CAC YEU TO CH^M XEN VA HI§N TJONG "le'C" H6A<br />
TRONG TIENG VIET<br />
<br />
VM Van Thi<br />
Klioa Tii'ng Viit vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi<br />
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Ndi<br />
<br />
<br />
Tieng Vi^t thudc loai binh ngdn ngiJ don lap - am tid't tinh di^n<br />
hinh. Am tiet cd ca'u true chat che, tdi da chi cd nam thanh phSn<br />
la: Am dau + am d^m + am ehinh + am cudi + thanh 6'\tu. Cd tb^ ndi,<br />
eac am ti^'t deu cd nghia - mdt don vi cd nghia nbd nhit, tiic la am tift<br />
trong tieng Viet trimg vdi binh vi trong eac ngdn ngii: An - Au. Tu<br />
trong tidng Viet dupe ca'u tao tu mdt am tid't boac mdt kd't hpp nhi^u<br />
am tid't. Vi vay, tu trong tieng Vi6t dupe phan chia thanh hai loai la tir<br />
don va tir ghep. Tu don la tir mdt am tie't. Tir ghep la lis cd tir hai am<br />
tid't trd \tn. Trong tu ghep, sd lupng tir cd hai am tid't, dupe gpi la lit<br />
song tid't, chiem sd lupng Idn nha^t.<br />
Do dae tnmg cua p h ^ Idn am ti^t tia'ng Vidt cd khi nang boat<br />
ddng doc lap va cd nghia nen trong tieng Vi^t cd nhutig hi^n tupng r^t<br />
doc dao. Do la kha nang chia cdt tir, chem xen, tb^m eac y^u td vao tir<br />
di tao nghia, mang sAc thai tu tir. Bai viet nay chi tap trung khao sit<br />
mot sd van de ve bien tupng chem xen va bi^n tupng "" id'c" boa.<br />
<br />
L Boat ddng cua eac yeu td chem xen trong tieng Viet<br />
Trong boat ddng ciia tu tieng Viet, cbiing ta thudng th^y cd cic<br />
yeu td chem xen, them vao chia cat eac tir ghep nblft la vdi eac tir song<br />
tiet d^ tao nen sac thai bi^u cam nha't djnh nhu:<br />
hoc hanh - hpc vdi cha banh<br />
an ndi - an vdi cha ndi<br />
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376<br />
Xinh dep - xinh vdi cha dep<br />
<br />
<br />
Ddi vdi ngudi Vi6t, viae them eac yeu td chem xen de tao sac<br />
thii bi^u cam cho cau ndi la bet siic binh thudng nhimg ddi vdi ngudi<br />
nucfc ngoai dang hpc tig^ng Viet thi bien tupng chem xen nay lai gay<br />
nfin khdng ft khd khan bdi nhOng If do sau:<br />
- Cac yeu td ch6m xen ngat mach lien ket tif viftig binh thudng<br />
khi tu duy tiep nhan ngdn ngu ciia ngudi hpc cdn dang trong qua trinh<br />
hinh thanh, chua dat dupe mvtc 6n dinh.<br />
- Cac yeu td cb^m xen lam cho qua trinh nghe - tiep nhan - hiiu<br />
trcf nSn khd khan hon vi bp phai tiep nhan mot don vi ngdn ngir dai boi<br />
hon di cd dupe mdt thdng diep.<br />
- Cac yd'u td chtm xen nay khi nao nen sis dung, khi nao khdng<br />
nfin siif dung? Neu sis dung, no se cd hieu utig gi trong giao tiep? Do la<br />
nhfing va'n de khdng dt dang gi cho ngudi nude ngoai khi sir dung<br />
tiffng Viet.<br />
<br />
2. Cac yeu to chem xen c6 the phan loai nhu sau<br />
- Cac y6'u td cbdm xen chen vao giiJa tir tb^ bien thai dd cht bai<br />
hoac che gidu bang cac yeu td: vdi, vdi cha, vdi ching:<br />
Vfdu:<br />
* Chen vao giiJa ddng tijr:<br />
- an ndi: an vdi ndi - an vdi cha ndi - an vdi ching ndi.<br />
- ngii nghe: ngii vdi nghe - ngii vdi cha nghe - ngii vdi chang nghe.<br />
- hpc hanh: hoc vdi hanh - hpc vdi cha hanh - hpc vdi chang hanh.<br />
<br />
^ * Chen vao giOa tfnh tijf:<br />
- xinh dep: xinh vdi dep - xinh vdi cha dep - xinh vdi ching dep.<br />
- to cao: to vdi cao - to vdi cha cao - to vdi ching cao.<br />
- mdnb mdng: menh vdi mdng - menh vdi cha mdng - menh vdi<br />
ching mdng.<br />
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377<br />
* Chen vao giua danh tCr:<br />
- nha cira: nha vdi cua - nha vdi cha cira - nha vdi ching cua.<br />
- dudng xa: dudng vdi xa - dudng vdi cha xa - dudng vdi ching xi<br />
- thudc thang: thudc vdi thang - thudc vdi cha thang - thudc vdi<br />
ching thang.<br />
3. Hien tupng "iec" boa, mot phucmg tien bieu thi tinh thai die<br />
blet trong tieng Viet<br />
Yeu td "ice" dupe diing kem vdi tir ihi bien y mia mai la m6t<br />
bien tupng dac biet ciia tieng Viet, vira the hien dac trung cua am ti6<br />
ngdn ngii don lap vira th^ hien phuong thuc bien am ca'u tao tir lam<br />
thdi mdt each ddc dao trong dieu kien bi ban che chat che ciia c^u tnic<br />
am tiet va su giam thie'u tdi da tac ddng cua trpng am, ngir dieu ciia<br />
ngdn ngir thanh diau tfnh. Mat khac, hien tupng "iec" hda cdn th^ hi^n<br />
quy luai song tiet boa va luat lay am ciia tir tieng Viet.<br />
Thanh didu ciia am tiet "ie'e" boa thudng chi cd bai thanh: thanh<br />
dieu cao nhat va thanh dieu tha'p nha't la thanh sic va thanh nang.<br />
*"le'c"boatirdon:<br />
VI du: Ddng tir: hpc - hpc hiec<br />
- lam - lam liec<br />
- viet - vice<br />
<br />
<br />
Tfnh tir: - dep - dep die'e<br />
- mdi - mice<br />
- to - to tiec<br />
<br />
<br />
Danh tir: - nha - nbiee<br />
- but - biec<br />
- sach - siee<br />
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378<br />
* "I&" boa cac tir song ti^t: Hien tupng "iec" boa cung xay ra<br />
vdi cac tiJT song ti^t nhung khdng ph6 bien bang su "iec" boa cac ti^ don.<br />
Vidu:<br />
Ddng tijr "i^c" boa: - hpc tap - hpc tap hoc tiec<br />
- vi^t lacb - viet lach viet liec<br />
- mua ban - mua ban mua biec<br />
<br />
<br />
Tfnh tir "i€?c" boa: - xinh dep - xinh dep xinh diec<br />
- VI dai - vT dai vl diec<br />
- cao ca - cao ca cao kiec<br />
<br />
<br />
Danh tir "iec" boa: - con gai - con gai con giee<br />
- nha ctfa - nha cii'a nha kiec<br />
- gia'y td - gia'y td gia'y tiec<br />
<br />
<br />
Hien tupng "ie'c" boa cbi di vdi hai thanh dieu la thanh buyen va<br />
thanh nang, viec sijf dung thanh dieu nao la tuy y, chu yeu la nghe hpp<br />
thanh vdi toan khdi. Tuy nhien, khi diing thanh nang, ngudi ta cam<br />
tha'y su bdc Id thai dp cd ve manh me hem.<br />
Nhu tren cbiing ta vtra khao sat kha nang chem xen cac yeu td<br />
vao tir ghep va hien tupng "iec" boa de tao sic thai bieu cam; mat khac,<br />
trong tieng Viet cdn cd ket hpp long ghep ca hai yeu td dd.<br />
Vfdu:<br />
- hpc: hoc biec - hpc vdi biec - hpc vdi cha biec - hpc vdi ching biec.<br />
- tie'p: tiep tie'c - tie'p vdi tiec - tiep vdi cha tiec - tie'p vdi ching tiec.<br />
- da: da diec - da vdi die'c- da vdi cha diec - da vdi ching diec.<br />
Tir nhOng khao sat tren, ta tha'y cac yeu td chem xen, va hien<br />
lupng "ie'c" boa trong tieng Viet bie'u thi tinh thai la mot hien tupng rat<br />
dac biet trong tieng Viet. Nd khdng chi the hien su phong phu cua<br />
li^ng Viet ma cdn ihi bien su uye'n chuyen trong each sir dung tir de<br />
bi^u thi cac cung bac tinh cam ciia ngudi Viet. Vi vay, viec quan tam<br />
379<br />
day cac y^u td nay cho sinb vien nude ngoai la mdt viec lam r^t cin<br />
thiet va bd fcb, giiip ngudi hpc cd the' sir dung tieng Viet mdt each<br />
uyen chuyen va sinb ddng.<br />
<br />
<br />
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH<br />
<br />
<br />
A. Giao trinh Tieng Viet co sd<br />
1. Nhieu tac gia (1980), Giao trinh Tii'ng Viet thuc hdnh (2 tip),<br />
Khoa tieng Viet DHTH Ha Ndi.<br />
2. Biii Phung (Cbii bien) (1986), Giao trinh Tii'ng Viet thuc hanh<br />
cho ngudi nude ngodi (danh cho sinb vien Campuchia) (2 tap).<br />
Khoa Tieng Viet DHTH Ha Npi.<br />
3. Biii Phung (Chu bien) (1992), Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi<br />
nude ngodi, Khoa Tieng Viet DHTH Ha Ndi.<br />
4. Dang Van Dam (1995), Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi nude ngodi (Lc<br />
Vietnamien Aux Etrangers - cours IntensiO. khoa Tieng Vidt,<br />
DHTH Ha Npi.<br />
5. Mai Ngpc Chir (1995), Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi nude ngodi •<br />
Vietnamese for foreigners, Trung tam hcrp tac nghien cihi Vid<br />
Nam, Ha Npi.<br />
6. Nguyen Anh Que' (1996), Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi nude<br />
ngodi - Vietnamese for foreigners. Ha Ndi.<br />
7. Phan Van Giudng va Nguyln Anh Qu^ (1996), Gido trinh Tieng<br />
Viet - Vietnamese, NXB Giao due. Ha Npi.<br />
8. Vu Van Thi va nhdm tac gia (1996), Gido trinh Tii'ng Viet ctrsi<br />
(Vietnamese for beginners), khoa tieng Viet va Van boa Vidt<br />
Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai, DHKHXH va NV, Ha Ndi.<br />
9. Nguyen Viet Huong (1996), Gido trinh thiCc hdnh tii'ng Viet -<br />
Ditng cho ngudi nude ngodi, Khoa tieng Viet va Van boa Vidi<br />
Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai, DHKHXH va NV, Ha Ndi.<br />
10 Dinh Thanh Hue (Chii bien), Trinh Due Hi^n (1996), Sdeh hoc<br />
Tiing Viet cho ngudi Ldo, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia Viet Nam.<br />
380<br />
11. T r ^ TTii Chung Toan (2001), Gido trinh tii'ng Viet thuc hdnh -<br />
dung cho ngudi Nhat, Khoa Ddng phuong hoc, DHKHXH va NV<br />
Ha Ndi<br />
12. Dana Heali (2001), Tii'ng Viet - Vietnamese - A complele course<br />
for beginners, NXB TP. HCM.<br />
13. Robert M. Quyn (1972), Vietnamese for beginners - Tieng Viet<br />
cho ngudi mdi hpc - xu^t ban d MI, chuong trinh Ddng Nam A,<br />
Dai hoc Tdng hpp Conell MI.<br />
14. Txin Diic Vuong va John Moore (1994), Colloquyal Vietnamese<br />
• Tieng Viet hdng ngdy (tie'ng Anh).<br />
15. Nguyen Minh Thuyet bien soan (1995), Parlons Vietnamien<br />
(Hay ndi Tii'ng Viet), xuSit ban tai Canada, Quebec, Universite<br />
Laval.<br />
16. Nguyin Thanh Binh (1996), Tii'ng Viet cho ngudi mdi hoc -<br />
Vietnamese for beginners, xua't ban tai Anh, Language Centre,<br />
School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of<br />
London.<br />
<br />
B. Giao trinh tie'ng Viet bac nang cao va hoan thien<br />
17. Dinh Thanh Hue (1997), Giao trinh tieng Viet nang cao - Gido<br />
trinh Tii'ng Viet thUc hdnh ditng cho ngudi nude ngodi, Khoa<br />
tie'ng Viet DHTH Ha Npi.<br />
18. Nguyen Thien Nam (1998), Gido trinh Tieng Viet ndng cao - cho<br />
ngudi nude ngodi (Intermediate Vietnamese), Khoa tieng Viet va<br />
Van boa Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngoai. Ha Npi.<br />
19. Doan Thien Thuat (Chu bien) (2001), Gido trinh thuc hdnh tii'ng<br />
Viet (2 tap, trinh dp B va C), Trung tam nghien cuu Viet Nam va<br />
Giao luu Van boa, DHQG Ha Npi, Ha Npi<br />
10. Franklin E. Hufman va TrSn Trpng Hai (1980), An Intermediate<br />
Vietnamese Readers - Tieng Viet trung ca'p - kb^u ngiJ, chuong<br />
trinh Ddng Nam A, Dai hpc T
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