Bureaucratic ethics in public services case study: office of the national land agency of North Luwu regency

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This study aims to examine and analyze how the ethics of bureaucrats in public service in the field of land, and detect factors that affect the ethics of public service bureaucrats in the field of land, as well as find effective solutions for the apparatus in enforcing the ethics of public services in accordance with the established moral standards and standard rules.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 876-881. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_090 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed BUREAUCRATIC ETHICS IN PUBLIC SERVICES CASE STUDY: OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL LAND AGENCY OF NORTH LUWU REGENCY Delly Mustafa UPRI Makassar Indonesia ABSTRACT This study aims to examine and analyze how the ethics of bureaucrats in public service in the field of land, and detect factors that affect the ethics of public service bureaucrats in the field of land, as well as find effective solutions for the apparatus in enforcing the ethics of public services in accordance with the established moral standards and standard rules. The type of research used is a qualitative approach, in order to know and understand the ethics of bureaucrats by using indicators of equality, equality, loyalty, and responsibility in public services at the Office of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency. Research results show that based on equality, equality, and loyalty and responsibility aspects as an indicator in assessing bureaucrat ethics, the fact that ethics / morale of bureaucrats in the public service in the land sector is still low. Facts on the ground prove that there are still practices that are not commendable in providing services to citizens who need land services. One of the causes of the low ethics of bureaucrats in the function of land service is the moral quality of each personnel of the apparatus itself, in addition to the welfare factor that has not been too supportive to meet the needs and welfare of employees. Keyword head: Ethics, Bureaucracy, Public Services, Land. Cite this Article Delly Mustafa, Bureaucratic Ethics in Public Services Case Study: Office of the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 876-881. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 1. INTRODUCTION In general, the level of public services in Indonesia is still low while the public service is not new. There are several things that indicate the existence of important problems in the ethics of the implementation of public services, first, the increasing indications of discrimination in service delivery. This happened because of the strong political affiliation, ethnic and religious networks, which greatly influenced the balance of service relations. Second, there is no certainty http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 876 editor@iaeme.com
Delly Mustafa of service costs and time. This uncertainty is often the cause of the emergence of corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN), because the service users tend to choose to pay the high fees to the service providers to get certainty and quality of service. Third, the low level of community satisfaction with public services. This is a logical consequence of service discrimination and uncertainty[1], [2]. The bureaucracy is basically a servant, not a master. The problem is that this perception is not embedded in the bureaucratic environment. As a result, there arises bureaucratic arrogance, such as feeling as the party most needed by many people, or acting arbitrarily to the community. The attitude shown by most of the bureaucratic apparatus made many people feel that they did not get the services as expected, even the people often felt underestimated by the bureaucracy. The ethical issues of bureaucrats in public services are quite complex, the variables are very broad, the efforts to improve the bureaucracy as a public service, including the effort to instill the ethics as the main value in public services, require a long time and are followed by the willingness of the apparatus to change their attitudes and behavior towards more emphasis on improving service to the community. The solution offered by Lewis and Catron (1996)., that there are four things that must be used as the guidelines of a bureaucrat's ethical standard, namely: First, equality, it is the same treatment for services provided. This is based on the type of rational bureaucratic behavior that consistently provides quality services to all parties regardless of political affiliation, social status, ethnicity, religion and so on. Second, equity, that is, the equal treatment to the community is not enough, but it is also fair treatment. Third, loyalty, is a loyalty given to the constitution, law, leadership, subordinates and co-workers. Fourth, responsibility, that is, every government official must accept the responsibility for everything he does and must avoid being told by the syndicate "I just carry out the orders from superiors" Especially in North Luwu District, the ethical issues of bureaucrats in land services are quite alarming and require the remedial efforts, so as to minimize various complaints from the land users. One example of a case that occurred in North Luwu District, where there was an apparatus seemed to deliberately hamper the processing of a land certificate, and every time it was confirmed about the status of the certificate management, the authorities tried to avoid and even contact the owner of the certificate and openly said, how much to pay if the officer can complete the certificate processing quickly. Of course in terms of the ethics of public services, it is a "ulcer" in the practice of public service ethics. Although it must be admitted, in general there have been many cases related to the ethics of bureaucrats in land services. This study aims to examine and analyze how the ethics of bureaucrats in public service in the field of land, and detect the various factors that affect to the ethics of public service bureaucrats, and also find the effective solutions for the apparatus in enforcing the ethics of public services according to established moral standards and standard rules. 2. METHOD The type of research used is a qualitative approach that is to find out and describe the reality of the events under study so as to facilitate the writer to obtain objective data in order to know and understand the ethics of bureaucrats in public services at the Office of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency. The location of this research is the Office of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency There are two sources of data collection, namely primary data, and secondary data. Data analysis techniques that are widely used by researchers are interactive model of analysis with the following steps: Data reduction, data presentation, and stage of drawing conclusions and verification of data. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 877 editor@iaeme.com
Bureaucratic Ethics in Public Services Case Study: Office of the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Bureaucrat Ethics in Land Services In this study the ethics of bureaucrats in the implementation of land services in North Mamuju Regency are measured based on several aspects of equality, equity (fairness), loyalty and responsibility[3]. 3.2. Equality Equality or balance is the same treatment for services provided. This is based on the type of rational bureaucratic behavior that consistently provides quality services to all parties regardless of political affiliation, social status, ethnicity, religion and so on. Based on the results of interviews with several informants, it can be concluded that, judging from the aspect of equality, the ethics of bureaucrats in land services in North Luwu Regency in general are still not maximized, showing bureaucrat behavior that is equal or balanced in treating service users. This is evidenced by the existence of discrimination which occurs in the management of land services. One of the residents, Mrs. HT, who is the researcher interviewed at the BPN Kab. North Mamuju stated that, "there are also employees in this office who are picky in serving citizens who come to take care of land documents, but there are also employees who are not like that, about the balance in serving me, feeling back to the mentality of the employees. To be honest, there are still many employees in this office who are not balanced in serving the people who come, usually if rich people, or their acquaintances who come, must be served first. To protest, it's also useless, so we just stay quiet ”(Interview, 20th December 2017) 3.3. Equity Equity, that is equal treatment to the community is not enough, besides that is also fair treatment. For a pluralistic society sometimes it requires fair treatment and equal treatment and sometimes also requires fair treatment but not the same for certain people. Based on the results of an interview with one of the residents in Mapadeceng Sub-district, North Luwu Regency, Mr. DW stated that, "I have been waiting for almost two months to complete my land deed, all the requirements are ready, but it hasn't been finished until today, even though there are my neighbors who have only taken care of for 10 days, there is already an exit, apparently the cousin who is the head of the office there, this is the way, meaning there is an injustice for ordinary people like me . (Interview Results, December 20, 2017) " 3.4. Loyalty Loyalty is given to the constitution, law, leadership, subordinates and co-workers. These types of loyalty are related to one another, and there is no absolute loyalty given to a certain type of loyalty that ignores the others. From the results of the interviews, the researchers obtained quite positive results on the level of loyalty of officials in the North Luwu Regency BPN office against the applicable laws and regulations. Head of the Agrarian Ministry and North Luwu Regency BPN Office Ahmad Ridha, said that: "In carrying out their duties, all apparatus are required to always uphold the honor and dignity of the State apparatus in carrying out their functions as public servants. We recognize that there are still apparatus that show a lack of loyalty to the law and constitution ", and even dare to take actions outside the rule of law, for that we clearly will impose sanctions on officials who prove to be disloyal and violate bureaucratic ethics". (Interview December 20, 2017) http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 878 editor@iaeme.com
Delly Mustafa 3.5. Responsibility Responsibility is a principle and the main thing in carrying out the duties as government officials. Sometimes there are still employees or officers who seem to run away from responsibility by stating that "I just carry out the orders from superiors". In relation to the ethics of land service bureaucrats, such facts are still often found. Based on the results of an interview with one of the residents who took care of the land certificate at the North Luwu District BPN Office, the initials of the mother AH, stated that: “Initially I took care of it through a notary, and it was almost two years since it was finished and the notary was released so that now I myself took care of it, several times back and forth to the office until now it was not finished yet, when it was confirmed at the employee the reason was still on the leader's desk, just wait, ma'am, only that's the answer he gave. Disappointing and impressed by throwing responsibility, he said, managing three months to four months but the fact is not so. Try to think that my file entered on 19 September 2016 until now it's not finished yet ”. (Interview results, December 20, 2017) Based on the four aspects that are used as a good measure of whether or not the ethics of bureaucrats in the public service in the field of land in North Luwu regency, the fact that the ethics of land services is still far from the expectations of society. Although in terms of the loyalty of the apparatus is considered to be good, but there are still apparatus that tend to deviate from the bureaucrat's ideal ethics and expected by society. Of course this is inseparable from the willingness and motivation of the apparatus to work responsibly and prioritize professionalism. 3.2. Discussion Collaboration is usually carried out between government organizations and non-government organizations. Collaboration occurs because there is a dependency between one organization and another organization to achieve a goal that is difficult to achieve independently [4]. Collaboration is articulated as a method of achieving short-term and long-term strategies, which cannot be done by one entity, but must be done together [5]. The government cannot rely on its own internal capacity. The lack of ability, lack of resources and networks, requires the government to cooperate with various parties including the private sector, civil society, and NGO's so that collaboration can be established in achieving program or policy goals. [6]. Related to the case of disaster management collaboration, Pangandaran District in fact does not yet have an effective disaster management system at the local level as a form of protection for citizens. Ideally, any scale of disaster requires the government's response to overcome it immediately by using a collaborative approach, involving multi stakeholders which is believed to be the best solution [7]. Studies related to the importance of collaboration in disaster management have been carried out by researchers in various countries [5], [7]–[11]. In this study, researchers explored the causes of the ineffectiveness of collaboration in disaster management in Pangandaran District. Although Law No. 24 of 2007 has been implemented for 12 years, the fact is that RDMA at local level have not yet been formed. Whereas this institution is considered to have a strong power to coordinate all stakeholders and coordinate various operational activities in disaster management because it has hierarchical relationships with similar bodies namely NDMA at the central level. Unfortunately, to date disaster management in Pangandaran District depends on FDMA which is a small part of the local government. the weak authority possessed by FDMA causes distrust from stakeholders involved. Collaboration is complicated and difficult. Especially when talking about the budget, FDMA only gets a budget that comes from the Regional Income and Expenditure Budget of Pangandaran District, whose amount is not in accordance with the needs of the program. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 879 editor@iaeme.com
Bureaucratic Ethics in Public Services Case Study: Office of the National Land Agency of North Luwu Regency Since there is no powerful institution at the district level, there is no commitment between stakeholders involved in disaster management in Pangandaran District. Each stakeholder still works by promoting the institution's ego. Stakeholders involved do not seem to respond to collaboration goals well. This will inevitably lead to the ineffectiveness of the collaborative process in disaster management in Pangandaran District. In line with the opinion expressed by [6] that collaboration must be accompanied by strong power because sometimes these stakeholders feel like small players in a large arena compared to other collaborative partners. With strong power, trust and commitment in collaboration will be built by itself. To overcome this problem, political will from the central government and local governments is needed to strengthen the institutional system by forming RDMA in Pangandaran District. Political will is believed to be an important factor in establishing a collaborative, integrated and sustainable disaster management system by developing strategies and setting clear targets [12]. Political will is a finding in this study, which can be used as a focus for more in-depth studies for further research. 4. CONCLUSION Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that From the aspect of equality, equity, loyalty, and responsibility, the fact is that the ethics / morale of bureaucrats in the public service in the land sector is still relatively low. The facts on the ground prove that there are still many practices that are not commendable in providing services to citizens who need land services. One of the causes of the low ethics of bureaucrats in the function of land service is the moral quality of each personnel of the apparatus itself, in addition to the welfare factor that has not been too supportive to meet the needs / welfare of employees, which affects the performance of the apparatus itself. In carrying out the tasks of government, most of the apparatus at the North Luwu District BPN Office have understood, lived up to and even practiced the principles of the land service bureaucratic ethics, even so, there are still some who still do not understand and do not apply the bureaucratic ethics. By referring to the conclusions in this study, the researchers put forward the following suggestions: first, Based on the fact that the morale of the government apparatus in the North Luwu Regency BPN Office is lower, it is very important to carry out moral revitalization, which must be started from the individual side of the government apparatus itself. This can be done by strengthening character education to improve the moral quality of the apparatus ethics. Secondly, need attention to improving employee welfare in order to increase the responsibilities and performance of the apparatus, so that aspects of equality, equity, loyalty, and responsibility, can be the foundation of the moral attitude of the apparatus and work professionalism in the duties and functions of public services, especially land services. REFERENCES [1] F. Robertson-Snape, “Corruption, collusion and nepotism in Indonesia,” Third World Q., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 589–602, 1999. [2] R. Robison, “Corruption, collusion and nepotism after Suharto: Indonesia’s past or future?,” 2006. [3] C. W. Lewis and B. L. Catron, “Professional standards and ethics,” Handb. public Adm., vol. 2, pp. 699–712, 1996. [4] Asian Development Bank, Disaster Risk Management in Asia and the Pacific. Assessment, Management and Finance. 2016. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 880 editor@iaeme.com
Delly Mustafa [5] A. A. Menya and O. A. K’Akumu, “Inter-agency collaboration for fire disaster management in Nairobi City,” J. Urban Manag., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 32–38, 2016. [6] C. Huxham and S. Vangen, “Working together: Key themes in the management of relationship between public and non profit organizations,” Int. J. Public Sect. Manag., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 5–17, 1996. [7] S. Curnin, “Collaboration in disasters: A cultural challenge for the utilities sector,” Util. Policy, vol. 54, no. February, pp. 78–85, 2018. [8] J. Xu et al., “Cross-boundary collaboration in waste management research: A network analysis,” Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., vol. 73, no. August, pp. 128–141, 2018. [9] D. N. Nguyen, F. Imamura, and K. Iuchi, “Public-private collaboration for disaster risk management: A case study of hotels in Matsushima, Japan,” Tour. Manag., vol. 61, pp. 129– 140, 2017. [10] I. Raungratanaamporn, P. Pakdeeburee, A. Kamiko, and C. Denpaiboon, “Government- communities Collaboration in Disaster Management Activity: Investigation in the Current Flood Disaster Management Policy in Thailand,” Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 658– 667, 2014. [11] J. P. Kalkman and E. J. de Waard, “Inter-organizational disaster management projects: Finding the middle way between trust and control,” Int. J. Proj. Manag., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 889–899, 2017. [12] J. A. Lassa, A. Surjan, M. Caballero-Anthony, and R. Fisher, “Measuring political will: An index of commitment to disaster risk reduction,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 2018. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 881 editor@iaeme.com