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Báo cáo khoa học: "Order of Subject and Predicate in Scientific Russia"

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A study by Kenneth E. Harper indicates that word order in Russian scientific writing is sufficiently similar to that of English to permit word-for-word translation from Russian to English. Further study of Russian texts shows that word order in scientific Russian is sufficiently different to require analysis, for translation purposes, based on form and function rather than on word-for-word correspondence.

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[Mechanical Translation, vol.4, no.3, December 1957; pp. 66-67] Order of Subject and Predicate in Scientific Russian† Ilse Lehiste, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan A s tudy by Kenneth E. Harper indicates that word order in Russian scientific w riting is sufficiently similar to that of English to permit word-for-word trans- l ation from Russian to English. Further study of Russian texts shows that w ord order in scientific Russian is sufficiently different to require analysis, for translation purposes, based on form and function rather than on word-for-word correspondence. The purpose of this paper is to verify to what IN HIS "A Preliminary Study of Russian",1 extent these assumptions are valid, i.e. to de- Kenneth E. Harper states that a "word-for-word termine in what measure word order is pre- translation of Russian is adequate for under- dictable in scientific Russian. standing," since "in the field of scientific writ- ing, Russian sentence structure is definitely One hundred twenty-eight pages of continuous close to English — much closer than is normal text2 were analyzed for the relative positions for other forms of Russian prose. " of the subject and the predicate. The predicate In support of this statement, Harper quotes spot was determined syntactically, by its func- c ertain figures: tion, and the following types of fillers were "From a sample of 1, 528 sentences containing found in the predicate spot: verb, adjective, a subject and verb: noun, prepositional phrase, and various types Subject before verb: 81% of all occurrences of impersonal expressions.3 Sentences con- Verb before subject: 19% of all occurrences taining no predicate (so-called "nominal sen- (195 additional sentences contained an imper- tences") were not analyzed; their number was sonal, or understood, subject; 24 sentences found to be relatively insignificant (headings, contained no verb.) The position of subject be- titles, bibliography lists, etc.). Main clauses fore verb (normal English word order) thus ap- and dependent clauses were not separated in pears to prevail approximately four-fifths of the analysis. t he time." Out of a total of 2914 clauses thus analyzed, Proceeding from these assumptions, Harper the word order was as follows: builds his system of mechanical translation of Subject — Predicate in 1915 instances, or Russian upon word-for-word translation, strip- 65.71% of the total; ping the Russian words of their endings to Predicate — Subject in 342 instances, or identify them by their stems, which are listed 11.74% of the total. in the dictionary. 2. Zhurnal eksperimental'noy i teoreticheskoy † This study was conducted at the University fiziki, Tom 28, 1955, vyip. 1. of Michigan with research funds provided by t he Engineering Research Institute. 3. T he classification is based on the Gram- 1. Machine Translation of Languages, edited matika russkogo jazyka of the Academy of by W. N. Locke and A. D. Booth, John Wiley and Sciences of the U.S. S.R., Moscow, 1954, Vol. Sons, Inc., New York, 1955, pp.66-85. II, 1, p.387ff.
Order of Subject and Predicate 67 The ratio was 132/72, or approximately 2/1. The clause contained no subject in 657 in- The total number of instances when the predi- stances, or 22.55% of the total. cate slot was filled by past participle was 204, 1. The predicate slot was filled by a verb in or 7.00% of the total. 1527 instances, or 52. 40% of the total. Of these the word order was Subject — Predicate in 1282 5. The clauses contained no subject in 657 in- instances, 43.99% of the total; the word order stances, or 22.55% of the total. Of that num- was Predicate — Subject in 245 instances, b er, the predicate slot was filled by an imper- 8.41% of the total, the ratio being 1282/245, sonal expression (such as можно, следует, or approximately 5/1. необходимо ) in 383 instances, or 13.14%; the 2. The predicate slot was filled by a noun in predicate slot was filled by a verb with included 232 instances, or 7.96% of the total. The word subject (such as получаем, выражаю ) in 226 order was Subject - Predicate in all instances instances, or 7.76%. without exception. 3. The predicate slot was filled by an adjective 6. The clause contained no other predicative in 496 instances, or 17. 02% of the total. Of element except an infinitive (strictly speaking, these, the word order was Subject — Predicate infinitive phrases, introduced by если or чтобы) in 399 instances, 13.69% of the total; the word in 48 instances, or 1.65% of the total. order was Predicate — Subject in 97 instances, 3. 33% of the total, the ratio being 399/97, or 7. The predicate slot was filled by a preposi- approximately 4/1. tional phrase in 2 instances, or 0.07% of the The adjective filler was subdivided into adjec- total. tive proper and past participle. The data are as follows: These figures differ considerably from those P redicate slot filled by adjective proper; obtained by Harper. Only approximately 50% Subject - Predicate, 267 instances or of the sentences contain both a subject and a 9.16% of the total; verb. The so-called "normal English word or- Predicate — Subject, 25 instances or der" occurs in only approximately 44% of actual 0. 86% of the total. sentences, as compared to the 81% suggested Ratio 267/25, or approximately 10/1. by Harper. The predicate spot can be filled by The total number of instances when the predi- a v ariety of classes of words. Almost 1/4 of cate slot was filled by adjective proper was the clauses contain no subject. The results of 292, or 10.02% of the total. the above study indicate that the word order in scientific Russian is sufficiently different from 4. The predicate slot filled by past participle: t hat of English to make it imperative that the Subject — Predicate, 132 instances or a nalysis be based on a consideration of form 4.53% of the total; a nd function rather than word-for-word cor- Predicate — Subject, 72 instances or respondence. 2.47% of the total.

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