Cấu tạo từ láy nhìn từ góc độ loại hình học và ngôn ngữ học tri nhận

14<br /> <br /> NGON NGt* & B(n S 6 N G<br /> <br /> s l 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> INGON NGU" HQC V A V I B T N G C H Q q<br /> <br /> CAU TAO Ttr LAY NHIN TlT GOC DQ<br /> LOAI HINH HOC VA NGON N G C HOC TRI NHAN<br /> MORPHOLOGICAL REDUPLICATION IN THE PERSPECTfVES<br /> OF LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS<br /> NGO THJ nV^<br /> (TS; D^i hgc Hd Nfi)<br /> Abstract: This article adopted the iconicity theory of cognitive linguistics to deeply<br /> explore the universality of morphological reduplication in Imguistic typology. Under carefiil<br /> examination wifli typological tools, it is found that morphological reduplication usually<br /> forms onomatopoeic reduplications and manner imitative reduplications. By repeating tiie<br /> sound of the syllables, reduplicative words imitate the sound and manners in the real world,<br /> which make the sound of the words vivid and colorflil. Therefore, it indicates that not all<br /> morphological reduplications are created randomly, on the contrary, they are created based<br /> on the iconicity of form and content, sound and meaning.<br /> Key words: morphological iconicity; linguistic typology; cognitive linguistics;<br /> reduplication.<br /> 1. Dgt vdn d l<br /> Ldy/ISp (Reduplication) la mpt hifn tupng<br /> hinh thdi khdng chi sft dyng trong cdu tgo tft<br /> dk tao ndn cdc tft mdi md cdn la mft phuang<br /> thftc ngft phdp dl bilu tb{ cdc y ngbla ngft<br /> phdp. Trong bdi vilt ndy, chiing tdi de cdp din<br /> ldy vdi vai trd la mpt phuang thftc cdu tgo tft.<br /> Thdng qua khdo sdt logi hinh hpc ngdn<br /> ngft, cho thdy, lay vdi vai trd la mpt phuong<br /> thftc cdu tao tft thudng dupe diing dl cdu tao<br /> ndn cdc tft ldy md ta dm thanh, dugc gpi Id tft<br /> ldy tugng thanh vd cdc tft ldy md td dac dilm<br /> tinh chat, trang thdi ciia con ngudi, sy vgt, hifn<br /> tupng, dugc gpi Id tii ldy tugng hinb. Vi dy:<br /> Tft lay tugng thanh: roc rdch (Vift), ^ ^ (di<br /> dd, ti tdch; Hdn), f)^^-^^^^^"<br /> (gachagacha. Idch cdch; Nh§t), tinkle- tinkle (leng<br /> keng; Anh); Tft ldy tugng hinh: ldp Idnh<br /> (Vift), HiBffo (.sard-song, chdi chang, Thdi ) ,<br /> 0 ^ (meng meng, lat phdt; Hdn) , X>hXyh<br /> (hira-hira, rgp rdn; Nhat)<br /> Tft ldy sft dyng each Igp lgi cua am thanh<br /> d l bilu thi nhftng pham trft y ngbla mang tinh<br /> ggi ta, bilu edm, hinh tugng va sdc thai. Cd<br /> <br /> till thdy, cdu tgo cfta tft ldy Id cd nguyen If,<br /> chft khdng hodn toan vo dodn, dd Id moi lien<br /> hf tuong ftng gifta dm vd nghTa, gifta hinb thftc<br /> vd nf i dung.<br /> 2. Nguydn If tri nhgn cua cdu tgo tft ldy<br /> Ngdn ngft hpc truyen thing cho rdng, tin<br /> hif u ngdn ngft la sy hgp nhdt ciia cdi bieu dgt<br /> vd cdi dugc bilu dgt vd dd Id mli quan h?<br /> gifta chung la "v5 dodn" [16,164]. Cdu bdi dat<br /> ra Id, phdi c h ^ g moi tii deu Id v6 dodn? Tft<br /> cuoi nhftng ndm 70 cua the ki 20, ciing vdi sy<br /> phdt trien ciia ngdn ngft hgc tti n h ^ , tfnh v3<br /> dodn trong tin hifu ngdn ngft ciia Saussure d3<br /> bj hodi nghi. Bdi vi ttdn thyc t l , ttong bdt cii<br /> ngdn ngft ndo diu t i n tgi m l i lidn hf d mft<br /> mftc df ndo dd gifla binh thftc vd }? ngbia.<br /> Ngdn ngft hpc tri nh§n cho rdng, nhftng edm<br /> nb§n vd ttdi nghifm v l tbi gidi cfla nbSn logi<br /> dya fren nen tdng cua tri nh$n, hinh thdnh khdi<br /> nifm kit cdu. Hinh thftc cua ngdn ngft khdng<br /> chi cd moi lien bf vdi hifn thyc khdeh quan,<br /> md trdn nhilu phuong difn nhu vdi khdi nifm<br /> kit cau, khii nifm md hhih v.v., phuang thftc<br /> tri nh|n ciia con ngudi ton tgi hifn tugng phdn<br /> chilu tinh tuong ihig, gifta hinh tiiftc vd nfi<br /> <br /> \ 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> dung ngdn ngft ton tai nhftng mli quan he<br /> tuong ty.<br /> Tinh tuong ty (iconicity) chft ylu chi moi<br /> quan hf gj&a binh thftc va y nghia bilu hifn,<br /> lay sy tuong ding, tuang ftng Id co sd tri nh§n.<br /> Tinh tucmg ty cfta ngdn ngft so vdi tinh vd<br /> dodn Id chi gifta cdi bieu dgt va cdi dugc bilu<br /> hifn ciia tin hifu ngdn ngft ton tgi mli lien hf<br /> ty nhidn, sy kit hgp gifta hai ylu t l ndy Id cd<br /> thi lugn chftng. Id cd cdn eft [23,2]. Nhu v^y,<br /> tft gdc dd cau tgo tft, nguydn li cdu tgo cua tft<br /> Id chi giiia ngft am va ngu nghia t i n tgi moi<br /> lien hf nhdt dinh.<br /> Tren thyc t l tft thdi Hy Lgp co dgi, cac nha<br /> triet hpc da chi ra moi quan hf "tuong ty"<br /> trong ngdn ngft. Platon [24,514] cho ring, dSt<br /> tdn chdng qua la nghf thu^t md phdng, nhdm<br /> ndi rd bdn chat cua sy vgt Hogt dfng ngdn<br /> ngft ndi chung cfta con ngudi deu xudt phdt tft<br /> md phdng dm thanh. Moi mpt chft cdi deu md<br /> phdng mft tinh chdt nhdt dinh cua sy vgt Ong<br /> thdng qua vifc midu ta phat dm cua chft cdi Hy<br /> Lgp de till hifn ban chdt y nghta cfta khdi<br /> nifm.Vi dy, chft cdi La Ma "p" [r] bieu thi sy<br /> v ^ dfng bdi vl khi phdt dm phdi uon ludi:<br /> perv (luu dfng), porj (nude sdng chdy), xpd^s<br /> (ehdn dpng) v.v. Augus-tine [24,515] cung cho<br /> rdng, "con ngudi diing am thanh dl md phdng<br /> tdn gpi cfta sy v$t". Vi dy, tiing La tinh dftng<br /> dm thanh mem mgi me/(m§t) dl bilu thi nhihig<br /> gi ngpt ngdo, dung acer (thdp) dl bilu thi<br /> nhftng gi rdn chde. Nhd triet hgc Zeno<br /> [24,514] thupc trudng phdi hifn chftng da dya<br /> trdn ca sd ciia "tft tugng thanh" vd tft mang<br /> "ngft am bilu trung"(sound symbolism) chi ra<br /> ring, tdn gpi dugc hinh thanh Id dya vdo bdn<br /> chat ty nhidn, hf thing ngft dm ddu tien md<br /> phdng sy vgt ma nd gpi tdn.<br /> Tft tugng thanh thdng qua ngft am de md td<br /> dm thanh cua thi gidi ty nhidn, dd Id xudt phdt<br /> tft sy lidn tudng tuong ftng giiia hai fim tiianh<br /> dd cfta con ngudi. Con ngudi cd thi dya vdo<br /> sy lidn tudng tuang ftng giiia dm vd ng^Ta dd<br /> dl ddng dm thanh bilu dgt nhfhig khdi nifm<br /> khdc, dd Id, nhftng gi khdng phdt ra dm thanh<br /> nhu tinh edm, trgng thdi, binh tupng, thih chat<br /> mdu sdc. Bdi vi bg dc con ngudi khdng ngftng<br /> <br /> 15<br /> <br /> lidn tirdng vd so sdnh, nd thdng qua cdc cam<br /> quan d l xft If nhiing dn tugng thu nhgn dugc<br /> tft bdn ngodi. Do dd, mft an tugng thmh giac<br /> cd thi tim thdy mli quan hf tuang dong vdi<br /> mdt dn tugng thi g i ^ [7,10].<br /> Nhu vgy, tin hifu ngdn ngft cd the tugng<br /> thanh, ding thdi cd thi tugng hinh, ggi edm.<br /> Sd dl nhu vgy Id vi, do con ngudi thdng qua<br /> bp ndo lidn tudng vd so sdnh nhftng cam quan<br /> thu nh|n dugc tft the gidi bdn ngodi roi tiln<br /> hanh l^p ml, dua trdn nhftng thupc tinh v^t If<br /> va sinh li cfta ngft am, Idm cho sy v§t cd ^ n<br /> ggi. Cung do bf ndo cfta con ngudi cd sy lien<br /> tudng ndn cd thi biln nhftng cdi truu tugng,<br /> khdng phdt ra am thanh cting trd nen cd dm<br /> thanh, cd mdu sdc, cd miii vj. Dd chinh Id ca<br /> sd hinh thdnh tin hifu tirong ty trong ngdn<br /> ngft.<br /> Ldy la mft phuong thftc cdu tgo hinh thai<br /> dgc bift. Tft lay thdng qua sy l§p lgi cua ngft<br /> am, sy nhjp nhdng ciia dm thanh kich thich tu<br /> duy hinh tugng, 1dm cho con ngudi lidn tudng<br /> tdi nhflng h b h dnh nhdt dinh. Qud trinh tri<br /> nhgn do Id thdng qua thinh gidc kich thi'cb cac<br /> giac quan khac d l phdt huy tri tudng tugng<br /> ciia con ngudi.<br /> Am thanh vd -^ nghia cfta tft ldy ton t ^ mli<br /> tuong quan gifta dm vd nghTa. Tft ldy so vdi<br /> nhiing logi tiir bilu thj khdi nifm cd su khdc<br /> bift rat Idn. Khi nghe nhdc den nhftng tft nay,<br /> chung ta sd khdng cd sy lidn tudng ndo, bdi<br /> chung la v5 dodn, giiia ngft dm vd ngft ngbta<br /> khdng cd mli lidn hf ndo. Nhung khi nhdc din<br /> nhftng tft ldy nhu rgp rdn, ldp Idnh sd Idm cho<br /> ngudi bdn ngft lidn tudng tdi nhftng hinh anh<br /> nhdt djnh (owg budm rpp ran, nhirng vi sao<br /> ldp Idnh), bdi nhiing tft ldy ndy tilm an moi<br /> lidn hf ch$t chd gifta ngft dm va ngft nghta.<br /> Mli tuong quan gifta ngft am vd ngft ngbia cfta<br /> tii ldy mang tinh tam If dan tfc [8,43]. Cdn<br /> hieu ngdn ngft dd, can ddm chhn trong cufc<br /> sing tinh thdn cfta dan tfc dd mdi cd thi hiiu<br /> dugc nhiing tin hifu tuong ty ma tft lay cua<br /> ngdn ngft dd mang lgi.<br /> 2.1. Tit ldy tugng thanh<br /> Thdng qua khdo sdt logi hinh hpc ngdn<br /> ngft, chung tdi phdt hifn ra rdng, tft ldy tugng<br /> <br /> 16<br /> <br /> NGONNGO* & D6I S6NG<br /> <br /> thanh xudt hifn ttong hau hit cdc logi hlnh<br /> ngdn ngft va Id hifn tupng p h i biln nhdt ciia<br /> phuong thftc ldy vdi vai ttd Id mft phucmg<br /> thftc cau tao tft.<br /> Con ngudi sft dyng hifn tupng l$p ngft am<br /> dk midu td chuoi dm thanh l$p di l^p Igi ttong<br /> thi gidi Id hifn tugng rdt ty nhidn va cd moi<br /> lidn hf trye tilp vdi hifn thyc. Trong the gidi<br /> ty nhidn, rat nhieu am thanh nhu vit ga kdu,<br /> chiing khdng chi phdt ra mpt tiing cgc/ qugc,<br /> cue roi im b§t md chftng thudng phdt ra mft<br /> chuSi dm thanh l§p di lgp lgi (ciic c\ic cy.c/cy,c<br /> ta ct^ tdc..., cgc cgc cgc/qugc qugc qugc,...).<br /> Hinh thftc ngft dm lgp Igi bilu thi nf' dung<br /> mang tinh l^p lgi vd lidn tilp, dd Id mli tuong<br /> ling trye tiep giOa cdi bilu hifn va cdi dugc<br /> bilu hifn.<br /> Hlnh thftc ngft am cfta tft ldy tugng thanh<br /> tugng tnmg cho ^ ngbta md nd truyen tdi - dm<br /> thanh cua con ngudi hay thi gidi Id nguydn<br /> dgng, con ngudi sft dyng phuong phdp md<br /> phdng dm thanh dl gdn cho "nguydn dgng" dy<br /> mft hinh thftc ngft dm dl nd bieu dgt.<br /> Khdo sat hifn tugng lay frong logi hinh hgc<br /> ngdn ngft cho thdy, phy am "r" xudt hifn khd<br /> pho biln frong tft ldy tupng thanh. Do trong<br /> cdc ngdn ngft "r" Id am uon ludi ndn nd khiln<br /> cho am thanh md td dugc sinh dfng va cbSn<br /> thyc hon. Dilu ndy phan ndo phdn dnh trong<br /> ngdn ngft ton tgi tinh tuong ty, gifta cdc ngdn<br /> ngft ludn ton tgi nhihig dilm tuong ding,<br /> nhftng tin hifu tucmg ty.<br /> Trong tieng Vift phy dm "r" thudng dugc<br /> lien tudng tdi nhflng am thanh cua sy rung<br /> dpng kdo dai bo§c tieng nude chdy. Vf dy: rdc<br /> rdch, rinh rich, ri rdch, ri ram, ri rdo, rdm<br /> rpp, rin rin, riu rit, rung rite. Ngodi ra, phy dm<br /> "r"cdn xudt hifn trong tft ldy tupng hinh vdi<br /> vifc md ta nhftng trgng thai dfng nhu sy kich<br /> dpng, chan dfng, vi dy: run run, run rdy. rung<br /> rinh, r^c rich, rung rgn. rpn rdng.<br /> Trong tieng Nhgt phy dm "r" thudng bieu<br /> thj dm thanh cua sy chuyin dfng nhu<br /> :^^Z.<br /> ^(koro- koro. ldc cde ldc c6c\ tiing cua hflmg<br /> hdn dd to ian den gdn),<br /> t^'Ot^^(kari-kari,<br /> com cdp;tikng nhai da Ignh),<br /> ^^^^(goro-<br /> <br /> s l 1 (243)-2016<br /> <br /> goro, dm (Jm,-tieng sdm),<br /> 'f'^'i'^(suru-suru,<br /> Sft Sft; tiing hit mfli cfla trd con ) , v.v.<br /> Trong tiing T h i Nbt ki, "r" cflng thudng<br /> xudt hifn trong tft tugng thanh vdi vifc midu<br /> td dm thanh chuyin dfng. Vi dy: siril siril (tS<br /> td; tiing nude chdy) , horul-horul (kho kho;<br /> tieng ngdy khi ngu), pufiir-pufur (vu vit; tiing<br /> gid thoi), gurul-gurul (itng uc;tilng byng sdi),<br /> tikir-tikir (logt xo (t b<br /> tupng hinh nhilu nhdt ttong cac dgng ldy<br /> (hera-hera;<br /> (khodng gdn 300 tii) : dd Id sy kit hgp cua (kera-kera; cudi khdy), ^^^•'^^<br /> nguyen am -d vd phy am mdi, tdc vd thanh ~p. cudi ngd ngdn), ia ^ ia *> (nechi-nechi; nhdng<br /> Ve d§c dilm cdu dm, -a Id nguyen dm don nhdng), •li'i^^'tirA^ (seka-seka; hdp tdp), J il<br /> X tl(yore-yore; nhdn nheo), ^^^^'^^(Aenangdn, done sau, hen hpp vd khdng fron mdi. Ve<br /> m^t dm sdc, -d Id nguydn dm cd am sdc tram hena: nbu nhugc/ mim nhfln) , 46 6 fc 5<br /> (mero-mero:<br /> md mupi), X^^Xi>^ (teka-teka;<br /> vfta. Khudn vdn ndy bat ddu tft df md trung<br /> binh va kit thftc bang sy khep chat cua ddi bdng nhay) . Phy am ttong tft ldy tugng hinh<br /> mdi tgo lidn tudng din nhihig trgng thai "khep tieng Nhgt rdt gidu gid trj bilu trung. Phy dm h<br /> lgi, sgp xuong, ggp vao tat di, chim xuong, lan thudng dupe lidn tudng tdi nhftng hinh anh<br /> mdt". Vf dy: bgp benh, bdp benh, bdp biing, dpp, tiio mfng [28], Vf dy:(i?3fi?3 (harakhdp khinh, ggp ghenh, lap loe, ldp 16, v.v.; hara; phdp phdi) , t > t > t > ^ (hira-hira; r?p<br /> bo§c trgng thdi "bdm cb$t, dp sat" nhu: vo vgp, rdn), (S 6 (5 -6 (horo-horo; phai phdi/ lat<br /> ddn ddp, tdi tdp ,v.v. [7,87; 11,60].<br /> phdt). Ph^ dm R dugc lidn tudng tdi trang thai<br /> Trong ngdn ngft ehdp dinh, tft ldy tugng<br /> "fran, dinh" [28], vf dy: "»& § *& § " (nuruhinh xuat hifn diln bli^ nhat Id frong tiing<br /> nuru; nhoen nhodt) , ^^fi:^^f£. (hena-hena;<br /> Nhgt. Tiing Nb^t gpi tu ldy tupng hinh la "tft<br /> ldy trgng thdi" (gitai-go)^, nd dugc sft dyng nhu nhugc) . Cdc phy dm biiu thanh g,2, d, b<br /> phi biln frong ddi sing bdng ngdy vd frong dugc lidn tudng tdi nhftng gi "to, mgnh, chdm,<br /> cdc tdc pham vdn hpc. Ngft am cfta tft lay ban"; cdn cdc phy dm vd thanh k,s,t lien tudng<br /> tugng hlnh tiing Nhdt rdt gidu tinh bieu trung. tdi nhflng gi "nhd, sdc, d?p" [30]. Thft so sanh<br /> ^ h ^ h gira-giravdi ^ h"^ h kira-kira,^<br /> Chdng hgn:<br /> h^ h zara-zara vdi ^ ^ ^ ^ sara-sara:<br /> Nguydn dm a vdi df md cfla mifng rpng<br /> khi phdt am thudng lidn tudng tdi nhftng trgng gira-gira bieu thj dnh sdng mgnh cfta tia nang<br /> thdi "nii b|it rpng Idn, sdng sua, diit khodt" m^t frdi "chdi lpi", kira-kira bilu thj anh sdng<br /> [Hamano, 1986, din tft 27]. Vi dy: ^ t > i:) u ( dju ddng "lap Idnh" cfta cdc vi sao; zara-zara<br /> wai-wai; on do) , i61) fe ^ mera-mera; Ifta bilu thj thd rdp, cdn ^ b ^ ^ sara-sara bilu<br /> cuin cufn ) , t^ ht'^ h (gara-gara; trong tbi tran bdng mdt md.<br /> trai), $ W $ (i* (saba-saba; ngay thdng/ dftt<br /> Khdo sdt tft ldy tugng hinh tieng Nh^t<br /> khodt). Trai lgi, nguydn am / vdi df md b?p<br /> chflng tdi nhgn thdy, su- thudng dugc ti§n<br /> cua mifng khi phdt dm thudng lidn tudng tdi<br /> tudng tdi frgng thdi thudn lgi, thdng suot<br /> trgng thai "nhd bd bay gdp gdp, c5ng thang"<br /> khdng hi tdc nghSn, vi dy: 't*< • t ' < (suku[Hamano,1986, dan tft 27]. Vi dy: t i 6 t^ 6<br /> 'f'tc'i'fz.(suta(ira-ira; Idng nhu Iua dit), U-' 0 t>° *3 (piri-piri; suku; Idn nhanh nhu t h i i ) ,<br /> cdng nhu ddy ddn,cang thdng), L ^ C t ^ 1^ C iji- suta\ budc di thodn thodt/ di nhanh nhu bay) ,<br /> •<br /> f<br /> "<br /> |<br /> :<br /> J<br /> i<br /> "<br /> f<br /> f<br /> (.supa-supa;<br /> dao<br /> sdc<br /> thai pham<br /> iji; sp sft)<br /> Xf LXf L (bishi-bishi; nghiem<br /> pham) , i~5>"f'5 (suru-suru; ttdi tuin tuft<br /> vi nhu null sgi m i , ' f * ? j i ~ b (sura-sura;<br /> xudt khdu thdnh chucmg )<br /> " o 5 o -5 "<br /> Trong Tiing NhjU, ti^ \iy tipig thAi dugc gpi \k gitai-go", t£r \ky<br /> tiring thanh dtivc go\ ]^"gion-go".<br /> <br />