Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "phytotoxic solutions on the respiration of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal spruce roots (Picea abies L. Karst.) Effect of"

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phytotoxic solutions on the respiration of Effect of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal spruce roots (Picea abies L. Karst.) F. Pellissier L. Trosset France Savoie BP 1104, 73011 Chambery Cedex, Biopedology Laboratory, University, Introduction alpine spruce forest (rather open stand, subject forestry law, northern exposure at an altitude to of between 1600 and 1800 m). It was dried at room temperature and ground to a powder. The In the northwestern Alps, the natural re- material was then extracted in water by stirring generation of subalpine spruce forest has for 12 h in demineralized water (1% concentra- become increasingly diffuse and even tion), filtered at 4°C and then sterilized through non-existent. This deficiency is explained a 0.22,um membrane upon introduction into the measurement cell. factors, including the rigor- by numerous climate, predation of seeds and attack ous by fungi. Among these causes, the under- Humus solutions growth vegetation may have a phytotoxic using a system of The solutions were collected effect on the young plants. This interaction gutters after a period of rain (Dambrine, 1985). demonstrated in the laboratory by was We chose 2 sampling stations: a mor humus the respiration of excised measuring under bilberry bushes and a mull humus under ferns. The solutions de- sterilized were as roots. spruce scribed above. Using indi- consumption as an oxygen cator of metabolism, we followed changes The plants in this parameter, when mycorrhizal and The non-mycorrhizal plants were obtained in non-mycorrhizal roots were placed in the vitro after disinfection of the seeds with hydro- presence of a plant extract or humus solu- gen peroxide (Pellissier and Trosset, 1987). tion. The mycorrhizal plants were obtained by adding a mixture of the humuses obtained from the 2 stations to the vermiculite substratum. The plants were grown in a greenhouse for 16 mo. The mycorrhiza observed were Voiry Materials and Methods (1981) type C12. Plant extracts Oxygen electrode (Hansatech Ltd.) The material This used to follow the kinetics of oxygen (Vaccinium myrtillus and plant was consumption by excised roots in a liquid was harvested in the sub- Athyrium filix-femina)
medium before and after injection of a solution Moreover, the symbiosis leads to the zas. (accurate to the nearest nmol). The sample ’birth’ of a new entity with a greater meta- (mycorrhiza or excised root) was transferred bolic activity and capacity for survival than into the measuring cell containing 1 ml of de- the sum of those of each of the two part- mineralized water saturated with oxygen. After (synergistic effect). several minutes, the consumption rate of the ners sample became stable. This was the respiration The non-rr!ycorrhizal roots remained before disturbance. We then injected 1 ml of the sensitive to the presence in their environ- test solution and followed the changes in the oxygen consumption to obtain the consumption ment of each of the solutions (fern, bilber- after disturbance. Each test was repeated 10 o ry, mull and mor). Persidsky et al. (1965) times. showed that it was difficult for young pines to grow on prairie soils when they were not infected by mycorrhizal fungi. Our experimental study in the laboratory, while Results from the macrocosm (ecosystem) passing (controlled system) sug- to a mesocosm conclusion: the survival of gests the same The injection of each of the solutions into plants depends upon their mycor- young the measurement cell makes it possible to rhization, since the respiratory activity of detect any interactions with the reaction mycorrhizal roots was not disturbed when medium (H There was none in the 0). 2 fern extract or a mull solution (humus a present case. present under the ferns) was injected into in The results grouped together are the measurement cell. Table I. However, the mycorrhizal state is not sufficient to counter the effects of phyto- toxins. The qualitative aspect and, in parti- cular, the fungal species involved in the Discussion - Conclusion symbiosis is of primordial importance. Hence the type of mycorrhiza used in our study (C12: probably involving species of respiratory intensity of the mycorrhizal The the Russula genus) did not protect the higher than that of the non- roots was respiratory activity of the plant roots mycorrhizal roots, with a particularly in- against an injection of a bilberry extract or tense metabolic activity in the fungal part- a solution of mor (humus present under ner of the symbiosis, as observed by Reid the bilberry bushes). et al. (1983) for pine ectotrophic mycorrhi-
Merlin G. (1988) Contamination par le P.C.P. in these studies is the The next stage d’6cosyst6mes aquatiques reconstitues degra- investigation of themicrocosm (cell unit) to dation et effets sur les v6g6taux. Doctoral The- determine the part of the respiratory chain sis, Univ. GrenobleI, France affected by the phytotoxins present in Moreland D.E. & Novitsky W.P. (1987) Effects of these solutions. Working on isolated mito- phenolic acids, coumarins and flavonoids on chondria, like Moreland and Novitzky isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria. In: Alletochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Fores- (1987), who showed that phenolic acids try. (Waller G.R., ed.), Am. Chem. Soc. Wash- inhibited the electron transport chain, and ington D.C. 23, pp. 247-261 by using various decoupling agents, such Pellissier F. & Trosset L. (1987) Effets du pH et as FCCP (Merlin, 1988), it should be pos- de solutions humiques sur la respiration de sible to obtain a better understanding of racines d’dpic6a mycorhiz6es ou non. 112 8 the interactions between phytotoxins and Congrès national des Soci6t6s Savantes, Lyon respiratory mechanisms at the cellular 1987. Sciences III, 91-102 level. Persidsky D.J., Loewenstein H. & Wild S.A. (1965) Effects of extracts of prairie soils and prairie grass on the respiration of ectotrophic 2 mycorrhizae. Agron. J. 57, 311-312 Reid C.P.P., Kidd F.A. & Ekwebelam S.A. (1983) References Nitrogen nutrition, photosynthesis and carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizal pine. Plant Soil71, 415-432 Dambrine E. (1985) Contribution a 1’6tude de la et du fonctionnement des sols de r6partition Voiry H. (1981) Classifications morphologiques haute montagne. Massif des Aiguilles Rouges des ectomycorhizes du ch6ne et du hetre dans et du Mont-Blanc. Doctoral Thesis, Universite le nord-est de la France. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 11, Paris VII, France 284-299