Bio-efficacy of organic formulations on crop production - A review

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This review paper attempts to bring together different use of organic formulation in crop production and protection. It has been argued that organic formulation in crop production is productive and sustainable, but there is a need for strong support to it in the form of manifestation of subsidies, agricultural extension services and research.

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 5 (2017) pp. 648-665 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.075 Bio-efficacy of Organic Formulations on Crop Production-A Review Sudhanshu Verma*, Abhishek Singh, Swati Swayamprabha Pradhan, R.K. Singh and J.P. Singh Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Indiscriminate use of the fertilizer, pesticide has harmful effects on soil health, human health, ground water health and environment. This will caused more Organic dangerous effect for future possibility. Present status of all food grain production formulation, is in enough quantity for population of our country so we need to quality of food Inorganic input, Quality. production, quality of soil, quality of ground water and quality or healthy environment for better livelihood. These qualities are obtained by the replacing inorganic input through organic input which is more vital for present prospect and Article Info future outlook. This review paper attempts to bring together different use of Accepted: organic formulation in crop production and protection. It has been argued that 04 April 2017 organic formulation in crop production is productive and sustainable, but there is a Available Online: 10 May 2017 need for strong support to it in the form of manifestation of subsidies, agricultural extension services and research. Introduction The exploitative agriculture for a long time in organic manures. The utilisation of organic our country has brought down the fertility manure not only best serves with manage crop status of the soil to a level that even provision yields but also play a key role towards of high rate of fertilizers is unable to sustain exhibiting both direct as well as indirect the productivity of soil. So as to sustain the influence on the nutrient accessibility in soil productivity of soil and promote the health of by improving the physical, chemical and the soil, combine use of organic and chemical biological properties of soil and likewise fertilizers is imperative. enhances the utilization effectiveness of applied fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers alone do not provide all the nutrients in balanced quantities needed by The escalating price of fertilizers in recent the plants; on the other hand it depletes soil years, limit their use in crop production. organic matter content, adversely affect Therefore, the nutrient requisition through biological and physical properties of soil. All chemical fertilizers, if supplemented with low the considerations in general have led to expense natural sources will not only prompted interest towards the utilization of economize the nutrient use but also improve 648
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 the soil health and factor productivity on In some conventional practices of some areas sustainable basis. near fish production sites waste product of fishes are also used as nutrient supplement. Crop + dairy is the predominant cultivating Recent studies also revealed potential of such framework in the country practiced by over sources in INM. Fermented fish waste is 70 % farm households. The abundant quantity found to enrich the soil nutrients required for of cattle excreta consisting of dung and urine plant growth and favourably influence the is available at rural family. In spite of and conducting functions of xylem and phloem only cows dung is utilized likewise manure vessels. Thus fish waste could also be used as yet significant amount of urine goes waste. a valuable organic liquid fertilizer for better However, cattle urine has a good manurial yield from crops at lesser cost and also value and can be utilized as a bio fertilizer without the harmful effects of chemical (Khanal et al., 2011). Cattle urine is a good fertilizers (Balraj et al., 2014). Also the fish source of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, effluents can supplement for organic calcium, magnesium, chlorite and sulphate. fertilizers without affecting fish production. Application of cow urine has also been The recirculatory aquaponics system proved, reported to correct the micronutrient is not only a successful method for food crops deficiency, besides improving the soil texture production, but also a beneficial system to and working as a plant hormone. reuse aquaculture wastewater and safeguard the water resources (Salam et al., 2014). Vermiwash obtained from dissolution of organic matter by earthworm is additionally Therefore, it seems that formulations obtained found as a good liquid manure and influence from by product or waste from livestock and altogether on the development and and fish rearing, vermiwash and some plant productivity of crop as foliar spray products based integrated nutrient (Subasashri, 2003). It is coelomic fluid management system in crop production has a extraction contains several enzyme, plant great potential to supplement and reduce growth stimulating hormones like cytokinins, nutrient demand solely supplied through gibberlines and vitamins along with micro inorganic chemicals. Due to low cost of these and macro nutrients as nitrogen in the form of inputs crop production could be economized. mucus, nitrogenous excretory substance, This will also improve the fertilizer use enzyme are present in vermiwash (Tripathi efficiency as well as the soil health. With and Bhardwaj, 2004). It also increases the these facts in view, a field experiment was disease resistant power of crop, (Yadav et al., conducted to explore the possibility of 2005). economizing fertilizer use in pigeonpea by partial replacement of fertilizer through Neem seed extract performs the dual function organic formulation as bio-fertilizer. of both fertilizer and pesticide of organic origin. It also acts as a soil enricher, reduces Cow Urine the growth of soil pest and bacteria. Andreeilee et al., (2015) reported that Moreover it provides macro-nutrients combination of organic materials (feces + essential for all plant growth, helps to urine + paitan + Mycorrhiza + Azola 2 kg ) increase the yield of plants in the long run, and (feces + urine + paitan + mycorrhiza + bio-degradable and Eco-friendly and excellent azola 3 kg) showed significant value to the soil conditioner (Lokanadhan et al., 2012). entire organ growth vegetative plant with the 649
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 highest increase in the broad leaves of the index (0.284) in comparison to untreated plant by 3 cm or 19.57 % by treatment effect control (3.050). Kekuda et al., (2014) at 63 DAP when compared to the control reported that the cow urine extracts of treatment of inorganic fertilizer with the selected plants have shown inhibitory activity addition of the same Azola dosages. against mycelial growth of chilli. These Minocheherhomji and Vyas (2014) reported formulations can be employed in the field for that phyto chemical investigation of cow the control of anthracnose disease in chilli. urine sample and medicinal plant extracts will Devakumar et al., (2014) was conducted an definitely prove the presence of active phyto experiment to study the influence of different constituents like alkaloids, anthraquinones, levels of cow urine, panchagavya and fertility flavonoids, tannins and saponins; which are on maize. The grain and stover yield of maize the main constituents promoting antimicrobial varied significantly under different levels of activity. Singh et al., (2015) reported that the fertility, panchagavya spray and cow urine application of cow urine on buckwheat levels. Maximum grain yield of 18.6 q ha-1 recorded higher plant height (116.2cm), stem and 17.6 q ha-1 were recorded with girth (0.64cm), leaves plant-1(13.5), root application of cow urine and panchagavya length (12.6cm), seed plant-1(102), and test and minimum was recorded in the plots weight (22.4) as compared to control. without application of them. However, no Sobhana (2014) reported enhance flower significant difference was observed in stover production in bush jasmine using yield but, higher stover yield of 42.7 q ha-1 bioregulators and cow’s urine. One year old and 39.6 q ha-1 were recorded in the plots plants grown in pots were sprayed with with application of panchagavya and cow paclobutrazol, cycocel, GA3 and cow’s urine urine. Lithourgidis et al., (2007) observed that at various concentrations at monthly intervals. soil application of liquid cattle manure (LCM) Observations on vegetative and floral (excrements plus urine, occasionally characters were recorded and concluded that containing bedding material) can enhance monthly flower yield was improved by the plant growth and increase crop yield as well application of cow’s urine and bio regulators. as increases in plant macronutrients Akhter et al., (2006) reported that C. procera concentration or uptake. Rakesh et al., (2013) extract in combination with cow urine posses showed that the marked inhibition of rhizome high ability to inhibit conidial germination of rot pathogens by cow urine extracts of B. sorokiniana, which might be used for selected plants. The extracts may find a controlling phytopathogens of crop plants. possible use in agriculture as potent agents Gupta (2005) reported that neem in against pathogens. Pathak and Ram (2013) combination with cow urine has been also were concluded that bio enhancers could be a found effective in reducing the mustard aphid potent source to improve soil fertility, crop population with no adverse effect on productivity and quality. This can also be a coccinellid predators. Geetanjaly and Tiwari potential alternative for fertigation which is (2014) observed that the effects of cow urine, becoming common in most of the crops. neem leaf extract (5% and 10%) against Gahukar (2013) was reported that the different stages of Spilarctia obliqua. The cent combinations of cow urine and plant parts and percent mortality of neonate larvae was neem-based commercial products have shown observed in all neem leaf extracts prepared in significant synergistic effect to enhance water and cow urine whereas in cow urine @ product toxicity resulting in pest mortality. 5% and 10% gave larval survival of 26.63% Patil et al., (2012) observed that application to 13.34%, with significantly less growth of cow urine on chickpea at the rate of 10 % 650
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 at flowering initiation and 15 days after cornels plant-1 (75.70) and number of corns flowering recorded higher plant height plant-1 as compare to other treatments. Rates (35.78cm) at harvesting, number of branches of application of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), at harvesting (4.82), leaf area index at 90 and sulphur (S) in urine are very high and DAS (1.30), number of pod plant-1(60.86), these can have a marked effect on growth and and grain yield (2114 kg ha-1) as compare to element concentration of pasture ( McNaught, control. Deotale et al., (2011) observed the 1961). Ledgard, et al., (1982) in New effect of two foliar sprays of different Zealand, evaluated the effects of cow urine concentrations of NAA (50 ppm) and cow and equivalent nitrogen, potassium, and urine (2%, 4%, 6%) at 25 and 40 days after sulphur treatments on pasture yield, botanical sowing on soybean cultivar JS-335. The cow composition, herbage chemical composition urine 6 % concentration spray and 50 ppm and N fixation by clovers during winter and NAA alone and in combination were found spring. They noticed that urine caused a large more effective in enhancing the morpho- increase in ryegrass yield, entirely due to its N physiological, chemical biochemical, yield content. The effect on yield lasted 2 to 3 and yield contributing parameters when harvests. Urine increased the N concentration compared with control. Baghele et al., (2014) of grass (particularly the nitrate fraction) and reported that two sprays of cow urine @ 3 % increased the potassium concentration of enhanced growth, flowering and yield grass and clover. Saunders (1987) examined parameters of rose. Qibtiyah et al., (2015) the effects of cow urine and equivalent reported that the dosage of biourine that nitrogen, potassium, and sulphur treatments comprises of 4 levels: 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and on pasture yield, botanical composition, 2000 l ha-1 showed a significant of effect on herbage chemical composition, and N fixation diverse-observed parameter of growth, the by clovers during winter and spring. Urine application of 1500 l ha-1 and 2000 l ha-1 caused a large increase in ryegrass Yield, due could increase leaf area, numbers of plantlet to entirely its N component. The effect on per clump and total dry weight of the crops, yield lasted 2-3 harvests and was followed by which are better than other treatments. a decrease in clover growth. Urine increased Mudhita et al., (2016) reported that the the N concentration of grass (particularly the legume plant Pueraria javanica showed good nitrate fraction) and increased the potassium growth and production with a relatively high concentration of grass and clover. N fixation nutrient value of Bali cattle urine, although by clover was markedly decreased by urine, nutrient values did not significantly differ particularly during the winter. Leterme et al., between treated and untreated plants. The (2003) used cow urine to study the fate of N highest production of dry matter per m2 was applied as urine in spring, summer and 937 and 838 g, with and without urine, autumn on ryegrass receiving two different respectively, which represents an increase of fertilizer rates (100 and 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in 11.8%. Meanwhile the nitrogen contents of France. Ammonia volatilization of labeled urine-treated plants increased by 24.6% urine N was less than 4% and immobilized relative to untreated plants. Ramachandrudu urine N represented 21–31% of the applied 15 and Thangam (2007) examined the N. Recovery of labeled N in plants ranged application of cow urine @ (10, 20, 50, from 30 to 65% of N input as urine, showing 100%) on gladiolus, application of 50% cow a decrease in autumn for the highest fertilizer urine recorded higher plant height nitrogen treatment. The plant recovery of (59.90cm),number of leaf plant-1(9.40), urine N was relatively high in autumn (49%) number of florets spike-1(10.70), number of when urine was deposited on ryegrass 651
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 receiving a fertilizer rate of 100 kg N ha–1 yr– results the higher growth and yield 1 . Lower N fertilizer regimes can therefore contributing characters significantly. The lower the leaching potential of urine N in grain (11.35 q ha-1) and straw yield (13.80 q pastures. Khanal et al., (2010) carried out a ha-1) along with biological yield (25.15 q ha- 1 field experiment in Nepal on farmer’s field ), protein per cent in grains (19.67%). during 2009-2010, to test the efficacy of cattle urine alone and in combination with urea as a Gupta and Yadav (2001) conducted field trial potential supplement to nitrogenous fertilizers in kharif season for evaluating cow urine in improving yield and quality of cauliflower efficacy against stem borers and cost benefit cv. Kathmandu Local. The experiment was in soybean production. There was reduction in laid out in a randomized complete block percent stem tunneling at almost all levels of design with eight treatments; 100 kg N ha-1 cow urine. The yield data indicates that cow supplied by urea, 100 kg N ha-1 supplied by urine at 25, 50 and 75 % concentration urine, 125 kg N ha-1 supplied by urine, 75 kg recorded significantly higher yield than N ha-1 supplied by urine, 50 kg N ha-1 control. Highest cost benefit ratio (1: 18.9) supplied by urine, 100 kg N ha-1 supplied by was obtained from 75% cow urine. Khanal et urea (75 kg) and urine (25 kg), 100 kg N ha-1 al., (2010) carried out a field experiment in supplied by urea (50 kg) and urine (50kg), Nepal on farmer’s field during 2009-2010, to 100 kg N ha-1 supplied by urea (25 kg) and test the efficacy of cattle urine alone and in urine (75 kg) having three replications. combination with urea as a potential Application of 125 kg N ha-1 through urine supplement to nitrogenous fertilizers in significantly increased vegetative characters. improving yield and quality of cauliflower cv. Application of 100 kg N ha-1 through urine Kathmandu Local. The highest curd yield significantly increased yield and quality and the highest benefit cost ratio (5.84) were characters as compared to application of observed by application of 100 kg N ha-1 either higher or lower dose of urine. Fifty through urine. Patil et al., (2008) studied percent substitution of urea by urine produced foliar spray of cow urine and water on green better morphological, yield and quality gram. In case of foliar spray of cow urine character than other combinations of urine results the higher gross (Rs. 22504) and net and urea. Singh et al., (2014) conducted a returns (Rs. 12558) with B: C ratio (2.32) per field experiment to assess the effect of varied hectare due to foliar application of cow urine. levels of nitrogen and cow urine on rice crop during kharif season of 2009 with the six Effect of Vermiwash treatment combinations as T1 = NPK (120, 60, 60 kg ha–1), T2 = NPK (120, 60, 60 kg ha– Vermiwash is very good liquid manure and 1 +cow urine), T3 = NPK (100, 60, 60 kg ha–1 affect significantly on the growth and + cow urine),T4 = NPK (90, 60, 60 kg ha–1 + productivity of crop during foliar spray, cow urine) and T5 = NPK (60, 60,60 kg ha–1 (Subasashri, 2003). Buckerfield et al., (1999) cow urine) including control (T0). The has reported that, it is coelomic fluid application of nitrogen @ 90 kg ha–1 with 60 extraction contains several enzyme, plant kg ha-1 potassium and phosphorus + cow urine growth hormones like cytokinins, gibberlines (T4) was found to be the best treatment and vitamins along with mocro and macro regarding growth, yield and nitrogen content nutrients. It increases the disease resistant of paddy. Patil et al., (2008) reported that power of crop, (Yadav et al., 2005). Tripathi foliar spray of cow urine and water on green and Bhardwaj (2004) have reported that gram. In case of foliar spray of cow urine nitrogen in the form of mucus, nitrogenous 652
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 excretory substances growth stimulating as biopesticide and ecofriendly soil hormones and enzyme are present in conditioner. Tiwari and Singh (2016) reported vermiwash. Mahto and Yadav (2005) that foliar applications of combinations of investigated the effect of vermiproducts and vermiwash obtained from animal dung and found that combined uses of vermicompost + MSW with bio-pesticides neem (Azadiracta vermiwash (5 or 10%) gave better indica) oil,aquous extract of leaf, bark and performance with lower pest infestation by vermiwash alone caused significant growth, 24.26 % over control. Manuring with start early flowering, enhance productivity as vermicompost or in combination with foliar well as significant reduction (P>0.05) in pest spray of vermiwash (5 or 10%) recorded infestation of tomato crop. The highest higher number of pods plant-1 (12.7-15.8) as growth of tomato (50.09±1.29 cm) and compared to that in untreated control (7.9 maximum significant early flowring were pods plant-1). Among the treatments, soil observed after foliar application of mixture of application of vermicompost (25 q ha- vermiwash with neem oil in ratio of (2:1) 1 equivalence) and DAP (100 kg ha- whereas, the maximum significant early 1 equivalence) + foliar spray of vermiwash flowering period obtained after treatment of (10%) at 30 days after sowing gave the best vermiwash of buffalo dung and MSW ( 2:1 performance by reducing the pest infestation ratio ) with neem oil. Nath and Singh (2015) to the extent of 24.26%, positively influenced was concluded that different combinations of nodulation and plant growth, and significantly vermiwash (buffalo dung) + gram bran with increased number of pods plant-1, number of neem oil and aqueous extract of garlic is seeds pod-1 and fresh yield of green seeds effective for the control of pod borer plant-1 by approximately 50, 40 and 70% infestation on gram plant. Simultaneously, it over control, respectively. Khairnar et al., also increased the growth, early flowering and (2012) observed that application of foliar enhanced the productivity of gram up to three spray of vermiwash (at 50 l ha-1) and water at times over control. Manyuchi et al., (2013) 15, 35 and 50 days of crop age; and the water reported that vermicompost and vermiwash spray was given to the remaining plots as per bio-fertilizers were obtained from treatment. The foliar spray of vermiwash vermicomposting waste corn pulp blended recorded higher number of branches (3.23) with cow dung manure. The pH and electrical over water spray (2.96). The mean grain yield conductivity was higher in the vermicompost was significantly higher (10.42 q ha-1) with compared to the vermiwash. The nitrogen and vermiwash compared to water spray (9.68 q potassium content were 57 % and 79.6 % ha-1). Nath and Singh (2009) observed that higher in the vermicompost as compared to different comination of vermiwash of animal the vermiwash respectively. However, the and kitchen wastes have better growth and phosphorous content was 84 % higher in the productivity of crops. The vermiwash is less vermiwash as compared to the vermicompost. expensive than chemical fertilizers, easily The vermiwash was 89.1% and 97.6 % richer producible, eco-friendly and one of the best in Ca and Mg as compared to the organic manure for foliar spray on the vermicompost. Furthermore, the vermiwash different crops. Varghese and Prabha (2014) was 97.8% rich in sodium content compared study suggests that, vermiwash revealed to the vermicompost. Nath and Singh (2011) potential application in sustainable reported that the combination of vermiwash development in agriculture biotechnology with neem based pesticides is better option for with respect to its origin, cost effectiveness, the growth and productivity of soybean crop. availability, reproducibility, reliability as well Combination of vermiwash obtained from 653
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 buffalo dung + and vegetable wastes with of the soil with marked improvement in soil neem oil is very effective combination for micronutrients. The combination treatment growth and productivity of Soybean. It can be [VW+VC] was found better suggesting also stated that the use of foliar spray of qualitative improvement in the physical and vermiwash obtained from vermicomposts of chemical properties of the soil. Nath and buffalo dung + agro / kitchen wastes have Singh (2012) reported that use of vermiwash sufficient potency to increase the growth, extracted from vermicomposts of different flowering, productivity and reduced pest’s combination of animal agro and kitchen infestation of crop. Allahyari et al., (2014) wastes, is one of the effective liquid reported that use of biological inputs and biofertilizer for growth and productivity of organic materials to improve the quality of crops. The present study assesses that it has crops and increase production without caused significant effect on the growth and extension of cultivated lands is a significant productivity of paddy (Oryza sativa), maize issue in hydroponics (soilless culture) culture. (Zea mays) and millet (Penisetum typhoides) The factors included two cultivars of tomato crops. The 10mg m-2 of vermiwash buffalo (Synda & Newton), and four nutrient solution dung with straw shows significant growth (manure vermiwash, mixed vermiwash, (89.2±2.7cm) and 30mg m-2 concentration of manure compost tea, mixed compost tea), similar combination shows highly significant with soil bed as control. The results showed growth in paddy crops(102.6±2.3cm) after 75 that the effect of nutrient solutions and days. The 10mg m-2 concentration of interaction effect between variety and the combination horse dung with gram bran nutrient solution (variety × solution) were caused significant growth (85.2±4.3cm) significant for all traits except for root dry 50days while at the same time 30mg m-2 weight. The results of qualitative traits concentration of combination of straw with analysis of extracts showed that the effect of buffalo dung and horse dung caused highly nutrient solutions for the elements of significant growth in maize crops. The phosphorus and potassium was not significant combinations of buffalo dung with gram bran but for the other elements there were and with straw; and combination of horse significant difference at the 1%level of dung with gram bran and with straw have probability. significant growth in millet crops. All the concentrations of different combinations of Ansari and Sukhraj (2010) study revealed that animal agro and kitchen wastes have combination organic fertilizers, vermicompost significant early start in flowering and and vermiwash combination [VW+VC] enhance the productivity of crops. compared with control [CON] and chemical Chattopadhyay (2015) observed that the fertilizers [CHM], had great influence on nutrients and growth promoting substances plant growth parameters. The average yield of present in the vermiwash showed its Okra during trial showed a significantly potentiality in seed germination and seedling greater response in VW+VC compared with vigour. However, the vermiwash produced by the control by 64.27 %. The fruits have a cold stress diluted at the ratio of 1:5, produced greater percentage of fats and protein content superior result followed by 1:5 ratio in VW+VC when compared with those grown vermiwash produced naturally, i.e. without with chemical fertilizers by 23.86% and stress. The use and application of vermiwash 19.86%, respectively. The combination could play a beneficial role in sustainable treatment [VW+VC] also have a significant agriculture as it is environment friendly, cost influence on the biochemical characteristics effective, reliable and easily available 654
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 Gopalakrishnan et al., (2015) conducted an electrical conductivity in comparison to experiment on washings of vermicompost unamended pots. The addition of (called biowash or vermiwash) prepared from vermicompost in soil resulted in decrease of foliage of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), soil pH. The physical properties such as water Annona (Annona squamosa) and Parthenium holding capacity, moisture content and (Parthenium hysterophorus) and evaluated porosity in soil amended with vermicompost against fungal pathogens viz. Fusarium were improved. The vermiproduct treated oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC; causes wilt in plants exhibit faster and higher growth rate chickpea), Sclerotium rolfsii (causes collar rot and productivity than the control plants. in chickpea) and Macrophomina phaseolina Among the treated group, the growth rate was (causes charcoal rot in sorghum). Crude high in the mixture of vermicompost and biowash of the botanicals were partitioned vermiwash treated plants, than the against ethyl acetate and the resultant organic vermicompost and vermiwash un-treated and aqueous fractions were tested against the plants. The maximum range of some plant fungi. Rawgol et al., (2011) studied the parameter's like number of leaves, leaf length, integrating aspects of Vermiculture, height of the plants and root length of plant, Moriculture and Sericulture. The products of were recorded in the mixture of vermiculture, including the vermicompost, vermicompost and vermiwash. Mishra et al., vermicompost extract, vermicompost brew (2014) concluded that the vermiwash with and the extracted body fluid of earthworms, bio-pesticide is the better option for the the vermiwash were found to significantly growth, productivity as well as management increase the growth parameters of the of Lucinodes orbanalis infestation on brinjal mulberry plant and enhance the nutritive level crop. The foliar spray of vermiwash provide of the mulberry leaves. Such leaves fed to the necessary nutrients to the growing plant for silkworm larvae (Bombex mori L) showed a elongation, early flowering and fruiting phase. significant positive effect on larval growth in The bio-pesticide are more effective against terms of larval and silk gland weights and larvae and caterpillar of fruit and shoot borer cocoon characters including fresh wet cocoon without contamination of fruits, so it is the weights, wet weights of deflossed cocoons, best alternative of chemical fertilizers and dry weight of deflossed cocoons, and shell pesticides for management of Lucinodes ratio percent as compared with controls. The orbanalis population and enhancement of the floss weights however showed a significant productivity of fruit yield. Mishra et al., decrease in the cocoons of the treated larvae (2015) concluded that the vermiwash with as compared with controls. Vermiwash- bio-pesticide is the better option of the smeared mulberry leaves of plants grown on chemical fertilizer and pesticides for the vermicompost sprayed with vermicompost management of Leptocoryza varicornis as brew showed the maximum effect on the well as productivity of rice crop. Since various silkworm parameters. vermiwash is mild biopesticides and plant allelochemicals in their combination shows Tharmaraj et al., (2011) reported the impacts synergistic effect reduce the Leptocoryza of various vermiproduct such as varicornis population which ultimately vemicompost, vermiwash and mixture of enhances the productivity. Chauhan and vermicompost and vermiwash on soil Singh (2015) reported that effect of physico-chemical properties during the pot vermiwash with neem plant parts on the culture studies of samba rice. The soil treated germination, growth, productivity of okra and with vermicompost had significantly more its pest infestation. The significance 655
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 germination of okra seed in vermiwash with plant height and number of leaves (56.29 cm aqueous extract of neem bark (VW+NB) and 6.14 days at 45 days after bud 97±5.21% than other combinations and early emergence), spike length and rachis (90.68 germination was observed (11.48±0.49 days). cm and 47.07 cm), number of florets (15.08), The maximum height of okra 42.42±0.79 cm vase-life (10.02 day) number of corms m-2 was observed in after 90 days by sprays of (28.66), weight of corms (50.68 g) and VW+NB. The combination of VW+NF was number of cormels plant-1 (56.66). Same important for high productivity of okra. The treatment was also effective to reduce number maximum productivity of okra plant was of days taken to spike emergence (81.73 day). observed 773.23±20.64 g m-2 in treated with Kumar et al., (2012) reported the application VW+NF. Tiwari and Singh (2015) reported of vermiwash increases growth, flowering and that the foliar application of aqueous mixture corm yield characters of gladiolus when they of combination of vemiwash with neem oil, are applied along with recommended leaf and bark have increased the brinjal plant fertilizers doses. Weerasinghe et al., (2006) growth, early flowering, increased have suggested that vermiwash is a natural productivity. The binary combination of growth supplements for tea, coconut and vermiwash with neem oil, leaf and bark horticultural crops. Sobha et al., (2003) results significant growth of brinjal plant. The observed a significant growth and highest growth of brinjal was (30.01±0.86 productivity in the black gram. Edwards et cm) observed after spray of vermiwash of al., (2004) have been suggested that buffalo dung and municipal solid wastes vermiwash influence the fruit quality. This (MSW) with neem oil in comparison to all study also concluded that vermiwash and other treatments. vermicompost could be utilized effectively for sustainable plant production at low input- Nath and Singh (2016) reported that the effect basis green farming. Esakkiammal et al., of vermiwash of different vermicomposts of (2015) reported that vermiwash acts as animal agro and kitchen wastes observed on pesticide, disease curative and crop tonic and the growth, flowering periods and increase the yield of crops in multiples. productivity of different Rabi crops viz. Vermiwash and vermicompost were used to wheat, gram, pea and mustered. In case of study their effect on the growth and yield of wheat after 30 days of sowing the vermiwash lab lab beans. The combination of of combination of goat dung with wheat and vermicompost and vermiwash showed goat dung with vegetable wastes shows higher maximum positive effects on the growth and 26.20±0.97 and 26.45±0.53 cm growth yield of lablab beans. The experimental respectively, where as the maximum growth results showed significant variations in plant 65.00±0.88 observed in conc. of 30 mg m-2 of growth and yield parameters. Anari and combination of buffalo dung with rice bran. Sukhraj (2010) reported that vermiwash at a The significant productivity observed in higher dilution is able to bring about combination of buffalo dung with rice bran increased germination rate and enhanced i.e. 0.496±0.01 kg m-2 which is followed by seedling growth in plants studied. The degree the treatment of 10 mg m-2 concentration of response of the plants has varied and this buffalo dung with rice bran. The highest could be attributed to the physiology of the significant productivity recorded in goat dung plants under consideration and the with wheat bran i.e. 0.621±0.06 kg m-2 conc. concentration of vermiwash needs to be in 30 mg m-2. Kumar et al., (2013) observed standardized to suit the plant to which it is that the application of vermiwash enhanced applied. Fathima and Sekar (2014) reported 656
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 that vermiwash can be used as a potent (P
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 and soil acidity under different fertilizer micro-macro nutrients. Javed et al., (2007) extracts compared to the control treatment. reported that neem formulations form was NLE yielded increased plant height, leaf area neem leaves and neem cakes (a by-product and stem girth of garden egg by 19.8%, left after the extraction of oil from neem seed) 21.5% and 5% respectively compared to and one of the neem-refined products was wood ash treatment [WAE]. As compared to ‘‘aza’’. The protective and curative soil NPK, NLE also yielded increased plant height application of these formulations significantly and stem girth, while, NPK yielded increased reduced the number of egg masses and eggs leaf area and number of branches compared to per egg mass on tomato roots. Protective NLE. Plant height and leaf area increased by application of neem crude formulations 15% and 11% respectively under NLE (leaves and cake) did not reduce the invasion treatment as compared to poultry manure. For of juveniles whereas aza at 0.1% w/w did. the yield parameters, modified NLE yielded Curative application of neem formulations increased garden egg fruit weight, fruit length significantly reduced the number of egg and fruit diameter by 37.5%, 41.55% and masses and eggs per egg mass as compared 31.3% respectively as compared to WAE, and with the control. Wondafrash et al., (2012) fruit weight, length and diameter by 42%, conducted a study on effects of neem oil 24% and 12.5% respectively as compared to (Nimbecidine 0.03% Aza) and water extracts NPK. of neem seed and leaf on African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera at three concentration Moyin-Jesu (2014) observed that mixed levels (2.5%, 5% and 10%) under laboratory extract of neem leaf + wood ash treatment condition. In square dip experiment, high gave the highest values of plantain growth mortalities were statistically recorded from and yield parameters and also improved the larvae treated with all concentration levels of soil nutrients (soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg and 0.M) seed extract and the two lower concentration compared to NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer, neem levels of leaf extracts as compared to leaf and wood ash extracts (sole forms) mortalities from control larvae. In larval respectively. It is recommended that for better immersion experiment, high mortalities were performance of plantain bunch weight, finger obtained from larvae treated with high weight, finger diameter and length, growth concentration levels of both seed and leaf parameters and improvement of soil fertility extracts as compared to control larvae. Three status, application of mixed extract of neem days after treatment application, significantly leaf + wood ash at 833.3L ha-1 is appropriate. low numbers of squares were damaged by the Anam et al., (2006) concluded that efficacy of larvae treated with the three concentration neem oil on the mortality, growth and feeding levels of seed extracts as compared to the responses of epilachna beetle showed that all control. Significant feeding reductions on the larval instars were susceptible to this oil. artificial diet were also observed from larvae The LC50 values were higher at 3rd instar treated with various concentration levels of and it was lowest on 1st instar. The LT50 Nimbecidine, seed and leaf extracts at 6 and 9 values of oil increases proportionately with days after treatment application in larval increasing larval age and with decreasing oil immersion experiment. concentration. Singh and Chauhan (2015) observed the aqueous extract of neem plant Sharma and Khan (2008) studied the parts showed significant germination of Okra Schistocerca gregaria F, adults which were (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant may be due to treated against different concentrations of presence of different plant hormones and Neem products viz. Azadirachta indica 658
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 (Leaves), Azadirachta indica (Green neem capable of removing particulates will be seed coat ), Azadirachta indica (Yellow neem required if it is to be delivered through a drip seed coat) and Azadirachta indica (Neem irrigation system. Nutrient enrichment of seed kernel). The concentrations used to dip pond water during aquaculture production is the maize leaves, upon which the insect feeds, insufficient to meet crop nutrient demand, and were 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, fertilizer recommendations for crops should 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% (v/v) respectively, and not be altered when pond water is used as an results showed that the Schistocerca gregaria irrigation source. Wood et al., (2010) was F. adults indicated the highest mortality conducted a field experiment on a vertisol at 73.00% at 1.0% concentration of Azadirachta Sagana, Kenya, to determine the suitability of indica (Neem seed kernel). The mortality polyculture (Tilapia aureus) and African decreases with decrease in the concentration catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fish-pond effluent of Neem products. Least mortality response in for drip irrigation of french bean (Phaseolus noted against Azadirachta indica (Yellow vulgaris cv. Samantha). Treatments included neem seed coat), which is zero. Lokanadhan nonirrigated, unfertilized (-I -F); nonirrigated, et al., (2012) observed that neem seed cake fertilized (-I +F); irrigated with canal water, performs the dual function of both fertilizer unfertilized (+I -F); irrigated with canal water, and pesticide, acts as a soil enricher, reduces fertilized (+I +F); irrigated with fish pond the growth of soil pest and bacteria, provides effluent, unfertilized (+P -F); and irrigated macro nutrients essential for all plant growth, with equal parts canal and pond water, helps to increase the yield of plants in the unfertilized (+IP -F). For treatments utilizing long run, bio degradable and eco friendly and fish-pond effluent, water was transferred from excellent soil conditioner. nearby polyculture ponds that received 20 kg N ha-1 wk-1 and 8 kg P ha-1 wk-1 over a 17- Effect of fish wash week cycle. Pond water contained higher concentrations of N (6.03 mg kg-1) and P Emenyonu et al., (2010) was observed that (3.89 mg kg-1) than canal water. French bean vegetable crop producers are mostly uses harvest began 46 days after planting and waste water for cultivation vegetable due to continued for 28 days. the nutrient content of the wastewater and the inaccessibility of freshwater. Castro et al., Salam et al., (2014) reported that fish (2005) conducted an experiment to evaluate effluents can supplement for organic the use of fish effluent and well water to fertilizers of vegetables production without irrigate cherry tomatoes, Lycopersicum affecting fish production. The recirculatory esculentum, cultivated in different levels of aquaponics system proved that it is not only a organic fertilizer. Two types of water (fish successful method for food crops production, effluent and well water) and 5 levels of but also a beneficial system to reuse organic fertilizers were tested. Plants irrigated aquaculture wastewater and safeguard the with fish effluent tended to present higher water resources of the country. Ramalingam values of dry matter for root and aboveground et al., (2014) studied the potential use of trash parts, as well as average fruit weight. Meso et fish manures in agricultural fields. Nutrient al., (2013) reported that the application of and minerals were analyzed in trash fish chemical fertilizers in ponds and activities of samples. High amount of nitrogen (6%), fish increases nutrient concentration of pond phosphorous (5%) and potassium (4%) were water. Application of pond water to crops present in trash fish and used for plant growth during fish grow-out is feasible, but filters study. Three commercial plants viz. 659
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 Lycoperscon esculantum, Hibiscus esculenta farming that produces healthier, greater, and and Solanum melongena were selected for faster yields. Myint et al., (2009) concluded analysis. The shoot length, root length, total with their experiment thet foliar application of length, number of leaves, leaf length, biomass fish waste extract @ 40cc/ 20 liter of water on of the plant and roots division were measured soyabean crop showed the higher plant height in every 15 days interval upto 45 days. After (74.83cm), leaf length (11.87 ), plant dry 45 days, the percentage of root length growth weight (4740.83 kg ha-1) and Seed yield of L. esculantum, H. esculenta and S. (3850.83 kg ha-1) as compare to control. melongena in experimental plants showed 84, 99 and 82% and the shoot length growth were Strategy for promotion of organic 50, 45 & 66% higher than the control plants. formulations The outcome of the result in the experimental plants showed fast growth than the control From those previously stated information, it plants. Bouchard et al., (2007) observed that may be reasonable that natural formulations the fish water had the highest nitrate content. bring monstrous possibility to move forward Both fish water and Miracle-Gro™ had pH soil fertility, crop productivity and pest level at neutral (7.0 pH), with rain water management being more acidic (4.5 pH). Fish water produced the higher plant in terms of length It may be conundrum to record that most of with an average stem length of 16.64 information on these preparations has been centimeters and an average root length of 9.08 experienced by Indian farmers since old times centimeters, giving a total average length of but number of apprehensions are persisting 25.72 centimeters. This was 2.7 centimeters for use of organic formulations which longer then second longest water typed plant requires initiation of systematic research for which was rain water. Balraj et al., (2014) further descriptions. noted that fermented fish waste is found to enrich the soil nutrients required for plant Similar assessment for natural formulations growth and favourably influence the prepared through ingredients from similar conducting functions of xylem and phloem origin and there scientific explanation for vessels. Thus fish waste could be used as a their nutrient status, microbial consortia and valuable organic liquid fertilizer for better other associated scientific information can yield from crops at lesser cost and also resolve many apprehensions. without the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers. Jain (2011) results showed that Impact, role played in package of practices pond water does contain enough nutrients to will help for their acceptance in promotion of sustain plant growth. Nutrient-rich effluent organic farming. from fish tanks can be used to fertigate hydroponic systems which would otherwise These can be prepared with little support and be contaminants building up to toxic levels in skill up gradation trainings. the tanks. This finding has real world application as every person depends on There is need for delineation of nutrient status agriculture for survival. However, the current (macro and micro nutrients), plant growth agricultural practices, with fertilizers and promoting factors, immunity enhancer ability pesticides, cause harm to our earth, flora, and etc., for their quick acceptance by the fauna. Hydroponics and aquaponics provide scientific and farming community. us with an environmentally friendly way of 660
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(5): 648-665 After proper filtration, organic formulations vermiwash) on the vegetative growth of can be used through drip/sprinkler as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fertigation. under hydroponic conditions. Int. J. Biosci., 4(11): 171-181. Comparative evaluation of aforesaid bio Anam, M., Ahmad, M. and Haque, M.A. 2006. Efficacy of neem oil on the biology and enhancers for their nutritive value and impact food consumption of Epilachna beetle, will help for their preparation and use. Epilachna dodecastigma (Wied.). J. Agri. Rural Develop., 4(1): 83-88. There is need to work out its contribution in Andreeilee, B.F., Santoso, M., and Maghfoer, organic production and frequency of their use M.D. 2015. The effect of organic matter in different crops. combination and azola dosage (Azolia pinnam) on growth and the production of In conclusions, starting with the over paddy (Oryza sp.) Ciherang variety. Res. J. enumeration, it can be concluded that organic Agron., 9(1-6): 1-4. formulations could be a potent source to move Ansari, A.A. and Sukhraj, K. 2010. Effect of forward soil fertility, crop productivity and vermiwash and vermicompost on soil parameters and productivity of okra quality and additionally control of pest and (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Guyana. diseases. This could additionally make a African J. Agri. Res., 5(14): 1794-1798. possibility elective to fertigation which is Baghele, R.D., Dhaduk, B.K., Chawla, S.L. and becoming common in most of the crops. Jadeja, R. 2014. Effect of growth regulators However, consideration ought to be made that and cow urine on rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. natural formulations which would utilized poison. BIOINFOLET-A Quarterly J. Life within limited quantities can't meet those Sci., 11(2c): 673-676. whole nutrient requirement of the crops. Balraj, T.H., Palani, S. and Arumugam, G. 2014. These simply catalyze quick decomposition of Influence of Gunapaselam, a liquid organic wastes in to humus, hence fermented fish waste on the growth characteristics of Solanum melongena. J. incorporation of enough bio mass preferably Chem. Pharma. Res., 6(12): 58-66. combination of monocot and legumes duly Bouchard, N., Harmon, K., Markham, H., supplemented with animal wastes will be Vandefifer, S., Thomas, S., & Morrison, E. helpful in quality production of humus, which 2007. Effect of Various Types of Water on is prerequisite for improving soil fertility and The Growth of Radishes (Raphanus crop productivity. Combined with manures sativus). and frequent use of organic formulations can Buckerfield, J.C., Flavel, T., Lee, K.E. and address many challenges of agriculture and Webster, K.A. 1999. Vermicompost soil will be pave way for sustainable agriculture and liquid form as plant growth promoter. through organic resources. Pedobiologia, 42:753-759. Castro, R.S., da Silveira Borges Azevedo, M., & References Barbosa, M.R. 2005. Effect of using fish effluent and well water to irrigate cherry Akhter, N., Begum, M. F., Alam, S. and Alam, M. tomato cultured in different levels of S. 2006. Inhibitory effect of different plant organic manure. Revista Ciência extracts, cow dung and cow urine on Agronômica, 36(3): 396. conidial germination of Bipolaris Chauhan, H.K. and Singh, K. 2015. Potancy of sorokiniana. J. Bio-sci., 14: 87-92. vermiwash with neem plant parts on the Allahyari, S., Honarmand, S. J., Khoramivafa, M. infestation of eCariasvittella (fabricius) and and Zolnorian, H. 2014. Effect of productivity of okra (Abelmoschus vermicompost extracts (compost tea and esculentus)(L.) Moench. Asian J. Res. Pharmaceutical Sci., 5(1): 36-40. 661
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