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Bluetooth Application Developer’s Guide: The Short Range Interconnect Solution Everything You Need to Write Bluetooth Applications for All Popular Operating Systems • Complete Code-by-Examples Written by Leading Bluetooth Developers • Complete Coverage of Keeping Your Bluetooth Applications Secure • Hundreds of Developing & Deploying and Debugging Sidebars, Security Alerts, and Bluetooth FAQs

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1 YEAR UPGRADE BUYER PROTECTION PLAN Bluetooth Application Developer’s Guide: The Short Range Interconnect Solution Everything You Need to Write Bluetooth Applications for All Popular Operating Systems • Complete Code-by-Examples Written by Leading Bluetooth Developers • Complete Coverage of Keeping Your Bluetooth Applications Secure • Hundreds of Developing & Deploying and Debugging Sidebars, Security Alerts, and Bluetooth FAQs David Kammer Gordon McNutt Brian Senese Jennifer Bray Technical Editor
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1 YEAR UPGRADE BUYER PROTECTION PLAN Bluetooth Application Developer’s Guide: The Short Range Interconnect Solution David Kammer Gordon McNutt Brian Senese Jennifer Bray Technical Editor
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Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the following people for their kindness and support in making this book possible. Richard Kristof and Duncan Anderson of Global Knowledge, for their generous access to the IT industry’s best courses, instructors, and training facilities. Ralph Troupe, Rhonda St. John, and the team at Callisma for their invaluable insight into the challenges of designing, deploying and supporting world-class enterprise networks. Karen Cross, Lance Tilford, Meaghan Cunningham, Kim Wylie, Harry Kirchner, Kevin Votel, Kent Anderson, and Frida Yara of Publishers Group West for sharing their incredible marketing experience and expertise. Mary Ging, Caroline Hird, Simon Beale, Caroline Wheeler,Victoria Fuller, Jonathan Bunkell, and Klaus Beran of Harcourt International for making certain that our vision remains worldwide in scope. Annabel Dent of Harcourt Australia for all her help. David Buckland,Wendi Wong, Marie Chieng, Lucy Chong, Leslie Lim, Audrey Gan, and Joseph Chan of Transquest Publishers for the enthusiasm with which they receive our books. Kwon Sung June at Acorn Publishing for his support. Ethan Atkin at Cranbury International for his help in expanding the Syngress program. Jackie Gross, Gayle Vocey, Alexia Penny, Anik Robitaille, Craig Siddall, Darlene Morrow, Iolanda Miller, Jane Mackay, and Marie Skelly at Jackie Gross & Associates for all their help and enthusiasm representing our product in Canada. Lois Fraser, Connie McMenemy, and the rest of the great folks at Jaguar Book Group for their help with distribution of Syngress books in Canada. v
Contributors David Kammer has been involved with the handheld industry since 1997. David is currently the Technical Lead for Bluetooth technologies at Palm Inc., and is one of the authors of the original Bluetooth speciﬁca- tion. Before working on Bluetooth, David worked on IR technology, and on the Palm VII. In addition to his work at Palm, he also consults for sev- eral companies, including In2M and Microsoft, in the ﬁeld of wireless communications and PalmOS programming. David has spoken at a number of events, including The Bluetooth Developers Conference,The Bluetooth World Congress, and PalmSource, and has been interviewed about Bluetooth for the New York Times. David holds a B.A. from Oberlin College in Computer Science, and currently lives in Seattle. David would like to thank his folks for the education, Meredith Krieble and Sebastian for a nice space to work in, the excellent folks of the Palm Bluetooth Team, and Vanessa Pepoy for her understanding and patience. Tracy Hopkins is an Applications Engineering Manager at Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR). She and her group offer consultancy application services on all aspects of integrating Bluetooth into customer’s products from initial conception through to production. She has a 2:1 BSc degree with honors in Electronic Engineering and after completing a 6-year apprenticeship with Phillips Telecommunications has worked in numerous engineering disciplines designing hardware for Satellite communications, production engineering at Studio Audio and Video (SADiE) and managed the international post-production technical support for broadcast giant Snell and Wilcox. She has written and presented many technical papers for both the communications and broadcast TV industries including the SMPTE technical conference and designs all of CSR’s technical training seminars. Brian P. Senese has directly participated in the development of state of the art wireless communications networks and associated components for vii
viii Contributors 15 years. He has worked for Nortel, Uniden, ADC Telecommunica- tions, and other aggressive technology companies and has held posi- tions from designer to senior engineering manager. Currently, as an Applications Engineer for Extended Systems Inc., he gives seminars, is a regular speaker at conferences, and has published several articles on Bluetooth technology and its practical application in realizing prod- ucts. He has spoken extensively on a wide variety of technical topics, is internationally published, and has another book entitled Successful High Tech Product Introduction. He holds an M.E.Sc. and B.E.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Radina (Jiny) Bradshaw graduated with a ﬁrst in Computer Science from Kings College, Cambridge University. She received her Ph.D. in the Laboratory for Communications Engineering, also in Cambridge, with Professor Andy Hopper, investigating power efﬁcient routing in radio peer networks. She is currently a Software Engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR). David McCall graduated from Edinburgh University with an MEng in Electronics. He worked for Visteon, designing circuitry for car stereos, before joining Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR) in July of 2000. As a Senior Applications Engineer he is responsible for helping CSR’s customers with all aspects of their Bluetooth product design RF, hardware and software, from concept through production. Wajih A. Elsallal received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in 1998 and continued his education at Georgia Institute of Technology where he received the M.S. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering in early 2000. Currently, he is pursuing a Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology with a minor in Public Policy. His ﬁelds of expertise include development of antenna and phased array antenna design, electromagnetic computa- tional methods, Bluetooth wireless LAN for handheld devices, Inter- Satellite-Link networking, microstrip and packaging technologies and www.syngress.com
Contributors ix sidelobe cancellor algorithms for radar applications. He has held internships at Lucent Technology and 3Com Palm Computings, Inc. and is currently a co-op staff member at the Antennas and Passives Section within the Advanced Technology Center of Rockwell Collins, Inc., a graduate teaching assistant at Georgia Tech, and a research assis- tant for Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI/SEAL). Patrick Connolly was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he received a Bachelors and Masters degree in Computer Science. He has been involved with the design and development of leading edge sys- tems for over ﬁfteen years, using such technologies as DCE, CORBA, and J2EE. Patrick is the Chief Architect at Rococo Software, where he plays a leading technical role in setting and driving product direc- tion. His chapter in this book was co-authored by Patrick and two of his Rococo colleagues: Karl McCabe, Rococo’s CTO, and Sean O’Sullivan, Rococo’s CEO. Gordon McNutt is a Kernel Developer for RidgeRun, Inc, respon- sible for porting Linux to embedded devices containing multiple pro- cessors. After receiving his B.S. in Computer Science from Boise State University in 1999, he spent one year at Hewlett Packard developing I/O ﬁrmware to support USB, IR, and 1284.4 for LaserJet printers. Bill Munday is one of the founders of blueAid, which started as an organization to help those companies who could not afford the high consultancy rates for Bluetooth technology. He graduated from UMIST (Manchester, UK) in 1991 with a double degree of BSc(Hons) and MEng in Microelectronics Systems Engineering. He was sponsored by NORTEL and joined them upon graduation as a Systems Designer. He worked on ﬁrst and second generation SDH and SONET transmission systems, then pioneered new time-to- market concepts while working on an innovative next-generation Voice over ATM distributed switching product. In 1997 he moved to Tality (nee Cadence, Symbionics) to start a career in wireless commu- nications. His ﬁrst project was implementing the HiperLAN 2 stan- dard before moving on to Bluetooth. He was the ﬁrst person in the www.syngress.com
x Contributors United Kingdom to have access to Bluetooth technology as he man- aged and created the Ericsson Bluetooth Development Kit. He quickly became an expert and continued to work on dozens of proto- type Bluetooth products including Tality’s own Bluetooth IP. He pre- sented and attended all the Bluetooth seminars and Unplugfest sessions around the world. In 2001 he moved on to start blueAid and working on 3G mobile phones for a start-up company 3GLabs. Robin Heydon is a Section Owner of HCI as a member of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). He obtained his degree in Computer Science and worked for nine years in the computer gaming industry on multiplayer ﬂight simulator games. Robert began working with Bluetooth technology in February 2000, speciﬁcally working on the baseband, inquiry, sniff, and hold development, and writing the USB device driver. Robin lives in Cambridge, UK. www.syngress.com
Technical Editor and Contributor Jennifer Bray is a consultant at Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR), the single-chip Bluetooth company. She is currently working in the group developing software for their BlueCore family of integrated circuits (ICs). Jennifer currently holds the positions of Associate Councillor and Errata Program Manager on the Bluetooth Architectural Review Board (BARB). She has a bachelor’s degree in Physics with Microcomputer Electronics, a master’s degree in Satellite Communications Engineering, and a doctorate in the ﬁeld of wireless communications. More recently, she gained a distinction in the Open University’s Management of Technology course. Her decade of experience in communications product development includes working on Nortel and 3Com’s ﬁrst ATM systems, as well as wireless ATM, the ﬁrst secure Ethernet repeater, ADSL to ATM gateways, FDDI, CDMA, CDMA, and Bluetooth. In addition to her com- munications development experience, she has worked on cutting-edge control and monitoring systems for Formula One and Indy cars, and acted as an ISO 9001 and CMM auditor advising blue-chip companies on how to improve their development and support processes. Jennifer has written and delivered technology training courses (naturally including Bluetooth), and is a frequent speaker at conferences. She co-authored with Charles Sturman Bluetooth: Connect without Cables. xi
Foreword Every so often, a new technology comes along that, by its very nature, will change the world.The automobile, the television, and the Internet are obvious examples of technologies whose impact upon the entire population has been so far-reaching that it is truly beyond measure. Bluetooth is not one of these technologies. Despite the massive amount of media hype that has surrounded it, the effect of Bluetooth on the average person will be more like the invention of the automatic transmission than the invention of the car itself: it will make things easier for the user, but not fundamen- tally change the nature of the way we live and work. Simply put, for the average person, Bluetooth will probably merit a “Cool!” or a “What will they think of next?” response, but probably won’t leave them stunned or slack-jawed.This is not to say that Bluetooth will be unimportant. I’ve invested several years working on Bluetooth, and I think it will be a valuable technology that millions of people will use, but I also think it’s important to be realistic about it. There is, however, a small group of people for whom I think Bluetooth could fundamentally change the way things are perceived, and if you are reading this intro- duction, in all probability you are one of those people—a software developer. Traditionally, software developers have tended to look at the communication between two devices in terms of big and small, primary or secondary (terminal and mainframe, client and server, apparatus and accessory).While these terms are certainly still relevant in some situations, Bluetooth deﬁnitely presents us with scenarios in which the lines become blurry. If two people exchange business cards between PDAs, which one is the client and which one is the server? Traditionally, both a cell phone and a printer might be considered accessories, but when you use Bluetooth to print an SMS message from your phone, which one is the accessory? We may still use the terms client and server to refer to certain aspects of an interaction (like who initiates the connection), but it is easy to see that many of the other ideas and assumptions associated with these terms are no longer relevant. xxv
xxvi Foreword In the world of the Internet, the term peer-to-peer has come to describe applica- tions that are decentralized—a relationship between equals. I believe this is a good way to think of the relationship between devices using Bluetooth. In the Bluetooth peer-to-peer paradigm, devices are more or less equal, dealing with data in ways that are appropriate to their nature; sending vCard data to a phone or PDA might cause the device to store the information in its address book, while sending the same vCard to a printer may cause the printer to render the data and then print it. Certainly, not all categories of Bluetooth applications will fall under the peer-to-peer paradigm.There are many good applications out there that will retain a server-client approach, but I think the realm of peer-to-peer applications that Bluetooth opens to developers will prove to be exciting and extensive. At this point, you are hopefully saying to yourself “Great, so let’s get down to the nitty-gritty; how does it work and how do I get started?”This book will take you through the most important aspects of Bluetooth technology, and offer guidance on writing Bluetooth applications for some of today’s most popular operating systems. Bluetooth is still a very young technology, but the authors of these chapters are among those who have helped to see it through its infancy, and the experience they have gained should prove valuable to everyone interested in creating Bluetooth applications. Who Should Read This Book In general, this book is aimed at software application developers who are interested in creating Bluetooth-aware applications. Its principle goal is to provide information and examples that are pertinent to application developers.This does not mean, how- ever, that only application developers will ﬁnd beneﬁt in reading this book. As someone who worked at integrating a Bluetooth protocol stack into an OS, I know that I would have found many of the insights in this book valuable. It is important that an OS developer understand what the world looks like from an application developer’s point of view, and the insights that other OS developers have gained should certainly prove useful. In addition to developers, anyone who is evaluating a Bluetooth application for review, corporate use, or bundling may ﬁnd the informa- tion in this book valuable in making an informed evaluation. For example, I know that if I were evaluating an application for enterprise use, I would want to have a good understanding of how security is handled in Bluetooth, so I could decide whether a given application met my company’s security requirements. www.syngress.com
Foreword xxvii What This Book Will Teach You Simply put, this book will teach you what Bluetooth technology is all about, and how to write Bluetooth applications for several popular operating systems.This is a technical book, and it assumes that the reader has a solid background in application development and has a reasonable understanding of the issues involved in creating communications applications.The book is roughly divided into three sections: Bluetooth technology in general, Bluetooth applications on various operating sys- tems, and a Bluetooth usage case study.The ﬂow of the book is designed to intro- duce things to you in the most helpful order—ﬁrst, supplementing your general knowledge with information about ideas and situations unique to Bluetooth, then showing you how these situations are handled in various operating systems, and ﬁnally by stimulating your imagination from looking at several real-world scenarios in which Bluetooth might be used. It is probably worth noting a few things that this book does not cover. It is not designed to serve as a detailed investigation of the low-level particulars of the Bluetooth speciﬁcation.The speciﬁcation itself is publicly available, and there already exist books that do a good job providing a detailed, blow-by-blow, examination of the speciﬁcation speciﬁcs. Although this is probably already clear, you should be aware that this is not a general applications programming book. If you don’t already know how to write applications for Windows, this book is not going to teach you. Further Information By the time you ﬁnish this book, you should have all the information you need to get started writing your Bluetooth application. In fact, I wouldn’t be surprised if 98 percent of all developers discover that this book will be the only Bluetooth refer- ence they ever need. Of course, no author can anticipate every situation, so for the other 2 percent of you out there, here are some other Bluetooth references that I think are worthwhile: s www.bluetooth.com Home of the Bluetooth speciﬁcation. In general, I think most people will ﬁnd reading the speciﬁcation itself is not terribly helpful. In a good OS implementation, most of the protocols and procedures deﬁned in the speciﬁcation should be nicely abstracted. Still, sometimes you have to go straight to the source. www.syngress.com
xxviii Foreword s Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables (by Jennifer Bray and Charles F. Sturman, published by Prentice Hall, 2000). If you choose to look at the Bluetooth Speciﬁcation, I think you will ﬁnd that this book is an excellent companion. It goes into detailed explanation, and does a good job explaining many of the oddities, ambiguities, and occasional paradoxes of the Bluetooth speciﬁcation. s www.syngress.com The Syngress Publishing Web site. Bluetooth tech- nology will unquestionably evolve over time. As it does, Syngress will help you keep up by releasing updates and new publications. I hope you enjoy the book, and have a great time creating new and exciting applications. —David Kammer www.syngress.com
Contents Foreword xxv Chapter 1 Connecting Devices Introducing Bluetooth Applications 1 Introduction 2 The page scanning device’s Bluetooth Device Why Throw Away Wires? 3 Address can be obtained Adding Usability to Products 6 in several ways: Allowing for Interference 7 s From an inquiry Considering Connection Times 8 response via FHS s Coping with Limited Bandwidth 9 From user input s By preprogramming Considering Power and Range 9 at manufacture Deciding on Acceptable Range 10 Recognizing Candidate Bluetooth Products 10 Considering Product Design 11 Are You Adding End User Value? 11 Investigating Convenience 12 Enhancing Functionality 15 Do You Have Time? 17 Investigating Product Performance 18 Evaluating Connection Times 19 Discovering Devices 20 Connecting Devices 21 Quantifying Connection Times 22 Performing Service Discovery 24 Quality of Service in Connections 25 Data Rate 25 Latency 27 Delivering Voice Communications 28 xiii
xiv Contents Investigating Interference 29 Interfering with Other Technologies 31 Coexisting Piconets 32 Using Power Control 34 Aircraft Safety 35 Assessing Required Features 36 Enabling Security 36 Using Low Power Modes 37 Hold Mode 37 Sniff Mode 38 Park Mode 38 Unparking 39 Which Devices Need Low Power Modes? 39 Providing Channel Quality Driven Data Rate 40 Deciding How to Implement 40 Choosing a System Software Architecture 40 Constraining Implementation Options with Profiles 43 Choosing a Hardware Implementation Option 43 Design Bluetooth Directly Onto the PCB 45 Design Verification 49 Manufacturing 50 Using a Prequalified Complete Bluetooth Module 51 Firmware Versions 53 Dependant for Functionality 53 Considering Battery Limitations 55 Adding Batteries 56 Using Power Saving Modes to Extend Battery Life 57 Assessing Battery Life 58 Summary 64 Solutions Fast Track 65 Frequently Asked Questions 67
Contents xv Chapter 2 Exploring the Foundations of Bluetooth 69 Introduction 70 Reviewing the Protocol Stack 70 L2CAP 71 RFCOMM 72 OBEX 73 PPP 73 TCS Binary 73 SDP 74 Management Entities 74 HCI 74 Lower Layers 74 Why Unconnected Devices Need to Talk 75 Discovering Neighboring Devices 77 Relationship between SP Inquiring and Inquiry Scanning 77 Mode and Mandatory Page Scan Period Timing 80 When to Stop 81 Connecting to a Device 82 Scan Paging and Page Scanning 82 Period Mode Tmandatory_pscan Timing 86 Who Calls Who? 88 P0 >20 seconds Finding Information on Services a Device Offers 88 P1 >40 seconds Connecting to and Using Bluetooth Services 91 P2 >60 seconds Summary 98 Solutions Fast Track 99 Frequently Asked Questions 101