> thuyen, lap ra Bac djch triidng, giao cho Td'ng. Ho la nhdng ngiidi dan cd nhu cau<br /> chau giam sat ap tai, tuan kiem ven bien trao ddi hang hda cho cudc sd'ng hang ngay,<br /> kiem quan gid" Cho y theo (12). hoae cd the chi la nhdng ngiidi budn ban<br /> Nam Chinh Hoa thd 8, ddi vua Td'ng nhd (tieu thiidng). Qua ghi chep cua thii<br /> Huy Tong (1118), Quan vien Yen (An) Anh tich cd cung cho chung ta biet, khdng chi cd<br /> dang ban Ta'u xin vua T6'ng Huy Tong cd cac thiidng nhan t d mien xudi nhii Thang<br /> quan vien dat chd giao dich vdi Giao Chi, Long mang hang hda len trao ddi, ma cac<br /> de ndi long lenh cam. Yen Anh cho la td din tdc thieu sd' nhu" T h i i , Ha Nhi, Dao...<br /> cudi nhdng nam ddi vua Td'ng Than tong, cua vdng Lang Sdn, Lao Cai, Cao Bang<br /> Giao Chi "Hoan toan khong sinh sii, nen (Viet Nam), Van Nam (Trung Quo'c), bang<br /> dung dieu tot de khen thiidng" Vi the Td'ng nhieu con diidng khac nhau ca diidng bd va<br /> Huy Tdng sai Yen Anh kiem chdc Quang diidng thuy, ciing da diia san vat dia<br /> Tay chuyen van phd sd, den chau bien phiidng tham gia tich ciic vao viec giao liiu<br /> hang hda qua liiu viic sdng Hdng v i cac con<br /> ciidng sap dat viec do (chi viec lap chd giao<br /> sdng khac nhii Ky Cdng, Bing Giang, hai<br /> dich TG). Yen Anh tuan thee y chi cua<br /> nhanh con sdng Tay Giang... Ho khdng chi<br /> nha vua thiic hien "thdng thiidng giao dich,<br /> dem nhdng ngudn ldi khai thic diidc tai<br /> c6't diidc long ngiidi Giad Chi, khong diidc<br /> liiu viic cac sdng, sud'i quanh vung bien, ddi<br /> gay trd ngai, nhanh chong tau bao day du<br /> lay liidng thiic, vai mac nhu" sich sd Trung<br /> de vua biet" Sau do Yen Anh cdn ddi vai<br /> Quo'c da ghi nhan: "din bien gidi Giao Chi<br /> ngay, triidc het truyen bao cho ngiidi Giao<br /> dem c i , trai, hen ddi lay gao, vai ti'm" (17).<br /> Chi biet nguyen uy va khong diidc kinh hai<br /> Ho cdn t i n thu nhdng lam thd san gan ndi<br /> qua (13).<br /> cu tru de tang them thu nhip, cai thien ddi<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Nhu vay, vao dau the ky XII, vdng bien<br /> 1<br /> sd'ng vd'n rat khd khan: "Ngiidi Giao Chi<br /> gidi Viet Trung diidng thdi td ven bien dem cic h i n g hda nhu" hiidng thdm, nga<br /> den da't lien cd tdi 5 trung tam trao ddi voi, sdng te, vang bac, mudi, tien ddi li'y<br /> budn ban gida hai niidc. Khi dd, trai Vinh cac loai vai nhu" td, lua, vai bdng. Nhdng<br /> Binh la mot "Bac dich triidng" quan trong ngiidi deh trai Vinh Binh deu la d i n Giao<br /> Bac Bich Truong: quan he buon ban.. 35<br /> <br /> Chi 6 cac khe, dong di theo diidng bo. nhdng san vat dia phiidng do minh t i i san<br /> Nhdng hang ho mang den deu quy, nho xuat hoae khai thac quanh ndi sinh sd'ng<br /> nhe, chi co muoi la nang. Diidng nhien nhu : lam thd san, nga voi, sdng te, thuy<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> muoi chi co the ddi lay vai thoi" (18). san nhii cac loai ca sdng, trai, hen... Tham<br /> Cac tieu thiidng va cu" dan thieu sd' Viet chi, do xuat phat td yeu cau thiic te can<br /> Nam ho deu la nhdng ngiidi dan thuan mudi cua cu dan vdng bien Trung Qudc,<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> hau, chat phac, budn ban that tha. Thu! tuy thudc loai hang hoa nang, nhiing mudi<br /> tich diidc soan diidi trieu Td'ng ciing chep cung diidc van chuyen de ddi lay liidng<br /> lai cam nhan cua cac tac gia ve tinh trung thiic, vai mac... Chung ta deh biet vdng<br /> thiic cua dan cii Giao Chi:... Ngiidi Giao dan cii Quang Tay cho deh tan the ki<br /> (Chi), ban tinh thuan hau;... Moi ngiidi den XVIII, v i n cdn tinh trang thiidng xuyen<br /> budn ban tai trai Vinh Binh deu la ngiidi thieu mudi. Dac biet, dieu nay xay ra<br /> Giao (Chi) cua cac bd lac tren dong... Bon thiidng xuyen dd'i vdi cac dan tdc thieu sd'<br /> ho ciing thuan hau, chat phac... (19). sinh sd'ng tai vdng sau, vung xa cua mien<br /> Nhdng ngiidi budn ban nhd phia Td'ng rat ndi Quang Tay, Trung Qudc. Chinh sd<br /> ddng, thii tich cd ciing phai ghi nhan sd' trieu Thanh trong bd Dgi Thanh thtfc luc<br /> liidng khdng the ke xiet "Tieu thiidng ben da phan anh rat ro: chi tinh rieng mot phu<br /> ta (phia Td'ng) d gan (bien gidi) budn ban Tra'n An cua Quang Tay hang nam van<br /> cac loai giay, but, gao, vai..., ngay thiidng ddng mudi cua Viet Nam, mdi nam can hdn<br /> cdng ngiidi Giao (Chi) trao ddi vun vat, nghin bao mudi "Nham Than, thang 2 nam<br /> ciing khdng ke xiet" (20). Can Long thd 10 (1-4-1745), Tong ddc<br /> Liidng Quang Na Td Do tau: "Di Giao ndi<br /> Thanh phan thd hai la cac phd thiidng, loan, xd dd gia gao tat len cao, e r i n g cd<br /> sach Linh ngogi dgi dap chep: Thiidng lai gian thiidng trong ndi dia viidt bien budn<br /> giau cd cua niidc dd (chi Viet Nam) deh Bac mudi, khdng tranh khdi an lau thdc gao,<br /> dich triidng, nha't thiet phai td chau Vinh cung lai lo gay rd'i loan bien ciidng... Duy<br /> An (Yen) ndi bien gidi diia giay xin phep phu Tran An cua Quang Tay triidc nay van<br /> (thdng diep) tdi Kham Chau, goi la thiidng an mudi cua dan di, mdi nam phu ay can<br /> nhan budn nhd (Tieu ciidng). Mot loai hdn nghin bao mudi, dem mudi cua nha<br /> thiidng nhan cao cap hdn la nhdng quan lai niidc cap cho du sd'liidng" (22).<br /> di sii tranh thu budn ban kiem ldi. Neu<br /> Ben canh viec budn ban nhdng san<br /> nhdng ngiidi dd nha niidc sai sd den Kham<br /> pham phuc vu cho cudc sd'ng thiidng nhat,<br /> Chau, nhan cd budn ban thi goi la thiidng<br /> thiidng nhan (chu yeu la tang Idp cii phu)<br /> lai ldn (Dai ciidng). Ben phia Td'ng, nhdng cdn chu trong khai thac va trao ddi thiidng<br /> nha budn ldn thiidng td vung Thuc (Td pham cd gia t r i cao ve kinh te' nhu": tien<br /> Xuyen) budn gam deh ban tai Kham Chau ddng. Vao nam 1133, triidc tinh trang lai<br /> va budn hiidng td Kham Chau tdi Thuc (Td budn Td'ng mang so' liidng ldn tieh ddng<br /> Xuyen), mdi nam di ve mdt lan, liidng hang mua hang hoa ve niidc, vua Cao Tdng da<br /> hoa len tdi vai nghin man tiem (21). phai nghiem cam khdng cho diia tien ddng<br /> Mat hang diidc trao ddi tai cac Bac dich ra khdi bien gidi Td'ng 'Thang 10, Mau<br /> triidng, chu yeu la nhiing vat dung thiet Tuat nam Thieu Hiing thd 3 (1133), Quang<br /> yeu hang ngay nhu : vai, lua, liidng thiic,<br /> 1<br /> Tay Tuyen Du la Minh Dd' dang ban Tau:<br /> bdt, giay... Dan tdc thieu sd' mang theo "vung Ung Chau, phia nam tiep giap Giao<br /> 35 Rghien cuu Lich sir, s6" 3.2011<br /> <br /> Chi. Cac ddng quanh song Ta Giang va budn ban Ida gat nhau giQa khach budn<br /> HQu Giang (23), phan ldn la loai dan vo lai, hai midc, chung ta thu diidc thdng tin viec<br /> thQdng Ida du ngadi buon dQa vao ban budn ban vang bac diidc liiu hanh kha phd<br /> trong nude dd. Lai biet ba chau Ung, bie'n: ... V i khach budn ta (phia Td'ng), Ida<br /> Kham, Liem thong dvidng bien vdi Giao dd'i chung (phia Ly) giao cho thud'c gia. Dan<br /> Chi, bon ngvidi hang nam thu ldi, buon ban chung (phia Ly) trdn ddng lan vao vang<br /> vang, hiidng, tat lay tien vudng nhd (tieu bac, khdng the phan biet diidc" (27).<br /> binh tien) lam quy Qdc; ma da lenh cho Vang bac khdng chi la vat pham trao ddi<br /> niidc do tien vuong nhd cho phep nhap vao qui ma cdn diidc sd dung thanh nguyen<br /> ma khong diidc phep xuat ra. Neu nhii lieu det nen nhdng san pham tieu dung cao<br /> khong nghiem khac cam chi, tac hai vo cap cung cap cho nhdng cQ phd an chdi,<br /> cdng ldn" Vua ban chieu cho Bd Hd, Bd tham chi trd thanh mdt trao liiu tieu xai<br /> Hinh lap ra phap dinh. Sau nay hai Bd xin cua tang Idp thQdng nhan giau cd. Dieu nay<br /> cho phep nhdng ngQdi c6' tinh va sd sua't de dan den sd' lQdng vang cua Trung Qudc<br /> that thoat tien ddng qua bien gidi, quan cang ngay trd nen khan hiem, vua Td'ng<br /> tuan phu trd moi ngiidi bi tdi hai trat, sd Cao Tdng phai ra lenh ngan ca'm: 'Thang 9,<br /> sua't trong giam sat ngvidi lai trd them 3<br /> Tan SQu, nam Thieu Hang thQ 26 (1156),<br /> trat, Quan Tra'n trai, Huyen lenh, Tri<br /> Tham Cai dang ban tau: "An Nam mudn<br /> (huyen), Thong (phan), Giam ty, soai than<br /> mua loai trdu dat day vang. Loai trang<br /> ngvidi nao de that thoat chiu tdi khac nhau.<br /> phuc sa hoa, khdng phai de daa ra thien<br /> Cho phep nhu the" (24).<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> ha. Vua lenh: Trang phuc sa hoa, nha loai<br /> Vang, ddng, thiec... diidc khai thac trong tieu phi vang, khdng the khdng ngan cam.<br /> cac md kim loai qui hiem doc bien gidi hai Gan day vang rat thieu, do bon tieu nhan<br /> mi6c, cung trd thanh mot mdi ldi ldn cho tham ldi, tieu pha hoang phi (coi nha rac),<br /> cac thvidng nhan tim each buon ban. Dac rat la dang tide. Thien ha san xua't ra vang<br /> biet, cac tinh bien gidi phia Bdc Viet Nam cUc ky khd khan, tinh sd' ladng lam ra,<br /> deu co nhieu md kim loai qui nhu" md bac khdng du de cung cap cho tieu pha hoang<br /> tai Ngan Sdn (Bac Can), md vang, chi tai<br /> phi. Tuy da nhieu lan ha lenh dieu chinh,<br /> That Nguyen (Lang Sdn), md bac, vang tai<br /> nhang thdi sa hoa vdn chaa tiet han, nen<br /> Td'ng Tinh (Cao Bang), md ddng, bac tai<br /> tiep tuc thQc hien nghiem tuc" (28).<br /> Van Uyen (Lang Sdn), md vang va dan sa<br /> tai Quang Nguyen (Cao Bang) (25)... Chu Cac thadng nhan hai midc den budn ban<br /> Khd Phi trong Llnh ngogi dgi dap da ghi tai Bac dich tradng thadng di thee dadng<br /> lai: Khe, dong Ung Chau va vung bien gidi bd dadng thuy va ca dadng bien. Dan thieu<br /> An Nam ddu cd md vang. Chau Vinh Yen sd' tai cac vung khe ddng phan ldn di bo va<br /> (An) thudc Ung Chau va Giao Chi each di thuyen nhd chd nhdng vat pham nhe, cd<br /> nhau cd mdt con sud'i, cac loai thuy cam gia t r i kinh te. ThQ tich ddi Td'ng cho biet:<br /> nhii ngdng, vit bdi sang sdng phia Giao Chi Tat ca nhQng ngadi deh budn tai bac dich<br /> kiem an, trd ve, de lai phan cd vang, trong tradng Vinh Binh, Ung Chau deu la ngadi<br /> cac sdng thudc bien canh cua ta thi lai Giao Chi d cac khe ddng, di theo dadng bd<br /> khdng cd... Td ngudn ldi cac md vang cua tdi. Nhieu thuyen budn nhd tap trung tien<br /> Giao Chi de mua dan ta ve lam ngvidi hau hanh trao ddi tai bac dich tradng d Kham<br /> (nd) (26). Thdng qua chi tiet ve thu doan Chau "Dan Giao Chi tap trung deu dQa vao<br /> Bac Dich Truong: quan he buon ban, 37<br /> <br /> Kham (chau), thuyen qua lai khong ngdt. nghiep, nghe det, khai md luyen kim va<br /> Bac dich trudng 6 tram Giang Dong phia nghe lam gdm. Dac biet, sii thanh lap 3<br /> ngoai thanh" (29). trung tam Bac dich triidng da p h i n anh thi<br /> Phiidng thdc buon ban tai cac Bac djch triidng budn ban dd'i ngoai cua Quang Tay<br /> triidng cung ra't da dang, nhdng tieu hinh thanh cd quy md, mau dich thiidng<br /> thiidng va ngiidi dan thiidng buon ban nho mai da xua't hien cinh tiidng phdn vinh...'<br /> le tai cho vdi nhdng hang hoa gia t r i kinh (30). Hdn nda, cac Bac dich triidng cdn tao<br /> te khong cao. Doi vdi cac thiidng lai ldn ra i n h hiidng kinh te' 'Thd qudc du dan"<br /> nhdm gianh diidc hang hoa co gia t r j v6i so" (niidc giau manh, dan sung tuc) dd'i vdi ddi<br /> liidng ldn, ho khong t d moi thu doan. Dac Td'ng "Trai Hoanh Sdn cua ddi Td'ng la<br /> biet, cac thiidng lai cua Tong vdi ldi the chu trung tam thiidng mai dan tdc Choang<br /> nha, sd dung nhdng thu doan dim, ep gia, Quing Tay. Ma thi (Chd ngiia) cua trai<br /> trao hang gia, tham chi con diia ca thiidng Hoanh Sdn da thdc day sii phat trien<br /> nhan nho diing nha, cay cay tai cac Bac nhanh chdng nen kinh te dan tdc Choang,<br /> djch triidng de khong che nha buon td Dai ngoai ra, nd cdn cd tac dung tich ciic "Phd<br /> Viet deh. Ngoai ra, thiidng lai Tong thiidng qudc du dan" dd'i vdi diidng thdi" (31). Ddng<br /> xuyen can thieu hut hang hoa, phia trieu thdi vdi viec thuc day nen kinh te' cua<br /> Ly tdng phai 3 lan cd sd gia sang xac dinh Quing Tay, viec ra ddi va hoat ddng cua<br /> tieu chuan can tai Bac dich triidng Kham cac Bac djch triidng da tao thanh mdt dau<br /> Chau. Chinh vi each buon ban khong song md'i giao thdng, de cac dan tdc thieu sd'<br /> phang, minh bach cua phia Tong da khien Quang Tay cd dieu kien md rong giao liiu<br /> cho cac thiidng nhan Dai Viet p h i i tim each khdng chi kinh te' ma c i van hda vdi nhieu<br /> doi pho de thu ldi. Ho cung gam hang, keo vung trung nguyen, ven bien Ddng Nam va<br /> dai thdi gian, gay kho khan cho cac thiidng Tay Nam.<br /> nhan Tong. Mat khac, thiidng nhan Dai Thdng qua nghien cdu tinh hinh budn<br /> Viet cung dan dan nhilm thoi gian lan. Ho ban tai cac Bac dich triidng the' ki XI X I I I<br /> cung tim each tron lan dong vao vang, bac, gida 2 quo'c gia Dai Viet va Td'ng, chdng ta<br /> tam them muoi, hoae do chi vao cac khe hd cd the diia ra may nhan xet nhu" sau:<br /> tram hiidng cho nang, de co the chim xuong Viec thdng thiidng gida cac qudc gia ke<br /> niidc, chinh vi vay nhieu thiidng nhan phia lien nhau la can thiet va khdng the bd qua,<br /> Tong da bi lun bai vi nhdng thu doan tren. nd dap dng diidc nhu cau trao ddi hang hda<br /> Ngay ngiidi dan khe dong Dai Viet, cung cua cii dan va thiidng nhan hai midc.<br /> dan trd nen khdn kheo khdng that tha, chat Nhiing mud'n tao diidc sii dn dinh, binh<br /> phac nhii budi dau nda. dang trong ngoai thiidng gida hai ben,<br /> Danh gia ve tac dung tich cdc cua cac triidc het p h i i cd mot chinh quyen viing<br /> Bac djch triidng, ddi vdi viec thdc day sii manh, ddc lap, dn dinh ve chinh t r i va an<br /> phat trien nen kinh te' dd'i ngoai cua Quing ninh. Kinh nghiem cua trieu Ly da minh<br /> Tay trong cac the' ky X-XIII, gidi nghien chdng nhan dinh tren, nhieu vua trieh<br /> cdu Trung Quo'c hien nay cho ring: "... Tdng da that sii lo sd sdc manh cua trieu<br /> Kinh te' xa hdi cua Quing Tay diidng thdi Ly, vi vay ho ludn ludn de cao canh giac,<br /> (chi ddi Td'ng-TG) da cd nhiing thanh tiiu tim moi each de ngan c i n ngiidi dan Dai<br /> ndi bat tren linh vtfc ndng nghiep, thu cdng Viet di sau vao noi dja cua trieh Td'ng.<br /> 38 Rghien ciru Lich sit, so 3.2011<br /> <br /> Nhiing sau khi da tim hieu nhu cau ngoai mot liic liidng thiidng nhan dang ke.<br /> thiidng cua cu" dan hai nude, dac biet tai Hien tiidng buon gian ban lan, ep gia,<br /> nhdng vung bien giap ranh, trieu Tong dim gia trong gidi thvidng nhan cua hai<br /> cung san sang md cda tao dieu kien thuan trieu Ly, Td'ng da trd nen thUdng xuyen.<br /> ldi cho viec thong thiidng phat trien. Thiic<br /> Trieu dinh trung lidng cua Ly, Td'ng<br /> te da chdng minh, viec thiet lap cac Bac<br /> deu da tham gia triic tiep vao viec dieu<br /> dich triidng da co tac dung thuc day sii<br /> hanh thi triidng ngoai thvidng, nhii danh<br /> phat trien kinh te, van hoa vdng bien cua<br /> thue' hang hoa, ban bd' cac lenh cam budn<br /> hai quo'c gia Dai Viet va Tong.<br /> ban vang bac... ngan can viec diia cac hang<br /> Tinh hinh ngoai thiidng diidi trieu Ly hoa qui ra khdi bien gidi. Dac biet, trieu Ly<br /> da xuat hien nhieu tang Idp thiidng nhan, td tien hanh nhieu bien phap thiet thiic de<br /> tieu thiidng buon ban nho chiem dai da so' bao ve quyen ldi thiidng nhan Dai Viet, da<br /> tdi thiidng lai ldn, du sdc canh tranh vdi cac nhieu lan cd sd gia sang Td'ng de xac dinh<br /> cii phd cua Trung Quo'c. Mot tang Idp ngiidi chinh xac can tieu chuan, tranh stf Ida gat<br /> ldi dung danh nghia cong sd di buon cung la trong budn ban.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Hoang Xuan Han: Ly Thiidng Kiet-Lich si (5). Chi vua Le Long Dinh, sach Khdm dinh<br /> ngoai giao va tong phdi trieu Ly in trong Tdc phdm Viet sd thdng gidm ciidng muc chep: Thang 8 mua<br /> dUdc gidi thiidng Ho Chi Minh. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa thu (nam Dinh Mui 1007), sQ nha Tdng sang, vua<br /> hoi, Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 99: phien am If f j la Bac Tdng phong nha vua lam Giao Chi quan vQdng,<br /> dich triidng, nghia la cho qudc te. Trong cac bd Tii Hnh Hai quan tiet do sQ, cho ten la Chf Trung, tr.<br /> hdi, Tii nguyen deu dUa ra each phien thiet chQ la 275.<br /> Bd cac thiet tdc la Bac, Khang Hy tii dien cdn dQa (6). Ly Dao: Tuc tii tri thdng gidm triidng bien,<br /> ra them each khac la: Ba cac thiet cung doc la Bac. quyen 72. Din theo Tieu DQc Hao, Hoang Tranh<br /> Nhu vay, chQ If chi cd mot am duy nha't la bdc, vi (Chu bien): Tuyen tap tii lieu lich sd bien gidi<br /> the i f U phai phien am thanh Bdc dich triidng Trung Viet. (Iff & » , M # ± * ® & #<br /> vdi nghia la ndi (hay trung tam trao dd'i (hang Wi 5& S ft i& m. ± m,. Nxb. Van hien Khoa<br /> hoa)... Chiing ta cd the dQa ra nhQng thi du vdi hoc xa hoi, Blc Kinh, 1993, tr. 209.<br /> chQ bdc nhQ If g (bdc di), 1f ¥ (bdc hoc), If ± (7). Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm ciidng muc;<br /> (bdc si), If $5 tif (bdc vdt qudn nghia la vien bao Tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi, 1998, tr. 274.<br /> tang), i l 4- If # (Thdng kim bdc cd)... (8). Hoang Xuan Han: Ly Thiidng Kiet-Lich sii<br /> (2). Bai Viet sd ky toan thii, Ban dich. Nxb. ngoai giao vd tdng phdi trieu Ly in trong Tdc phdm<br /> Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ndi, 1993, tap I, tr. 317. diidc gidi thiidng Hd Chi Minh. Sdd, tr. 99-101.<br /> (3). Nguyln Van Kim: He thd'ng thUdng cdng (9). Ve viec nay chi thay ghi chep trong thQ tich<br /> Van Bon qua tii lieu lich sd va khao cd hoc. Tap trieu Td'ng, cdn sd lieu trieu Ly chi chep: "Mua<br /> chi Khao cd hoc, so 4-2006, tr. 46-65. dong thang 10 (nam Thu&n Thien thQ 3 1012),<br /> (4). Ly Dao: Tuc tu tri thdng gidm triidng bien sai Thai bao Dao Thac Phu va Vien ngoai lang Ngd<br /> ( f S: S S I $ K Wi), quyeh 78. Xem NhUdng sang nUdc Td'ng de ket hao", xem: Bai Viet<br /> them: Co dqi Trung Viet quan he sii tuyen bien, sii ky toan thii, Ban dich, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha<br /> (# \\ * & £ I £ m m), tr. 241. Noi, 1993, Tap I , tr. 243. Phan Huy Chu: Lich<br /> Bac dich rniong: quan he buon ban 39<br /> <br /> trieu hien chuang loai chi, Tap I , Nxb. Giao due, (22). Thanh thUc luc, Cao Tong thUc luc (?# 3?<br /> 2007, tr. 571. M Sf m % ft), quyen 235, tr. 21.<br /> (10). Dan theo: Quach Chan Dac-TrUdng Tieu (23). Theo Hoang Xuan Han: Ta Giang va HQu<br /> Mai: Viet Nam Thdng su, te i f i i Nha xuat ban Giang la hai ngudn sdng Tay Giang d Ludng<br /> Dai hoc nhan dan Trung Qudc; Bac Kinh, tr. 302. Quang. HQu Giang phat nguyen tQ Van Nam, chay<br /> (11). Hoang Qudc An: Trung Viet quan he sic xudng qua Quang Tay, theo hudng Dong Nam. Ta<br /> gian bien, ( t 1 $ : te % Jfc j& M £8) Giang phat nguyen tQ chd giap gidi tinh Cao Bang<br /> Quang Tay Nhan dan xua't ban xa, 1986, tr. 51. va Van Nam, chay qua Cao Bang va Van Nam,<br /> (12). Ly Dao: Tuc tie tri thong gidm trudng bien, chay qua Cao Bang, rdi theo chieu Ddng Bac, qua<br /> quyen 298. Quang Tay va hop vdi HQu Giang d phia Tay<br /> (13). Tdng Hoi yeu tap cdo, Phien di 4. Dan thanh Ung Chau. Sdng O Bi (Ky Cung) la mot<br /> theo: Tuyen tap tiC lieu lich sic bien gidi Trung Viet,nhanh cua Ta Giang... Hai dao Ta Giang va HQu<br /> sdd, tr. 210. Giang gdm tQ 50 den 60 dong, xem them: Hoang<br /> (14). Chu Khut Phi (?-?), tu la TrUc Phu, ngudi Xuan Han: Ly Thudng Kiet-Lich sit ngoai giao va<br /> Vinh Gia (nay la On Chau) thuoc tinh Triet Giang, tdng phdi trieu Ly, sdd, tr. 81-82.<br /> dd Tien si nam Long Hung thu nha't (1163). Nam (24). Kien thuy di lai he nien kien luc, quyen<br /> Can Dao thQ 7 (1171), giQ chQc Giao thu On Chau, 69. Din theo: Tuyen tap tu lieu lich su" bien gidi<br /> nam sau (1172) chuyen sang lam Giao thu Kham Trung Viet, sdd, tr. 210.<br /> chau, Quang Tay, Huyen uy phu Tinh Giang (nay (25). Nguyln Trai: Du dia chi (ban dich Ha Van<br /> la Que Lam), sau lai giQ chQc Giao thu Kham Tan). Nxb. SQ hoc, Ha Noi, 1960, tr. 50-51.<br /> Chau. Sau 6 nam lam quan 6 Quang Tay, trd ve (26). Chu KhQ Phi: Linh ngoai dqi dap, quyen<br /> vdi chQc Thdng phan phu Thieu Hung, Triet 7, Sinh kim.<br /> Giang. Trong thdi gian lam quan tai dja phUdng, (27), (29). Chu KhQ Phi. Linh ngoai dqi dap,<br /> Chu KhQ Phi tQng di tim hieu cac danh lam thing quyen 5.<br /> canh. Khi ve nghi huu, ong lai tiep tuc dieu tra, (28). Kien thuy dl lai he nien kien luc, quyen<br /> khao sat, tim hieu phong tuc, ddi sdng dan cQ vung 69. Din theo: Tuyen tap tu lieu lich sic bien gidi<br /> Linh Nam, bien soan thanh cudn Linh ngoai dqi Trung Viet, sdd tr. 211.<br /> dap, gdm 10 quyen. Theo danh gia cua gidi nghien (30). Trdn Ta My: Viec thiet lap Gidm tien<br /> cQu Trung Qudc, tac pham cua Chu KhQ Phi da Qudng Tay ddi Td'ng vdi sit phdt trien kinh te<br /> cung ca'p nhieu tQ lieu ve nui song, san vat, cd' tich Quang Tdy. Tap chi Nghien cdu Ddn tdc hoc<br /> cung kinh te, xa hdi, phong tuc, ngQ ngdn ciia cac Qudng Tdy, sd9 nam 2002. (S £ 1:S ft T I<br /> dan toe thieu sdvung Linh Nam.<br /> (15). Hoang Xuan Han ghi la Dinh Nghi Hod, K i& ¥ m %. 2002 ^ 9 m).<br /> Ly ThUdng Kiet... sdd, tr. 99. (31). Hoang Hung Ung: Anh hudng cua Bdc<br /> (16). Chu KhQ Phi: Linh ngoai dqi dap (M i dich trUdng trai Hoanh Son ddi vdi sU phdt trien<br /> #: \X quyen 5. Khdm Chdu Bdc dich kinh te ddn toe Choang Quang Tdy ddi Tdng. Hoc<br /> trudng m W t t I ; bao Hoc vien Bach Sic, sd 4 nam 2003. (M i t M;<br /> (17), (18), (19), (20), (21). Chu KhQ Phi: Linh<br /> ngoai dqi dap, quyen 5. 12 «u. w & ^ n. ^ m, 2003 ¥ 4 m).<br />