Báo cáo khoa học: "Nutrient concentrations in Pinus radiata D Don needles in the Basque Country (Spain): preliminary classification of parameters and sites"

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Note Nutrient concentrations in Pinus radiata D Don needles in the Basque Country (Spain): preliminary classification of parameters and sites a H Casado FJ Castillo JM Mesanza 1 Departamento deFisica Aplicada II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, 01007 Vitoria; 2 de Producción Agraria, Universidad Publica de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain Departamento (Received 23 March 1992; accepted 25 September 1992) Summary — This work presents the first results on nutrient concentrations in Pinus radiata needles in the Basque Country (Spain). Current year and 1-yr-old needles collected at different sites were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen and manganese content. Our results indicate some differences between sites, seasons and needles of different ages. Nutrient lev- els are sufficient, in general, for tree nutritive requirements, but some low concentrations of magne- sium, and especially phosphorus found in 1-yr-old needles, indicate the possibility that some trees may show signs of deficiency in the near future. In turn, nitrogen and manganese concentrations are, in many cases, higher than those usually found in this species and may give rise to growth dis- orders (nitrogen) or toxicity (manganese). We present here a preliminary classification of sites and parameters based on the principal compo- nent analysis. Our results show the utility of this method to differentiate appropriate sites for the ade- quate development of Pinus radiata. nutrient / cation / needle / Pinus radiata / deficiency / classification en éléments nutritifs des aiguilles de Pinus radiata D Don dans le Résumé — Concentration Pays Basque (Espagne) : classification préliminaire des paramètres et des sites. Ce travail présente les premiers résultats concernant la concentration en éléments nutrifis des aiguilles de Pinus radiata dans le Pays Basque (Espagne). Des éléments nutritifs (calcium, magnésium, potas- sium, phosphore, azote et manganèse) ont été analysés dans des aiguilles de Pinus radiata de l’année courante et de 1 an prélevées dans différentes stations. Les résultats indiquent quelques dif- férences selon les stations, les saisons et l’âge des aiguilles. Les niveaux d’éléments nutritifs sont, en général, suffisants pour les besoins nutritifs des arbres, mais quelques faibles concentrations en magnésium, et surtout en phosphore, observées dans les aiguilles de1 an, pourraient indiquer une possible déficience dans le futur. D’un autre côté, les concentrations d’azote et de manganèse sont, dans beaucoup des cas, plus élevées que d’habitude pour cette espèce et pourraient provoquer
ainsi des désordres de croissance (azote) ou toxiques (manganèse). La classification des stations et des paramètres réalisée sur la base de l’analyse des composantes principales montre que cette mé- thode est utile pour différencier les stations favorables à un développement adéquat de Pinus radiata. aiguilles / Pinus radiata / déficiences / classification éléments nutritifs / cations / and nutrient concentration analy- analysis INTRODUCTION sis in needles of trees from different sites. The results concerning this last section are Of the total surface area planted with Pi- presented here. nus radiata in Spain (> 200 000 ha, ie = 10% of the world total (Turner and Lam- bert, 1986) > 70% is located in the Basque MATERIALS AND METHODS Country (Departamento de Agricultura y Pesca, Gobierno Vasco, 1986). The eco- Ten sites of Pinus radiata distributed throughout nomic importance of this coniferous spe- the territory of the Basque Country were chosen cies in this region is thus evident, as is the according to location of urban and industrial are- concern about the sanitary situation of as, symptoms of damage, age of trees and their these trees, at the moment that a general geographical situation. The physiographical and deterioration due to unknown reasons has tree growth data corresponding to the sites stud- been observed in many forested areas in I. ied can be seen in table Europe and North America. Foliar samples were collected in November 1989 and November 1990. The sites lrún and Since investigations began, many hy- Lezama were not sampled in 1990 because potheses have been considered to explain both of them were victims of fire and abusive the phenomenon of forest decline. Air pruning. In 1990 the site Odiaga was added to pollution and acid rain were for a long time increase the information on the area near the in- considered as the main causes of the dustrial town of Llodio. In autumn 1990 it was decline, but at present the phenomenon is not possible to take samples from the Ispazter site as the trees were considerably damaged by attributed to many different causes that of- parasites (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). ten act synergistically. As many types of Healthy needles were harvested from 3 trees damage are associated with nutritional representative of each site. Current-year and 1- problems (Zöttl and Mies, 1983; Hüettl et yr-old needles were collected from branches in al, 1987) the study of the nutrient concen- the upper third of the tree (fifth whorl in mature tration of pine needles is of great impor- trees, or third whorl in young trees). The tance. needles collected were taken to the laboratory and oven-dried at 80 °C for 48 h. A dry minerali- In order to determine the effect of air zation technique was then used before analysis. on the plantations of Pinus radia- pollution Calcium, magnesium, potassium and manga- ta in the Basque Country and their present nese concentrations were measured by atomic sanitary state, a study is being carried out absorption, nitrogen by Kjeldahl and Büchi appa- within the context of the EPOCA pro- ratus and phosphorus colorimetrically. The gramme (Estudio en el Pirineo Occidental methods have been reported elsewhere (MAFF, de la Contaminación Acida). This study in- 1981).The needles of each tree were analysed cludes inventories of forest damage, soil separately.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Turner and Lambert, 1986). The results show how calcium is accumulated in the needles as these grow older (comparing The results obtained in the analysis of fo- current year vs 1-yr-old needles)*. The val- liar samples are shown in table II. Although ues of needles of the same age collected the number of measurements (3) at each in the autumn of 1989 and 1990 indicate a site was not enough for ideal statistical ac- certain tendency of the calcium concentra- curacy, the results indicate some differenc- tion to drop, with the exception of trees of es depending on the age of the needles, the Ansorregi site, which is situated on a the time of collection and the sites sam- limestone soil. pled. As can be seen in table I, some of the sites studied are located at altitudes which Magnesium concentration exceed or approach 500 m, the altitude at which the growth of Pinus radiata is limited concentration Considering magnesium a by low temperatures and strong winds of 0.07% as the critical level and consider- (Scott, 1961; Gandullo et al, 1974). ing 0.06-0.08% as the range of low val- (Will, 1966, 1978); low or critical lev- ues els in 1-yr-old needles were observed at NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS some sites (table II). These levels ap- peared in lrun in autumn 1989 and in Cru- ceta, Olaeta, Urkiola y Odiaga in autumn Calcium concentration 1990. These levels lead us to envisage a possible magnesium nutritional problem in the areas affected in the future, especially In all cases the values exceed the deficien- if this situation becomes cy levels indicated by several authors Current worse. * Statements followed by this symbol have been verified by the Mann—Whitney U test (Centre d’En- seignement et de Recherche de Statistique Appliquée, 1986).
year needles, however, do not show defi- Potassium concentration ciency levels of magnesium in any site (table II). Potassium concentration tends to de- The results show that magnesium lev- in needles as they grow older. A re- crease duction of the levels at all sites was also els also drop with age*. The 1-yr-old needles contain ≈ 25% less magnesium observed from autumn 1989 to autumn 1990 (table II)*. This decrease may lead to than the current year needles.
problems in the coming years. The lack of Hall and Raupach (1963) (0.25-0.35%) by potassium affects the vitality and growth of not reached in any of these cases, al- were the trees (Raupach and Clarke, 1972). The though the levels found in Durango and deficiency levels indicated by Hall and Pur- Odiaga in autumn 1990 were surprisingly nell (1961) (K< 0.4%) or those indicated low.
Phosphorus concentration Nitrogen concentration in plantations of Pi- Phosphorus deficiency The nitrogen concentration values largely radiata is a well-known problem in nus exceed the critical level indicated by Will many countries where this tree is planted. (1971). In fact, the large number of branch- Successive generations of this species oc- es and their strong growth observed in the plot can use up the cupying same many trees in the sites studied can be re- of phosphorus in the soil scarce reserves lated to the high nitrogen concentration and suffer from a growth deficiency which, values found in the trees (Stone and Will, in many cases, must be corrected by ferti- 1965). lizing the soil (Raupach, 1967; Gentle and Humphreys, 1968; Raupach et al, 1975; Baker and Attiwill, 1985). On the other Manganese concentration hand, forestry practices can cause the loss of a large part of the phosphorus available by removing the organic material from the The manganese levels are quite high and surface of the soil in which this nutrient is exceed the deficiency levels indicated by found (Daniel et al, 1982; Nambiar, 1985). different authors (10 ppm; Lange, 1969; 24-63 ppm, Marcos de Lanuza, 1966). Al- In our case, we have observed low lev- though an evident toxic effect due to man- els of phosphorus which, nevertheless, did ganese accumulation in leaves has not not appear to produce visual symptoms of been described (Kazda and Zvacek, deficiency. However, it should be pointed 1989), damage can be caused by manga- out, as observed in other countries (Turner nese acting synergistically with other ele- and Lambert, 1986), that the trees from ments such as aluminium (Kazda and Zva- the vast majority of plantations in the Basque Country do not retain 3-yr-old cek, 1989). needles on their branches, and that the 2- observed in The manganese levels, as yr-old needles are very scarce. Conse- the case of calcium, are greater in 1-yr-old quently, there is a lack of mature foliage in needles* due to accumulation with aging many trees. (table II). The comparison of our results with the The existence of steel mills and foun- critical phosphorus levels indicated by sev- dries near the sites of Durango, Olaeta eral authors (0.1%; Humphreys and Tru- and Odiaga may be related to the rather 1964; 0.11%, Will, 1965; 0.12%, or man, high levels of manganese concentrations Turner and Lambert, 1986), shows that the in the needles. levels of phosphorus found in 1-yr-old needles reach deficiency levels in the ma- jority of needles collected in 1990, and Nitrogenlphosphorus (N:P) ratio many in 1989 (table II). Only the sites at Ansorregi, Lezama and Ispazter situated to several authors, this ratio is According in rural areas near the coast show values considered to be a good marker of the nu- higher than or equal to deficiency values. tritional status of Pinus radiata (Raupach, Values close to deficiency levels warn of a 1967; Raupach et al, 1969). It ranges from possible appearance of deficiency prob- 5 to 16 (Raupach, 1967) and a mean value lems in new plantations in the future or in of 10 is considered as good (Raupach et the following generations of Pinus radiata in certain areas of the Basque Country. al, 1969).
In our case all values exceed 10 and in The positive correlation between phos- most 1-yr-old needles are > 16. These high phorus and the H:A ratio indicates the im- portance of phosphorus for the height values confirm the excess of nitrogen and growth of the trees. The N:P ratio is posi- the low phosphorus concentration found in tively correlated with altitude and nega- needles. tively correlated with the H:A ratio. These The ratio values in Ansorregi, Murueta results indicate that high N:P ratio values and Ispazter are close to 10, indicating a are observed at higher altitudes and cor- better nutritional balance of nitrogen and respond to lower height growth rates of phosphorus than that of other sites. the trees. The negative correlation of alti- tude with the H:A ratio confirms the nega- tive effect of greater altitudes on height CLASSIFICATION OF SITES growth. AND PHYSIOGRAPHICAL AND NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS Table IV shows the correlation coeffi- BY MEANS OF CORRELATION cients for 1-yr-old needles. Here again, the ANALYSIS AND PRINCIPAL positive correlation between magnesium COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) and phosphorus and their negative correla- tion with the N:P ratio are noteworthy. These nutrients are very important in pho- We have made statistical analysis of corre- tosynthesis processes and show, as we lations and principal components analysis have already seen, low levels in 1-yr-old in view of determining the relationships be- needles of some sites. We have to note tween parameters and the classification of that, in this case, the phosphorus level is sites. positively correlated with nitrogen and po- tassium, as Raupach et al (1978) have al- ready pointed out. These nutrients seem to Correlation analyses take a special importance in the more ma- ture needles of this species and are prob- The correlation coefficients between nutri- ably involved in retranslocation processes ent concentrations, growth and physio- from the more mature needles to those in graphical parameters in current-year development (Turner and Lambert, 1986). needles are shown in table III. The posi- tive correlation between phosphorus and The results of the correlation analysis magnesium is especially noteworthy. Cal- have been used to classify the parameters cium shows significant positive correla- into 2 types, the "healthy" and the "un- tions with magnesium and phosphorus (as healthy" parameters. The "healthy" param- already observed by Gentle et al, 1968; eters are magnesium, phosphorus, potas- and Turner and Lambert, 1986), as well sium and the H:A ratio, which are as with the height/age (H:A) ratio. Mag- positively correlated each other. High val- nesium is negatively correlated with alti- ues of these parameters are related with tude and with the N:P ratio, indicating low high rates of tree growth. The "unhealthy" levels of this nutrient in the mountainous parameters are nitrogen, manganese, the sites studied. The negative correlation be- N:P ratio, altitude and age which are posi- tively correlated each other. High values of tween altitude and phosphorus is also out- standing, indicating, as in the case of these parameters are related to low rates of tree growth and nutritional imbalances magnesium, the low values of phosphorus (high values of N:P ratio). found in trees growing in the mountains.
year needles. At the negative end of the Principal component analysis (PCA) axis are situated the N:P ratio, manganese and altitude (ie the unhealthy parameters) principal component analyses (PCA) Two (fig 2a). (Lebart et al, 1979) corresponding to cur- The distribution of sites on the axes is rent year and 1-yr-old needles, respective- similar to that of current year needles. As ly (figs 1, 2), have been used to classify we can see, the Urkiola site occupies an the sites and parameters. Only parameters intermediary position. Comparing the posi- at P 0.05 have correlated with the axes < tion of sites in 1989 and 1990, we can see been considered. a certain tendency towards unhealthy val- ues in 1990, contrary to what happened in Current year needles current year needles. This fact could be re- lated to a possible retranslocation of nutri- The percent of variance explanation is ents, like magnesium and phosphorus, 38.7% for axis 1 and 19.1 % for axis 2 from the more mature needles to the (fig 1). younger ones taking place in Autumn At the positive end of axis 1 are situated 1990. the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and H:A ratio parameters whereas at the nega- tive end are situated the altitude and the CONCLUSIONS N:P ratio. In other words, the so-called healthy are opposed to the unhealthy pa- Our results concerning the nutrient level of (fig 1a). rameters the needles do not indicate very serious The distribution of sites shows, at the deficiencies. However, some cases of low positive end of axis 1, the Ansorregi, Is- levels of magnesium and especially phos- pazter and Murueta sites, located in the phorus, which seem to increase with time, same position as the healthy parameters. constitute a warning to be kept in mind dur- At the negative end of the axis are situated ing the coming years. the Cruceta, Olaeta and Urkiola sites, lo- Soil nutrient level is the main factor in- cated in the same position as the un- element content in the needles. fluencing healthy parameters (fig 1b). Comparing Results from soil analysis (data not shown) position of sites in 1989 and 1990 we the confirm our results of needle analysis and see a certain tendency towards can show that sites like Ansorregi, Murueta healthy values in 1990. and Lezama maintain a better nutritional balance than the other sites. However, 1-yr-old needles sites like Odiaga and Cruceta have lower levels of soil cations. percent of variance explanation is The The principal component analysis (PCA) 29.1% for axis 1 and 23.9% for axis 2 (fig has been confirmed to be an efficient in- 2). strument to separate sites according to nu- At the positive end of axis 1 are situated trient concentrations and physiographical the potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and tree growth parameters. PCA can pro- and the H:A ratio parameters, coinciding to knowledge of nutrient require- vide better a a large extent with the healthy parameters ments of sites and facilitate the diagnosis already observed in the case of current- of nutritional problems.
in southwestern Ger- diagnostic fertilization This analysis is now being completed many and in southern California. In: IUFRO with the study of the relationship between Semin Manage Water and Nutrient Relations nutrient concentration of needles, atmos- to Increased Forest Growth. Canberra, Aus- pheric conditions (pollution, climate), bio- tralia, 19-22 October, 1987 chemical parameters and nutrient levels in Humphreys FR, Truman R (1964) Aluminium the soil. and phosphorus requirements of Pinus radia- ta. Plant Soil 20 (1),131-134 Kazda M, Zvacek L (1989) Aluminium and man- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ganese and their relation to calcium in soil solution and needles in three Norway spruce (Picea abies L Karst) stands of upper Austria. The EPOCA programme is sponsored by the Plant Soil 114, 257-267 Department of the Environment of the Basque P (1969) A manganese deficiency in Pi- Government. Lange radiata at Klein Gouna, Knysna. For S nus Afr 10, 47-61 Lebart L, Morineau A, Fenelon JP (1979) Traite- REFERENCES ment des Données Statistiques. Méthodes et Programmes. Dunod, Paris Baker TG, Attiwill PM (1985) Above-ground nu- (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and MAFF trient distribution and cycling in Pinus radiata Food) (1981) The Analysis of Agricultural Ma- D. Don and Eucalyptus obliqua L’Herit fo- terials. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Lon- rests in southeastern Australia. For Ecol don, pp 221 Manage 13, 41-52 Marcos de Lanuza J (1966) The Determination Centre d’enseignement et de recherche de sta- of Levels of Manganese, Boron and Molybde- tistique appliquée (1986) Aide-Mémoire Pra- num Sufficient for Growth of Monterey Pine tique des Techniques Statistiques. Ceresta, (Pinus radiata) and the Characterisation of Paris, pp 274 Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms for These Daniel TH, Helms JA, Backer FS (1982). Princi- Three Elements. Instituto Forestal de Inves- pios de Silvicultura. M Graw-Hill, Mexico, pp e tigaciones y Experiencias, Madrid, pp 314 492 Nambiar EKS (1985) Critical processes in forest Departamento de Agricultura y Pesca, Gobierno nutrition and their importance for manage- Vasco (1986) Inventario Forestal de la ment. In: Research for Forest Management CAPV. Servicio Central de Publicaciones del (Landsberg JJ, Persons W, eds) Australia, Gobierno Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, pp 341 CSIRO, 52-72 Gandullo JM, Gonzalez S, Sanchez O (1974) Raupach M (1967) Soil and fertilizer require- Ecologia de los Pinares Españoles IV. Pinus ments for forests of Pinus radiata. Adv Agron radiata D Don Min Agric INIA, Madrid, pp 187 19, 307-353 Gentle SW, Humphreys FR (1968) Experience ARP (1969) Raupach M, Boardman R, Clarke with phosphatic fertilizers in man-made fo- Growth rates of Pinus radiata D Don in rela- rests of Pinus radiata in new South Wales. tion to foliar levels of nitrogen and phosphorus 9th Commonw For Conf India, 1968, pp 37 for plantations in the south-east of South Aus- tralia. In: Soil Publ No 26. CSIRO, Australia Hall MJ, Purnell HM (1961) Potassium deficien- cy in Pinus radiata (D Don) in eastern Austra- Raupach M, Clarke ARP (1972) Deficiency lia. Aust For 25, 111-115 symptoms, fertiliser responses and foliar lev- els of potassium in Pinus radiata. In: Proc Hall MJ, Raupach M (1963) Foliage analyses Aust For Nutr Conf Sept 1971. R Boardman, and growth responses in Pinus radiata (D Canberra Don) showing growth potassium deficiencies in eastern Victoria. Appita 17(3), 76-84 Raupach M, Clarke ARP, Gibson BF, Cellier KM (1975) Cultivation and fertilizer effects on the Hüettl RF, Fink S, Lutz HJ, Poth M, Wisniewski growth and foliage nutrient concentrations of J (1987) Forest decline, nutrient supply and
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