Chính phủ nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa với sự nghiệp văn hóa, giáo dục thời kỳ kháng chiến chống Pháp (1945-1954)

CHINH PHU Nl/dC VIET NAM DAN CHL) CONG HOA<br /> V6l Sl/NCHIEP VAN HOA, GIAO DUG THdl KY<br /> KHANG CHIEN CHONG PHAP (1945 1954)<br /> <br /> HO KHANG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> tiidng do'i co he thong, cd ban, toan dien de<br /> T rong 9 nam khang chien chong thiic<br /> dan Phap, ben canh viec lanh dao,<br /> chi dao toan dan toan quan ta tien hanh<br /> to chiic toan dan phat dong toan dan tham<br /> gia thiic hien. De tien viec trinh bay sii chi<br /> cuoc dau tranh tren mSt tran chinh tri, dao cua Chinh phii doi vdi sii nghiep van<br /> quan sU, kinh te, ngoai giao. Dang, Chinh hoa, giao due trong 9 nam khang chien<br /> phii diing dau la C h i tich Ho Chf Minh chong thiic dan Phap va can thiep My (1945<br /> dong thdi de ra chii trUOng va cac chinh - 1954), chiing ta c6 the tam phan chia qua<br /> sach nhim xoa bo nen vin hoa ngu dan, trinh nay thanh 3 giai doan:<br /> xam lUdc, thong tri cua thiic dan Phap, xay - Tii thang 9-1945 den thang 12-1946;<br /> dUng mot nen giao due dan toe dan chii - Tii thang 1-1947 den thang 12-1950;<br /> nhan dan, mot nen vftn hoa dan toe, khoa<br /> - Tvf thang 1-1951 den thang 12-1954.<br /> hoc, dai chiing. Cac chii tritdng, chinh sach<br /> do triidc het dUdc the hien d he tlio'ng vSn Thiic ra, viec phan doan nhii tren ciing<br /> ban phap quy ma Chinh phii ban hanh nhii chi la rat tiidng doi; cot de de trinh bay, de<br /> sac lenh. Thong tii, Nghi dinh, Chi thi... Dat hinh dung qua trinh chi dao cua Chinh phu<br /> trong boi canh dat niidc ta sau hdn 80 nSm tren mat tran van hoa, giao due ma thoi.<br /> thong tri cua thiic dan Phap va may nfim I. GIAI DOAN 1<br /> tan pha cua chien tranh, phai tien hanh<br /> cuoc khang chien khong can siic chong lai Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, mot<br /> cuoc chien tranh xam liidc cua mot de quoc trong nhiing nhiem vu ca'p bach, nang ne<br /> to, thi day la mot mSt tran nong bong va gay ciia Nha niidc VNDCCH la khic phuc hau<br /> go, mot sii nghiep to 16n va gian kho, nhim qua ma che do cu de lai tren linh viic van<br /> tao ra nen tang vQng chic de khang chien hoa, giao due; tiing biidc kien lap mgt nen<br /> gianh thing ldi. Trong sii nghiep do, Chinh van hoa va mot nen giao due cua che do<br /> phu niidc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa m6i.<br /> (VNDCCH) do Chu tich Ho Chi Mmh diing Mot ngay sau khi tuyen bo' nen doc lap<br /> dau da de ra nhiing chu triJdng, chinh sach (2-9-1945), trong phien hop Hoi dong Chinh<br /> <br /> <br /> • PGS.TS. Vien Lich sii Quan sii Viet Nar<br />  Rghien cim Lich sir. sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> phii, sang ngay 3-9, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dan budi to'i (Dieu 1); han trong 6 thang,<br /> trinh bay triidc cac vi Bo triicfng nhiing lang nao, do thi nao ciing phai co it ra la<br /> nhiem vu ca'p bach cua Nha niidc nii6c mot 16p hgc day diidc it nha't la 30 ngu'di<br /> VNDCCH tren cac linh viic doi noi va doi (Dieu 2);<br /> ngoai. Mot trong nhiing nhiem vu cap bach<br /> Trong khi ddi lap mgt nen giao due bac<br /> ay ia "diet giac dot" ben canh "diet giac doi"<br /> tieu hgc ciiSng bach, ngay 8-9-1945, Chinh<br /> va "giac ngoai xam". Ngiidi cho ring, "nan<br /> phu ban hanh, Sdc lenh so' 20, quy dinh tii<br /> dot la mot phiidng phap doc ac ciia bon<br /> nay viec hgc chii Quoc ngii la bat buoc va<br /> thiic dan dung de cai tri chiing ta.., mot<br /> khong mat tien cho tat ca moi ngiidi (dieu<br /> dan toe dot la mot dan toe yeu". Vi vay,<br /> 1); han trong mgt nam, toan the dan chiing<br /> Ngiidi de nghi Chinh phu "mcf mot chien<br /> Viet Nam Lren 8 tudi phai biet dgc va biet<br /> dich cho'ng giac dot", Tren thiic te, trong so'<br /> \ie't chii Quoc ngil, qua han do, moi ngiidi<br /> nhiing Sdc lenh dau tien ma Chinh phu<br /> Viet Nam nao tren 8 tuoi ma khong biet<br /> lam thdi ban hanh ngay sau ngay 2-9-1945<br /> dgc va biet viet chii Quoc ngii se bi phat<br /> c6 nhiing sic lenh ve van lioa va giao due.<br /> tien (Dieu 2); cac khoan chi phi se chia cho<br /> Do la cac sic lenh (1):<br /> quy hang tinh va hang xa chiu (Dieu 3).<br /> - Sdc lenh so' 16, ngay 8-9-1945, dat ra<br /> De thiic hien quyet tam xoa nan mii chii<br /> trong toan coi Viet Nam ngach "Thanh tra trong mgt nam, lam cho dan tri mci mang,<br /> hoc vu" de kiem soat viec hoc theo diing toan dan co them dieu kien thiet yeu de<br /> chiidng trinh giao due ciia Chinh phii dan nang cao kien thiic dang tham gia tich ciic<br /> chii cong hoa (dieu 1) ; cii ong Dang Thai vao cong cuoc xay diing va bao ve niidc nha,<br /> Mai lam Tong Thanh tra hoc vu bac trung v6i tam nhin xa trong rong, Chii tich Ho<br /> hoc, ong Nguyen Hiiu Tao 'am Thanh tra Chi Minh chu triiOng diia vao sii ddng long<br /> hoc vu bac Tieu hoc toan euo'c; quyet chi ciia dong dao nhan dan. Ngiidi<br /> - Sdc lenh so 17, ngay 8-9-1945, dat ra viet bai dang tren td bao Ctiu quoc ho hao<br /> mot Binh dan hoc vu trong toan coi Viet quo'c dan Viet Nam hiidng ling tich ciic<br /> Nam (dieu 1); cii ong Nguyen Ccng My lam phong trao "diet dot".<br /> Giam doc Binh dan line VH (Oieu 2); Ngay sau ngay gianh diidc nen dgc lap,<br /> ciing vdi cong cuoc xoa nan mil chii, cac ca'p<br /> - sdc le-.h so I'J,, ngay 3-9-1945, bai bo<br /> hgc tieu hoc, trung hgc, dai hgc diidc khai<br /> ngach hoc quan do thilt dan Phap dat ra<br /> giang trd lai, Klhac vdi triidc day, khi niidc<br /> (dieu 1); nhiing vier, hoc quan nao den tuoi<br /> nha chiia gianh ditdc dgc lap, ngiidi dan<br /> ve hiiu thi diidc ve hiiu, nliiing vien nao xet<br /> Viet Nam phai tiep nhan mgt nen hgc va'n<br /> ra ba't liic hoac hanh kiem xa'u se bi thai<br /> no le, dao tao nhiing ke lam toi td cho che<br /> hoi, nhiing vien nao xet ra co du nang lilc<br /> do thiic dan, gid day, nen giao due mdi la<br /> va CO hanh kiem to't se diidc bd dung tuy<br /> mgt nen giao due hoan toan Viet Nam. Muc<br /> theo nang liic vao ngach khac, (dieu 2);<br /> dich ciia nen giao due nay la dao tao nen<br /> nhiing chi tiet thiic hanh se do ong Bo<br /> nhiing ngiidi cong dan hiiu ich cho cong<br /> trifSng Bg Quoc gia Giao dae (Bg QGGD)<br /> cuoc xay diing che do mdi. Trong ThU giii<br /> an dinh sau (Dieu 3);<br /> hoc sinh nhan ngay khai triidng dau tien<br /> - Sdc lenh so' 19, ngay 8-9-1945, lap cho ciia niidc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa, Chu<br /> nong dan va thd thuyen nhiing 16p hgc binh tich Hd Chi Minh can dSn: "Cac em bay gid<br /> Chinh phii nirdre Viet Ram Dan chii Cong hoa...<br /> <br /> CO gang, sieng n a n g hgc tap, ngoan ngoan, h i n h t h a n h mgt chiidng t r i n h hgc mdi cung<br /> nghe thay, yeu ban, Sau hdn 80 nSm gidi no nhiing quy t i c mdi cho Triidng Ky n g h e<br /> le lam cho niidc n h a bi yeu hen, ngay nay chuyen mon H a Noi,<br /> chiing ta can phai xay diing lai cd dd ma to - Nghi dinh n g a y 14-9-1945, bai bo tien<br /> tien ta de lai cho chiing ta, lam sao cho niidc hgc va tien thi b t a t ca cac bac hgc (dai hgc,<br /> ta theo kip cac niidc khac tren hoan cau,<br /> t r u n g hgc, tieu hgc),<br /> Trong cong cuoc kien thiet do, niidc nha<br /> trong mong chd ddi d cac em ra't nhieu. Non - Nghi dinh n g a y 17-9-1945, dat ong<br /> song Viet N a m co trd nen tiidi dep hay Tong t h a n h t r a T r u n g hgc vu va Tieu hgc<br /> khong, dan tgc Viet N a m co biidc tdi dai vu thugc quyen ong Giam do'c T r u n g hgc<br /> vinh q u a n g , d e s a n h vai vdi cac ciidng quoc vu, Tieu hgc vu;<br /> n a m chau duldc hay khong, chinh la nhd mgt - Nghi dinh n g a y 17-9-1945, cap hgc<br /> p h a n ldn d cong hgc t a p ciia cac em" (2). bdng cho hgc sinh bac t r u n g hgc theo 2 .miic<br /> Trong n a m hgc dau tien s a u ngay dat (900 $ va 450 $ mgt n a m ) ;<br /> niidc dgc lap, dudi sii chi dao r a t no liic cua - Nghi dinh ngay 17-9-1945, md mgt ky<br /> Chinh phu, d T r u n g Bg va B i c Bg da md tiic xa t a i cac triidng T r u n g hgc de n h a n<br /> dUdc 5,654 triidng tieu hgc va t r u n g hgc vdi hgc sinh vao liiu trii.<br /> 206.789 hgc sinh; 25 triidng t r u n g hgc vdi<br /> - Thong tu n g a y 12-9-1945 ve viec h a n h<br /> 7,514 hgc sinh.<br /> chinh trong p h a m vi Bg QGGD tai cac tinh<br /> Cham Id tdi sii nghiep giao due 6 viing B I C Bg;<br /> ddng bao cac dan tgc thieu so', ngay 20-6- - Nghi dinh n g a y 18-9-1945 bai bd ky thi<br /> 1946, quyen Chii tich nUdc H u y n h Thiic b i n g sU p h a m tieu hgc cao ca'p cho cac tu<br /> K h a n g ra Sdc lenh md Idp h u a n luyen b i n h hgc t a p sii.<br /> dan hgc vu cho cac dai bieu ngiidi dan tgc,<br /> Tai cac p h i e n hgp nhiing t h a n g cuo'i<br /> Theo do, N h a Binh d a n hgc vu T r u n g lidng<br /> n a m 1945, Hgi ddng C h i n h phii da quyet<br /> se md Idp h u a n luyen, Bo QGGD se a n dinh<br /> nghi mgt sd noi d u n g thugc ve giao due .<br /> lich md moi k h o a hgc; cac k h o a n chi do<br /> Trong phien hgp ngay 22-9-1945, Chinh<br /> ngan sach B i c Bg va T r u n g Bg d a m n h i e m<br /> p h u chu triidng md gap Triidng Dai hgc<br /> chi. Can cii vao thiic te p h o n g trao xoa n a n<br /> Viet N a m - dii dinh vao ngay 15-11-1945.<br /> mil chii tren ca niidc, n g a y 3-9-1946, quyen<br /> P h i e n hgp ngay 4-10-1945, C h i n h p h u t a n<br /> Chii tich H u y n h Thiic K h a n g ky tiep Sac<br /> t h a n h viec md mgt triidng chinh tri va xa<br /> lenh gia h a n t h e m mgt n a m niia de mgi<br /> hgi hgc; viec md t a t ca cac n g a n h khoa hgc<br /> ngiidi Viet N a m hgc chii Quo'c ngii,<br /> d H a Noi; viec to chiic t a i moi triidng dai<br /> Vdi chiic n a n g va quyen h a n cua minh, hgc mgt quy tii tri do C h i n h phii, doan the,<br /> Bg QGGD ciing da b a n h a n h cac nghi dinh, tii n h a n giiip dd... P h i e n hgp n g a y 9-10-<br /> th6ng tit n h i m p h a t dgng m a n h me phong 1945, C h i n h p h u t h o n g qua mgt so'van b a n<br /> trao b i n h d a n hgc vu, xac lap he tho'ng giao s a u day ve giao due:<br /> due, p h a t trien dgi ngii giao vien.,,<br /> - Nghi dinh ve viec C h i n h p h u trd cap<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 13-9-1945: lap tai 500,000 ddng cho quy triidng hgc;<br /> TrUdng Ky n g h e chuyen mon Ha Noi mgt - Sdc lenh t h i e t l a p mgt b a n Dai hgc V a n<br /> Hgi ddng cai each co nhiem vu k h a n triidng khoa tai Ha Noi;<br />  Rghien ciru Lich si, sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> - Sdc lenh thie't lap mgt Hgi ddng co'va'n hgc: 1- To chiic viec hgc d cac ban dai hgc;<br /> hgc chinh gdm cac vi: Bg triidng Bg QGGD 2- Xep dat va kiem soat sii sinh hoat''vat<br /> (Chu tich Hgi ddng), Dong ly Van phong Bg cha't va tinh than tai triidng dai hgc va Viet<br /> (thil ky), khoang 30 hgi vien Hgi ddng liia Nam hgc xa; 3 - Quan tri ngan sach va quy<br /> chgn trong giao gidi va trong cac doan the tii tri triidng dai hgc;<br /> chinh tri, van hoa, phu huynh hgc sinh.<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 23-10-1945, md mgt ky<br /> Viec Ilia chgn thanh vien Hgi ddng do Bg<br /> thi to't nghiep cho nhflng thi sinh chfla man<br /> triidng Bg QGGD quyet dinh sau khi da hoi<br /> khoa thii ba trfldng Luat khoa Dai hgc cu.<br /> y kien Hgi ddng Chinh phii. Nhiem vu cua<br /> Hgi ddng gdm: 1. Nghien ciiu mgt chiidng - Nghi dinh ngay 24-10-1945, an dinh<br /> trinh cai each cac nen hgc cua niidc nhflng Idp trung hgc md tai Trfldng Trung<br /> VNDCCH; 2. Theo doi viec thiic hanh ban hgc Chu Van An va Nguyen Trai;<br /> chiidng trinh ay khi chiidng trinh da diidc<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 25-10-1945, an dinh<br /> Chinh phu phe duyet; 3, Giiip y kien cho<br /> the ca'p bing Y khoa bac si Viet Nam;<br /> Bg triidng Bg QGGD ve nhiing va'n de sii<br /> pham khi Bg triidng can den; - Nghi dinh ngay 31-3-1945, dat ban<br /> Nha khoa dfldi quyen kiem soat ciia ong<br /> - Sdc lenh thie't lap Hgi ddng quan tri Giam do'c Y khoa Dai hgc.<br /> dai hgc;<br /> Trong phien hgp ngay 31-10-1945, Hgi<br /> - Sdc lenh thie't lap mgt quy tii tri cho ddng Chinh phu ban viec khai giang lai cac<br /> tufng Dai hgc Viet Nam. trfldng dai hgc, quyet nghi danh sach cac vi<br /> Ve phan minh, Bg QGGD tiep tuc ban Hieu trfldng va Giao sfl do ong Bg trfldng<br /> hanh cac van ban: Bg QGGD Vu Dinh Hoe Ifla chgn; chi yeu<br /> cau Ong xet lai trfldng hdp ong Nguygn<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 3-10-1945, a'n dinh chi<br /> Thien Lan, Cung tai phien hgp nay, Hgi<br /> tiet cai bo nhiing vien hgc quan ve ngach<br /> ddng Chinh phu dong y md mgt Idp Chinh<br /> cii;<br /> tri xd hgi hgc.<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 8-10-1945, a'n dinh<br /> ngay khai giang nhflng triidng dai hgc va Ngay 3-11-1945, Bg QGGD ban hanh cac<br /> cao ding tai Ha Ngi b i t dau tii ngay 15-11- nghi dinh sau day:<br /> 1945; - Nghi dinh md d trfldng Dai hgc mgt Idp<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 9-10-1945, a'n dinh sd cao dang, day nhflng mon thugc ve chinh<br /> gid day hgc mdi tuan le cua cac giao sii bac tri va xa hgi hgc. Muc dich Idp nay la de<br /> trung hgc; dao tao trong thdi han 2 nam nhflng<br /> • Nghi dinh ngay 16-10-1945, dat nen chuyen gia cd the bd lam vien chflc cao ca'p<br /> hgc ky nghe cao ca'p diidi quyen triic tiep trong Bg Ngoai giao va trong nhflng cd<br /> cua ong Giam ddc Trung hgc vu; quan hanh chinh quo'c gia,<br /> <br /> • Nghi dinh ngay 16-10-1945, an dinh - Nghi dinh td chflc Trfldng Dai hgc van<br /> the le tap sii cua cac sinh vien ban diidc khoa tai Ha Ngi.<br /> Triidng Y khoa Dai hgc; - Nghi dinh mien b i n g tu tai cho nhflng<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 23-10-1945, an dinh ngfldi cd bing thi tdt nghiep trfldng cao<br /> nhiing nhiem vu cua Hgi ddng Quan tri dai ding sfl pham cu de ghi ten vao cac ban<br /> Chinh phii nupc Viet Ram Dan chii Cong hoa.<br /> <br /> van khoa va khoa hgc Trfldng Dai hgc Viet chien dfldc thanh lap thay cho Chinh phu<br /> Nam, lien hiep lam thdi. Gifl chflc vu Bg trfldng<br /> Bg QGGD la ong Dang Thai Mai. Can cfl<br /> Tiep do, Bg QGGD ban hanh cac nghi<br /> theo quyet dinh cua Quo'c dan Dai hgi Viet<br /> dinh:<br /> Nam (ngay 2-3-1946) ve td chflc Chinh phu<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 12-11-1945, an dinh lien hiep khang chien, Chii tich Hd Chi<br /> the le tuyen c\i nhflng vien chflc cua Nha Minh da ky Sic lenh thie't lap trong Bg<br /> Binh dan hgc vu; QGGD mgt Nha Thanh nien vd The due<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 12-11-1945, dat nhflng gdm 1 phong Thanh nien va mgt phong The<br /> danh tfl de chi nhflng van bing do Trfldng due Trung fldng.<br /> Y khda Dai hgc ca'p; Trong phien hgp ngay 1-4-1946, Hgi<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 28-11-1945, bai bd ddng Chinh phu da nghe ong Dang Thai<br /> nhflng nghi dinh ngay 3-6-1936 va ngay 4- Mai bao cao viec Ban Thfldng triic Quo'c hgi<br /> 12-1942 cung khoan thfl 11 cua Nghi dinh yeu cau xem xet viec co nen huy bd Sic<br /> ngay 12-7-1943 ciia Toan quyen Dong lenh tan cfl de hgc tro ve Ha Ngi hgc. Sau<br /> Dfldng ve cac phu giao Trfldng Y khoa dai khi nghe bao cao, Hgi ddng Chinh phu<br /> hoc Ha Ngi; quyet nghi Bg QGGD nen md trfldng gan<br /> dan de cho hgc trd ve hgc. Tiep dd, ngay 5-<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 3-12-1945, tam dat cho 4, Hgi ddng Chinh phu ddng y vdi bao cao<br /> Trfldng Ky nghe sd cap dfldi quyen triic cua ong Do Dflc Due ve viec td chflc Dai hgi<br /> tiep cua Nha Giam do'c Trung hgc vu; Thanh nien vao ngay 1-5 va lap mgt ngach<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 13-12-1945, thie't lap d hua'n luyen vien thanh nien va the due.<br /> moi trfldng trung hgc Viet Nam mgt hgi Ngay 26-4, Hgi ddng Chinh phii cha'p<br /> ddng giam sat... thuan de nghi ciia ong Dang Thai Mai: cii<br /> Ngay 15-11-1945, cac ban: Van khoa, ong Ca Van Thinh (ngfldi Nam Bg) thay<br /> Chinh tri xa hgi, My thuat cua Trfldng Dai ong Dang Thai Mai lam Dai ly Bg Giao due<br /> hgc Viet Nam khai giang. Dau nam 1946, trong khi chd ong Hd Bic Thing la Bg<br /> Trfldng md them Ban Phap ly. Ngoai ra, trfldng chinh thflc do Nam Bg c\i ra.<br /> cac trfldng Cao ding Cong chinh, Canh Ngay 9-7-1946, quyen Chu tich Huynh<br /> nong - Thu y thugc Dai hgc Viet Nam ciing Thue Khang da ky Sac lenh so' 119/SL ve td<br /> dfldc khai giang dip nay. Khac vdi trfldc<br /> chflc Bg QGGD. Theo dd, Bg QGGD gdm co<br /> kia, tii nay, cac mon hgc deu dfldc giang<br /> nhflng cd quan trung fldng thugc quyen<br /> day bing tieng Viet, tfl cap hgc phd thong<br /> trflc tiep cua Bg ve phfldng dien chuyen<br /> cho den dai hgc,<br /> mon va hanh chinh va nhflng cd quan phu<br /> Bfldc sang nam 1946, trong bgn be cong thugc quyen cac Nha giam do'c Trung fldng.<br /> viec, cong tac giao due vSn dfldc chu trgng. Nhflng cd quan trflc thugc Bg gdm; VSn<br /> Ngay 1-1-1946, Chinh phii lam thdi dfldc phong, cac phong sfl vu, 5 nha (Nha Tdng<br /> cai td thanh Chinh phu lien hiep lam thdi. giam do'c dai hgc vu, Nha Tdng giam ddc<br /> Trong thanh phan Chinh phu nay, Bg trung hoc vu kiem Giam ddc trung hgc Bic<br /> trfldng Bg QGGD la ong Vii Dinh Hoe, Bg, Nha Tdng giam ddc tieu hgc vu kiem<br /> Ngay 2-3-1946, tai ky hgp dau tien Quoc Giam do'c tieu hgc vu Bic Eg, Nha Tong<br /> hgi khoa 1, Chinh phii lien hiep khang<br /> giam ddc binh dan hoc vu Bic Bd, Nha<br />  Rghien cmi Lich six. sd 10.2010<br /> <br /> Tong giam do'c Thanh nien va The due va b i t dau tfl nam 1950 se la bac hgc cfldng<br /> Trung fldng, Cac cd quan phu thugc gdm: bach, Sfl cflSng bach a'y se tuy theo tinh<br /> cac trfldng dai hgc, Dong phfldng Bac cd trang kinh te, xa hgi trong nfldc ma dan thi<br /> Hgc vien Ha Ngi, Sd Iflu trfl cong van va hanh lam nhieu ky.<br /> thfl vien toan quo'c Ha Ngi, Viet Nam hgc<br /> Bac hgc cd ban se day trong cac trfldng<br /> xa Ha Ngi, Van hoa vien Trung Bg Thuan<br /> cd ban cua chinh phii, trfldng tfl nhan hoac<br /> Hoa thugc Nha Tdng giam do'c dai hgc vu;<br /> doan the,.. Moi xa hay lien xa it ra phai co<br /> cac Sd giam do'c trung hgc vu Bic Bg,<br /> mgt trfldng cd ban du cac Idp hgc. Nhflng<br /> Trung Bg, Nam Bg thugc Nha Tdng giam<br /> trfldng cd ban do tfl nhan, doan the md<br /> do'c trung hgc vu; cac Sd giam dgc tieu hgc<br /> phai theo the le do Bg QGGD a'n dinh va<br /> vu Bic Bg, Trung Bg, Nam Bg thugc Nha<br /> phai dat dfldi sfl kiem soat ciia Chinh phii.<br /> giam do'c tieu hgc vu; cac sd Giam do'c binh<br /> dan hgc vu Bic Bg, Trung Bg, Nam Bg Han hgc trong 4 nam, Cac Idp ggi la Idp<br /> thugc Nha Tdng giam do'c binh dan hgc vu; nhat, nhi, ba, tfl. Hgc sinh khong dfldc hgc<br /> cac Sd giam do'c thanh nien va the due Bic 1 Idp qua 2 nam, Mdn hgc trdng chfldng<br /> Bg, Trung Bg, Nam Bg thugc Nha Tong trinh chia 2 phan: p h i n giao hua'n va phan<br /> giam ddc thanh nien va the due Trung dfldng due. Phan giao hua'n se day nhflng<br /> fldng, dieu thfldng thflc can thiet ve: tap dgc, viet,<br /> lich sii, dia dfl, tinh, do Ifldng, khoa hgc<br /> Ngay 23-7-1946, quyen Chu tich Huynh<br /> thfldng thflc, flng dung, nong thd, mon hgc<br /> Thue Khang ky Sdc lenh lap Hgi ddng sach<br /> dung cu. Phan dfldng due hua'n luyen ve<br /> giao khoa va a'n dinh thu tuc kiem duyet,<br /> tap quan tdt va lam phat trien nhflng nang<br /> thim dinh sach giao khoa. Sic lenh gdm 5<br /> khie'u ve tinh than va the cha't (nhfl dflc<br /> muc va 17 dieu, quy dinh ro td chflc va<br /> due, giao due cong dan, the due, thii cong,<br /> nhiem vu cua Hgi ddng va cua cong viec<br /> hat, trd chdi,,,).<br /> kiem duyet, tham dinh,<br /> Sac lenh cdn quy dinh: cac mon hgc deu<br /> Ngay 10-8-1946, Chinh phu ban hanh<br /> day bing Viet Ngfl; han tudi Idp tfl tfl 7 den<br /> Sdc lenh so' 146 quy dinh nguyen tic can<br /> 10 tudi, Idp ba tfl 8 den 11 tudi, Idp nhi tfl 9<br /> ban cua nen giao due mdi la, Dai chung<br /> den 12 tuoi va Idp nha't tfl 10 den 13 tudi.<br /> hoa, dan tgc hoa, khoa hgc hoa; ton chi<br /> Hgc xong 4 Idp se thi to't nghiep giao due cd<br /> phung sfl quo'c gia, dan chu, Sic lenh de ra<br /> ban, Cac giao vien day d cac Idp thugc bac<br /> cac bac hgc cua nen giao due mdi gdm :<br /> hgc cd ban phai qua 18 tudi, hieu trfldng<br /> - Bac hgc cd ban 4 nam, b i t dau tfl nam phai tfl 21 tudi trd len.,.<br /> 1950 se la bac hgc cfldng bach;<br /> Ngay 8-10-1946, Sdc lenh ve viec thanh<br /> - Bac hgc tong quat va chuyen nghiep; lap nganh hgc sfl pham nhim dao tao dgi<br /> - Bac dai hgc: Sdc lenh so' 147 ve viec td ngu giao vien cho cac bac hgc trong ca nfldc,<br /> chflc bac hgc cd ban cung dfldc Chinh phu dfldc ban hanh. Nganh hgc sfl pham tho'ng<br /> ban hanh theo dd, muc dich cua bac hgc nha't chia thanh 3 ca'p la sd, trung, cao cS'p.<br /> dfldc quy dinh: ban phat cho hgc sinh cac Ngay 3-11-1946, dfldc Quo'c hgi Uy<br /> hgc thflc to'i thieu va mgt cai giao due cd quyen, Hd Chi Minh thanh lap Chinh phu<br /> ban cho ta't ca cac em trai, gai tfl 7 tudi trd mdi, trong dd, Nguyin Van Huyen dfldc cii<br /> len, Bac hgc cd ban khong phai tra hgc phi gifl chflc Bg trfldng Bg giao due, Sau khi<br />  Chinh phii ntrdc Viet Ram Dan chii Cong hoa...<br /> <br /> t h a n h lap, n g a y 12-11-1946, Hgi ddng Cd, N g u y i n D6 Cung, Hoang Xuan H a n ,<br /> Chinh p h u hgp b a n ve chfldng t r i n h lam N g u y i n v a n H u y e n , N g u y Nhfl Kon Tum,<br /> viec 3 t h a n g cua cac bg, ve giao due, Hgi Hd Hflu Tfldng va mgt sd'vi k h a c ,<br /> ddng Chinh p h u quyet dinh khuyech<br /> - Nghi dinh n g a y 2-5, ddi ten ggi chflc<br /> trfldng B i n h d a n hgc vu va p h a t trien n e n<br /> Giam do'c hgc chinh B | c Bg, T r u n g Bg,<br /> dai hgc mdi. Tiep theo, ngay 28-11, Chu<br /> N a m Bg t h a n h Giam do'c tieu hgc vu B i c<br /> tich Hd Chi M i n h ky Sdc lenh bd n h i e m<br /> Bg, T r u n g Bg, N a m Bg,<br /> ong Hd D i e Di gifl chflc Tdng giam ddc Dai<br /> hgc vu t h a y ong N g u y i n Van Huyen, ong - Nghi dinh n g a y 10-7, lap tai T h u a n<br /> Nguy Nhfl Kon T u m gifl chflc Ddng ly sfl Hoa va Sai Gdn mgt b a n co' va'n hgc chinh<br /> vu, ong Hoang Thie'u Sdn gifl chflc C h a n h dia phfldng.<br /> van phdng, ong N g u y i n V a n Hieu gifl chflc<br /> - Nghi dinh n g a y 25-7, a'n dinh n h i e m<br /> Tdng T h a n h t r a T r u n g fldng t h a y cho ong<br /> vu cua Hgi ddng q u a n tri dai hgc va nhflng<br /> Dfldng Q u a n g H a m , P h i e n hgp ngay 17-12-<br /> quy tac ap d u n g cho n g a n sach tfl tri<br /> 1946, Hgi ddng C h i n h phii da xem xet viec<br /> trfldng dai hgc;<br /> ban h a n h Sac lenh lap trfldng Dai hgc Cdng<br /> chinh,,, - Nghi dinh n g a y 26-8, md ky thi tuyen<br /> Trong n a m 1946, Bg QGGD tiep tuc b a n giao sfl p h u k h u y e t bac t r u n g hgc ve B a n<br /> h a n h cac nghi dinh : V a n chfldng.<br /> <br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 7-1, c\i cac t h a n h vien Ngoai ra, Bg QGGD trong nhflng t h a n g<br /> t h a m gia Hgi ddng nghien cflu viec cai each cuo'i cua n a m 1946 cung da b a n h a n h mgt sd<br /> nen ky nghe hgc d Hue; nghi dinh cho phep t h a n h lap trfldng, Idp d<br /> mgt so' dia phfldng; r a cac thdng tfl lien bg ve<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 28-2, quy dinh cac<br /> viec t h a n h lap cac trfldng dad tao can bg y<br /> kiem soat vien cua N h a Binh dan hgc vu<br /> te, bflu dien, lam nghiep..., giai quyet cac<br /> khong thugc mgt ngach cong chflc nao,<br /> che do, chinh sach do'i vdi dgi ngu can bg,<br /> trong khi chuyen dich de thiia h a n h cong<br /> n h a n vien cong tac trong n g a n h giao due<br /> vu, dfldc ca'p gia'y di xe lv(a, xe hdi, t a u t h u y<br /> khong ma't tien; cung nhfl do'i vdi hgc sinh, sinh vien...<br /> <br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 16-3, h a n tudi hgc sinh Ben canh giao due, C h i n h p h u ddng thdi<br /> vao cac Idp giao due cd b a n Qdp tfl, Idp ba, chu trgng va b a n h a n h h e tho'ng cac van<br /> Idp nhi, Idp nha't). b a n nhfl s i c lenh, n g h i dinh... n h i m tao<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 21-3, md mgt trfldng dflng n e n v a n hoa cua che do mdi. N e n v a n<br /> thflc nghiep tai T h u a n Hda (Trung Bg) hoa a'y - nhfl ldi ciia C h u tich Hd Chi M i n h<br /> thay cho trfldng Ky nghe thflc h a n h . p h a t bieu trong bud'i tiep doan dai bieu Uy<br /> b a n van hoa l a m thdi B i c Bg t h a n g 9-1945,<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 3-4, md tai Ha Ngi va cac<br /> "can p h a i cd t i n h each khoa hgc, t i n h dai<br /> t h a n h p h d ldn nhflng Idp sfl pham ca'p tdc.<br /> c h u n g thi mdi t h u a n vdi t r a o Iflu tien hoa<br /> - Nghi dinh ngay 5-4, lap tai Bg QGGD cua tfl tfldng hien dai" (3). N e n v a n hoa a'y<br /> Hgi ddng sach giao khoa gdm cac ong CO nhiem vu trgng t a m trfldc m i t la gdp<br /> Dfldng Q u a n g H a m (Tdng T h a n h t r a hgc vu p h a n vao cong cuoc cung cd n e n dgc lap cua<br /> lam Chu tich), Nguyen Thi Thue Vien,<br /> nfldc Viet N a m , "siia soan gay dflng cho da't<br /> Doan T a m D a n , Dao Duy Anh, T r a n Huy<br /> nfldc mgt n e n v a n hoa mdi" (4)-<br /> 10 Rghien ciru Lich sir. s610.2010<br /> <br /> Chinh vi vay, ngay sau khi da't nfldc vfla phat bieu: "Van hoa la mgt ca'u true thfldng<br /> gianh dfldc dgc, trfldc cho'ng cha't khd khan tang. Nhflng cd sd ha tang cua xa hgi cd<br /> phflc tap cua tinh hinh luc do, Chinh phu kien thie't rdi, van hoa mdi kien thiet dfldc.<br /> va Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vin chu trgng tdi Ngay nay, trfldc khi di den sfl kien thie't<br /> sfl nghiep van hoa va da cd sfl chi dao cu nfldc nha, chung ta cdn phai qua mgt thdi<br /> the, sau sat, kip thdi tren linh viic cong tac ky da'u tranh ciic ky khd sd. Gidi v&n hoa<br /> nay. Trong thang 9-1945, Chinh phii da cung phai cflng cac gidi ddng bao di qua<br /> ban hanh Sdc lenh sap nhap Trfldng Vien chang dfldng ay. Mong ring anh em van<br /> dong Bac cd, nha Bao tang, Thfl vien va cac hoa da co'ging, xin co'ging mai len!" (6),<br /> Hgc vien vao Bg QGGD; Sdc lenh cii ong<br /> Thang 10-1945, Bg QGGD ban hanh cac<br /> NgO Dinh Nhu lam Giam do'c nha Lflu trfl<br /> nghi dinh :<br /> cong van va Thfl vien toan quo'c; Sdc lenh<br /> quy dinh cho nhan dan dfldc tfl dd tin - Nghi dinh nhap Nha Kham Thien<br /> ngfldng nhflng phai tdn trgng den, chua, giam (Thuan Hda) vao Van hda Vien Trung<br /> lang tam, nha thd va ta't ca nhflng ndi co Bg. Dieu 2, Nghi dinh quy dinh: Nha Kham<br /> tinh each ton giao.,, Cung trong dip nay, Thien giam (sflu tap, dich ra tieng Viet<br /> ngay 13-9-1945, Chinh phu cd Thong cdo Nam va giai thich sach Trung Hoa va sach<br /> giii cac thanh pho', cac Uy ban nhan dan Viet Nam viet b i n g chfl Han, soan sach<br /> tren toan coi Viet Nam yeu cau tien hanh giao khoa bing tieng Viet Nam ve phan<br /> ngay viec ddi ten cac dfldng pho', cac cong chuyen mon cua nha ay...) moi tuan phai<br /> vien; la'y ten cac anh hung hao kiet da tflng trinh va trao lai cho ong Giam do'c Van hda<br /> chien da'u cho nen dgc lap va nen dan chii Vien. Moi thang, ong Giam do'c VSn hda<br /> cong hda, ten cac danh nhan lich sii, ten vien phai trinh bay sfl hoat dgng cua nha<br /> cac dia phfldng cd chien tich lich sii... de Kham Thien giam cho dng Giam ddc Dai<br /> dat. Ngay 21-9-1945, Bg QGGD ban hanh hgc vu va ong Uy trfldng giao due Trung<br /> Nghi dinh ve viec kiem soat cac thfl vien, Bg.<br /> bao tang, Trfldng Vien dong bac cd...<br /> - Nghi dinh dat Van hda vien Trung Bg<br /> Tren cfldng vi la Chu tich Chinh phii dfldi quyen kiem soat cua ong Giam ddc dai<br /> lam thdi, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da c6 hgc vu;<br /> nhflng cuoc tiep xuc vdi mgt sd^ td chflc van<br /> - Nghi dinh doi ten cac hgc vien, thfl<br /> hoa va cac nha hoat dgng van hoa. Tiep ong<br /> vien va bao tang: Hgc vien Vien Dong Bac<br /> Nguyin Tfldng Phfldng (Tap chi Tri Tdn)<br /> CO nay doi ra la Hgc vien Dong phfldng bac<br /> tai Bic Bg phu, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ndi:<br /> co; Bao tang Louis Pinot d Ha Ngi ddi ra la<br /> Van hoa vdi Chinh tri cd quan he chat che<br /> Quo'c gia bao tang Vien; Bao tang<br /> vdi nhau, Cd chinh tri mdi co van hoa, Xfla<br /> Pamentier d Da Ning ddi la Lam Ap bao<br /> kia, chinh tri bi dan ap, nen van hoa cua ta<br /> tang Vien; Bao tang Blanchard de Brosse cl<br /> vi the khong nay sinh dfldc. Nay nfldc ta da<br /> Sai Gon ddi la Gia dinh bao tang Vien; Thfl<br /> dgc lap, tinh than dfldc giai phdng, can<br /> vien Pierre Pasquier d Ha Ngi ddi la Quo'c<br /> phai cd mgt nen van hoa hdp vdi khoa hgc<br /> gia thfl vien.<br /> va hdp vdi nguyen vgng cua dan (5), Ngfldi<br /> cung da den dfl le khai mac Phong trien Ngay 2-11-1945, Bg QGGD raNghi dinh<br /> lam Van hoa tai tru sd cu cua Hgi Khai tri dat d Hgc vien Ddng phfldng Bac cd mgt<br /> tien dflc (ngay 7-10-1945). Tai day, Ngfldi Hgi ddng co'va'n. Nhiem vu cua Hgi ddng la<br /> Chinh phu nirdc Viet Ram Dan chii Cdng hda.. 11<br /> <br /> <br /> "tim nhflng phfldng cham p h a t trien khao - Sac lenh quy d i n h che do bao chi gdm<br /> cflu ve Dong phfldng". 12 dieu quy dinh (tam thdi) ve the le xua't<br /> ban, kiem duyet va trflng p h a t nhflng h a n h<br /> Trong p h i e n hgp ngay 19-11-1945, Hgi<br /> vi, nhflng ca n h a n vi p h a m che do bao chi.<br /> dong C h i n h p h u da thong qua b a n dU dn<br /> sdc lenh ve viec bdo ve cdc di tich co. Tiep - Sac lenh d a t t h e le k i e m duyet cac thfl<br /> do, ngay 23-11-1945, Chinh p h u r a Sac a'n loat p h a m .<br /> lenh bai bd P h a p quo'c Vien dong Bac cd Sau khi d P h a p ve, t r e n cfldng vi C h u<br /> Hgc vien, quy d i n h n h i e m vu cua Dong tich nfldc, Hd Chi M i n h da cd cuoc t h a m<br /> phfldng Bac cd Hgc vien. Thee dd, Dong Doan bao chi Viet N a m tai n h a Thuy Ta<br /> phfldng Bac cd Hgc vien cd nhiem vu bao ben hd Hoan Kiem (26-10-1946); dfl l l k h a i<br /> tdn ta't ca cd tich trong toan coi Viet N a m , mac Hgi nghi V a n hoa t o a n quo'c lan thfl<br /> ca'm h u y hoai dinh, chua, den, mieu, cac co n h a t (24-11-1946). Tai Hgi nghi, dgc d i l n<br /> vat, t h a n h , quach, lang, mg, chieu, sac, v a n v a n k h a i mac, Ngfldi n e u ro: N e n van hda<br /> bing,.. cd ich cho lich sii. Chinh p h u cong mdi cua Viet N a m p h a i la'y h a n h phiic cua<br /> n h a n nguyen t i c nhflng k h o a n trd cap n h a n dan, cua d a n tgc lam cd sd; p h a i hgc<br /> h a n g n a m ciia toan quo'c, t i n h va cua moi la'y nhflng dieu td't dep ciia van hoa nfldc<br /> ngfldi chd Dong phfldng Bac cd Hgc vien. ngoai, tao ra n e n v a n hda Viet N a m sao cho<br /> n e n van hda mdi p h a i svia doi dfldc t h a m<br /> Dau n a m 1946, Chu tich Hd Chi M i n h<br /> n h u n g , Ifldi bieng, xa hoa, xa xi; phai lam<br /> ra Thong dgt, yeu cau cac bg trfldng trong<br /> chd ai cung cd ly tfldng tfl chu, dgc lap.<br /> Chinh p h u b a n chi thi cho n h a n vien cac sd<br /> Ngfldi keu ggi cac n h a h o a t dgng van hda<br /> ve viec gifl gin ta't ca cong van, gia'y td, tai<br /> chfl y den nhi ddng, l a n h dao quo'c dan thflc<br /> lieu " n h i m p h u c vu cho cong cuoc kien<br /> hien dgc lap, tfl cfldng, tfl chii...<br /> thie't quo'c gia, Trong n a m 1946, Chinh phii<br /> ban h a n h cac s i c lenh s a u day: Trong k h o a n g thdi gian ke tfl ngay<br /> t u y e n bo' n e n dgc lap (2-9-1945) den khi<br /> - Sdc lenh dat the le lflu chieu van hoa<br /> Toan quo'c k h a n g chien (12-1946), trfldc<br /> p h a m trong nfldc. Sac lenh gdm 6 chfldng,<br /> nhflng t h a c h thflc to ldn, de doa sfl tdn<br /> 19 dieu, a'n dinh each thflc td chflc viec lflu<br /> vong cua che do mdi t h i e t lap, cung toan<br /> chieu van hea p h a m , t h e le cho viec in a'n Dang, toan dan, t o a n quan, Chinh phii do<br /> va san xua't, t h e le n h a xua't ban. Chu tich Hd Chi M i n h dflng d a u da cd<br /> - Sdc lenh a'n dinh nhflng ngay Tet, ngay nhflng chii trfldng, c h i n h sach va bien<br /> ky niem lich sii va ton giao la ngay le chinh p h a p cheo lai con t h u y e n each m a n g vfldt<br /> thflc, Trong nhflng ngay dd, cong sd se ddng qua bao t h a c g h e n h . T r o n g bgn be cdng<br /> ciia, vien chflc cong n h a t tai CFC cong sd cd viec va trfldc nhflng thii t h a c h n g a t ngheo,<br /> quyen hfldng Ifldng trong nhflng ngay nghi C h i n h p h u da chii t r g n g t h i c h d a n g tdi sfl<br /> le nay. n g h i e p giao due, v a n hda; xem dd cung la<br /> <br /> (Xem tiep trang 23)<br /> Tim hieu ve Hnh hinh rudng dat... 23<br /> <br /> <br /> (9). Ho sd so 075357-7, Phong Phu Thong sii thdng Tdm. Nxb. Su that. Ha Noi, 1959, tr. 124.<br /> Bic Ky, Trung tam Luu trii quoc gia I, tr, 62,<br /> (17), Qua Ninh va Van Dinh. Vd'n di ddn cdy.<br /> (10), Ho sd so 075357-7, Phong Phii Thong sii Nxb, Sii that. Ha Noi, 1959, tr, 46,<br /> Bic Ky, Trung tam Luu trii quoc gia I, tr, 62,<br /> (18), (19), (22), Nguyin Kien Giang, Phdc qua<br /> (11), (12), Philippe Papin - Oliver Tessier (chu tinh hinh rugng ddt vd difi sd'ng ndng ddn triidc<br /> bien), Ldng a viing chdu thd song Hong: vd'n di cbn cdch mgng thdng Tdm. Nxb, Su that. Ha Noi,<br /> bo ngo. Nxb. Lao dong - Xa hoi. Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 1959, tr, 39, 39, 127,<br /> 190- 191.<br /> (20). Vii Dinh Hoe. Vd'n di di vay ddi vdi ddn<br /> (13) Trin PhUdng (chu bien), Cdch mang que. Nam phong tgp chi, nSm 1941,- so 209, tr.<br /> rugng da't d Viet Nam. Nxb, Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha 105.<br /> Noi, 1957, tr, 38.<br /> (21). Nguyen Cong Hoan. Ndng ddn vdi dia chu<br /> (14). Nguyen Kien Giang. Phdc qua tinh hinh (tap truyen ngdn). Nxb. Van ngh^. Ha Noi, 1955,<br /> ruong ddt vd ddi sdng ndng ddn triidc cdch mang tr. 19.<br /> thdng Tdm. Nxb. Su that. Ha Noi, 1959, tr. 118,<br /> (23). Pham Quang Trung. Vdn di mdc na ddt<br /> (15). Trin Thi Chinh. Bdng bg Thdi Binh lanh dai d Nam Ky thdi Phdp thugc. Tap ehi Nghien ciiu<br /> dao cdi cdch rugng ddt d dia phuang. Luan van Lich sii, so 1 (266)-1993, tr. 43.<br /> ThS. khoa hoc Lich sii. Ha Noi, 2006, tr. 86.<br /> (24). Ho sd so 135, Phong uy ban cai each rugng<br /> (16). Nguyen Kien Giang. Phdc qua tinh hinh da't Trung Udng (1954 - 1958), Cue LUu trii vSn<br /> rudng ddt vd ddi sdng ndng ddn triidc cdch mgng phong Trung Udng Dang, tr. 27.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHINH PHU NlfdC VIET NAM DAN CHII CONG HOA V6l SU* NGHIEP.<br /> <br /> (Tiep theo trang 11)<br /> <br /> mgt n h i e m vu ci'p b a c h c i n b i t t a y giai trfldng, giai p h i p m a C h i n h p h u b a n h a n h<br /> quyet s a u each m a n g t h i n g T i m t h i n h t r o n g giai d o a n n a y da d i t cd sd vflng c h i c<br /> cong. Dd thflc sfl la mgt chu trfldng d u n g de sfl n g h i e p v i n hda, g i i o due tiep tuc cd<br /> d i n , t h e h i e n t a m n h i n chien Ifldc ciia nhflng bfldc p h a t t r i e n t r o n g giai doan k e<br /> Dang, N h a nfldc, dflng d a u la Chii tich Hd tiep.<br /> Chi M i n h . T r e n thflc te, nhflng chu (Con niia)<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Ta't ca sic l^nh, nghi dinh, thong tu din (3). Din theo Tap chf Tri Tdn, so 205, ngay 20-<br /> trong bai dUdc trich td: Viet Nam qude ddn cdng 9-1945.<br /> bdo (tii ndm 1945 den 1951) vk Cdng bdo niidc Viet<br /> (4). Din theo Tap chi Tri Tdn, so 205, ngay 20-<br /> Nam Ddn chii Cdng hba (1952-1954).<br /> 9-1945.<br /> (2). Ho Chi Minh: Todn tdp, t&p 4, Nxb, Chinh (5). Tap chf Tri Tdn, so 205, ngky 20-9-1945.<br /> tri quo'c gia, Ha Ngi, 2000, tr. 32, 33, (6). Cihi qude, so 61, ngay 8-10-1945.<br />