Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Effects of sulfuric acid and nitrogen deposition on mineral nutrition of Picea abies (L.) Karst"

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Effects of sulfuric acid and nitrogen deposition on mineral nutrition of Picea abies (L.) Karst. W. Zech B.U. Schneider, M. Kaupenjohann Postfach 101251, Lehrstuhl fijr Bodenkunde und der Universitat Bayreuth, Bodengeographie D-8580 Bayreuth, F.R.G. amounts of nitrate are washed out of the Introduction soils (Hantschel, 1987). To study the effects of air pollutants on spruce ecosystems, saplings have been Since 1980, Mg deficiency in spruce eco- sprayed with artificial acid rain, structured systems of the NE-Bavarian mountains soil samples have been extracted with sul- has caused needle yellowing and subse- furic acid, and the effects of high NH 4 quent dieback of growing on soils trees inputs on tree nutrition have been mea- low in base saturation (Zech and Popp, sured close to a chicken farm. 1983). At an altitude above 700 m, Mg content of current year needles hardly exceeds 0.03% of dry weight. N needle contents range between 1.3 and 1.6%, Materials and Methods which is a sufficient supply. Ca, K and Zn concentrations are low, whereas S con- Sulfuric acid treatment of spruce sapling centrations of more than 0.2% of dry weight extremely high, corresponding Seedlings, 3 yr old, growing in a nutrient solu- are tion were sprayed 3 times a day with 62.5 ml of to the in this high S0 of the air -content 2 H (pH 2.4) or deionized water (pH 5.6) 4 SO 2 region (Zech et al., 1983). during a 10 day period (Kaupenjohann et al., 1988). The proton input of about 1.5-4.5 a-1 ha ’ kmol (Kaupenjohann, 1989), mea- sured on experimental sites in the Fichtel- Sulfuric acid treatment of naturally struc- tured soil samples gebirge, and low fogwater pH (Trautner, 1989) of 2.2 indicate a high acid stress for structured soil samples (100 cm3) Naturally extracted under saturated conditions forest ecosystems. In fogwater, NH 4 were using H concentrations corresponding to 4 S0 2 concentrations may also be extremely calculated (Ulrich, 1983) H+-buffering of cano- high (up to 19.5 meq Trautner, 1988). ; 1 I- ’ pies in spruce ecosystems in the Fichtelgebirge Total N deposition of 20-30 kg.ha.a- I (Kaupenjohann and Hantschel, 1987; Kaupen- exceeds the N demand of trees and high johann, 1989).
The acidification of the root microenvi- Effects of high N-inputs near a chicken affected root nutrient uptake farm on nutrient status and vitality of Pinus ronment (Schneider el al., 1989): fine root Ca sylvestris (L.) content of acidically treated saplings (B) nutrient supply of P. sylvestris, chemical Vitality, constitution of the soil solution and NH 4 was significantly lower (26%) compared to concentrations of the air were determined on those sprayed with deionized water (Table the experimental site at various distances II). The decrease in root Mg was less pro- (50-600 m) and directions from a chicken farm nounced due to the high mobility of this (Kaupenjohann et al., 1989). element within the plant (Rademacher, 1986). The K contents of fine roots were the same in the two treatments (Table II). Results and Discussion To test what effects this specific proton input to the rhizosphere has on soil chem- istry, cation release from undisturbed soil From with sulfuric acid saplings treated samples was investigated (Kaupenjohann 30 peq more K had been leached than (B) and Hantschel, 1987) using sulfuric acid of from control trees sprayed with deionized pH’s corresponding to the average proton water (A). No Ca and Mg leaching could of the canopy of various spruce buffering be measured in the water treatment (A). stands of the Fichtelgebirge. The equiva- Sulfuric acid, however, caused a release lent fraction of Mg (% Mg of E K, Ca, Mg, of 20 peq of Ca and 65 peq of Mg per Al) in the solution of those extracts signifi- tree. K and Ca needle contents did not dif- cantly relates to Mg needle contents (Fig. fer between both treatments, however, Mg concentrations in needles of stressed trees decreased significantly by about 45 peq compared to trees sprayed with water (Table I). In the nutrient solution, we measured an increase of total acidity of about 60 peq per tree as a result of the acid treatment (Kaupenjohann et al., 1988). These findings confirm Ulrich’s hypothe- sis (Ulrich, 1983) that cation leaching from a tree’s canopy leads to an additional aci- dification of the rhizosphere resulting from enhanced cation uptake.
1indicating that Mg availability seems to be mainly a function of acid deposition and Mg supply of the soil (Kaupenjohann, 1989). It is interesting to note that an increase Indeed, we measured a significant of the acid load of the same soil (Fig. 2) increase of fine root Mg in an old stand caused a higher release of both Mg and compared to a young stand at the same Ca into the soil solution (Kaupenjohann site (Table 111). The Ca content in living and Hantschel, 1987). From field studies, fine roots was, however, significantly lower we know that the proton input into old in old than in young spruce. The Ca/Al stands can exceed that of young ones by ratios of roots from old and young trees a factor of 2-3, because of the higher did not differ significantly (Schneider et canopy filtering capacity (Kaupenjohann, al., 1989). 1989). Actual Ca and Mg availability in old spruce stands, therefore, should increase We therefore think that proton release under the same soil conditions (Kaupenjo- from fine roots may restrict Ca uptake hann, 1989). more directly than does Al in the soil solu- !......a.:- :... t:........--..........1.._.._- ........J _I...J -1__1:...:_- --!..
tion. Mg uptake does not seem to be re- stricted by an efflux of protons from roots and average Al concentrations in the soil solution of about 2-8 mg-I- (Hantschel, 1 1987). The results describe causal rela- can a tionship between acid deposition, cation leaching, acidification of the tree’s rhizo- sphere, changes in soil chemistry and of damaged trees (B), however, were plant nutrition. In addition to the proton significantly lower (30%; Table IV) than in deposition, N inputs have to be taken into healthy trees (A), although soil Mg was account when investigating influences on even higher in the damaged stand (Table nutritional imbalances in forest ecosys- V). The amount of plant-available N in the soil was similar at both plots, which corre- tems. lates well with the N supply of the trees We therefore studied the effects of high (Fig. 3) (Kaupenjohann et al., 1989). NH input on P. sylvestris (L.) close to a 4 chicken farm (Kaupenjohann et al., 1989). Microclimatic observations showed that, Needle analysis showed high N concen- in the healthy stand (A), nitrogen was trations (Table IV) in both a healthy stand mainly deposited underneath the canopy (A) growing 50 m to the west of a farm directly on the soil, whereas at the declin- and a leeward localized declining stand ing stand (B) N-inputs were impacted on (150 m to the east). P, K and Ca needle the canopy (Kaupenjohann et al., 1989). It contents also differed between the stands may therefore be assumed that trees are (Table IV). Mg concentrations in needles able to metabolize the increased supply of .-i>- ,, _II’&dquo; ., --x _1____&dquo;’_1 !- ...L- - ---.1.--.1.
im Fichtelgebirge unter beriicksichtigung soil N without developing imbalanced men physikalischer und chemischer bodenhete- von nutrient relations within the plant. In rogenitat. Bayreuther Bodenkund. Ber., 5, 3 contrast, a direct attack of NH on a tree’s 4 (ISSN 0931-6442) 1-219 9 canopy may decrease nutrient supply due M. & Hantschel R. (1987) Die Kaupenjohann leaching. Laboratory experiments by to kurzfristige pH-pufferung von gest6rten und Hogrebe and Mengel (in preparation) sup- ungest6r[en waldbodenproben. Z. Pflanzener port this hypothesis. In addition, NH /NH3 4 naehr. Bodenkd. 150, 156-160 deposition may have toxic effects on the Kaupenjohann M., D6hler H. & Bauer M. (1989) plant tissue (Ewert, 1978). Effects of N-immissions on nutrient status and Pinus sylvestris (L.) near a hen house. vitality of Plant Soil 133, 279-288 Schneider B.U., Hantschel Kaupenjohann M., R., Zech W. & Horn R. (1988) Sulfuric acid rain Conclusion treatment of Picea abies (L.) (Karst.): effects on nutrient solution and throughfall chemistry as well as on spruce nutrition. Z. Pflanzenemaehr. Acid deposition based on high S0 inputs 2 Bodenkd. 151, 123-126 in the NE-Bavarian Mountains cause an Rademacher P. (1986) Morphologische und imbalance in the nutrient supply of soils physiologische eigenschaften von fichten and plants, leading to cation leaching from (Picea abies (L.) Karst), tannen (Abies alba damaged trees and subsequent acidifica- Mill), kiefern (Pinus sylvestris L.) und buchen tion of the rhizosphere due to enhanced (Fagus sylvatica L.) gesunder und erkrankter waldstandorte. Dissertation, Fachbereich Biolo- cation uptake by roots. Mg seems to be gie, Universitat Hamburg, F.R.G. especially affected by this process ex- Schneider B.U., Meyer J., Schulze E.D. & Zech plaining the extensive symptoms of needle W. (1989) Biomass, elemental and carbohydra- yellowing and dieback of spruce stands in te contents of roots from healthy and declining this region. Furthermore, proton load, par- Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands. In: Ecological ticularly of the canopy, decreases Ca up- Studies 77 (Schulze E.D., Lange O. & Oren K., take into roots. There is no indication of an eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (in press) imbalancing effect of high N supply on Trautner F. (1989) Collection and properties of nutrient relations within the plant. Ammo- fogwater. In: Ecological Studies. (Schultz E.D., ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (in press) nium deposition may, however, cause Mg leaching as sulfuric acid does, and thus Ulrich B. (1983) Interactions of forest canopies with atmospheric constituents: S0 alkali and induce , 2 Mg deficiency. earth alkali cations and chloride. In: Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Eco- systems. (Ulrich B. & Pankrath J., eds.), Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, pp. 33-45 References Zech W. & Popp E. (1983) Magnesiummangel - einer der grunde fur das fichten und tannenster- ben in NO-Bayern. Forstwiss. Cbl. 102, 50-55 Ewert E. (1978) Vegetationsschdden in der umgebung landwirtschaftlicher tierproduktion- Zech W., Suttner T & Popp E. (1983) Elemental sanlagen. Luft Kaltetech. 4, 218-220 analysis and physiological responses of forest trees in S0 areas of NE-Bavaria. Hantschel R. (1987) Wasser-und elementbilanz lluted PO - 2 Water Air Soil Pollut 25, 175-183 von geschadigten, gedongten fichten6kosyste-