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Comparative evaluation of the effect of chemical composition of waste okra stalk and rice husk on pulp yield

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In this study, the chemical compositions of waste okra stalks and rice husks were investigated and their use, evaluated as raw materials for the Kraft pulping process. Pulp yield, Consistency and 1% NaOH solubility were determined.

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Nội dung Text: Comparative evaluation of the effect of chemical composition of waste okra stalk and rice husk on pulp yield

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 473-479. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_049 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE OKRA STALK AND RICE HUSK ON PULP YIELD Edith Egbimhanlu Alagbe Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria Ezekiel Sunday Bassey Department of Chemical, Fibre and Environment Technology, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi. Lagos State. Nigeria Olusegun Adegboyega Alagbe Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development, Ikeja, Lagos State. Nigeria. Vincent Enontiemonria Efeovbokhan Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria Daniel Temitayo Oyekunle Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria Kamilu F. Oyedeko Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Lagos State University, Epe, Lagos State. Nigeria ABSTRACT In this study, the chemical compositions of waste okra stalks and rice husks were investigated and their use, evaluated as raw materials for the Kraft pulping process. Pulp yield, Consistency and 1% NaOH solubility were determined. Both raw materials were dried, and the chemical compositions obtained prior to cooking/digestion in a 15 L autoclave. While properties such as moisture content, 1% NaOH solubility, extractives and hot water solubility seem to favour raw rice husk, the pulp yield was very low (25.7%) as against the pulp yield from okra (41.2%). The high ash content and Silicates/Silica in rice husk (6.1 – 45.82% and 20480ppm respectively) will pose problems in the liquor recovery stage in the process. Therefore, the okra stalk is a better raw material for pulp and paper making than the rice husk. From this study, http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 473 editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Evaluation of The Effect of Chemical Composition of Waste Okra Stalk And Rice Husk On Pulp Yield waste okra stalk is found to possess some economic value and can no longer be left to become a nuisance to the environment. Keywords: NaOH solubility, pulp yield, pulp consistency, okra stalk, rice husk. Cite this Article: Edith Egbimhanlu Alagbe, Ezekiel Sunday Bassey, Olusegun Adegboyega Alagbe, Vincent Enontiemonria Efeovbokhan, Daniel Temitayo Oyekunle and Kamilu F. Oyedeko, Comparative Evaluation of The Effect of Chemical Composition of Waste Okra Stalk and Rice Husk on Pulp Yield, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 473-479. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 1. INTRODUCTION Paper is made up of an array of pulp fibres obtained from wood or non-wood sources, from which lignin (the binder) and other non-cellulose parts have been separated by cooking at high temperature. Pulp and paper manufacture began when non-wood sources like papyrus was used to make paper on which early civilization inscribed the events and commands of their time. Later, wood sources became attractive because they gave stronger and whiter fibres since they can withstand the harshness of the chemicals used in the cooking (separation of the lignin from the cellulose). In the late 1990s, sugar cane bagasse, straw and bamboo became the choice of non-wood raw material for pulp and paper production [1; 2] as it became more difficult to get wood sources. The use of paper is so versatile that it can be said that no human race can do without it. It finds usefulness as writing materials, packaging materials and ceiling boards, to mention but a few. Therefore, it is expected that the consumption of paper will continually be on the increase [3], with increase in population, irrespective of the adoption of a paper-less operation, especially in the offices. With recent concerns on the green environment, hardwoods have suddenly become ‘endangered’. Therefore, it is imperative to look inwards and fall back on the readily available annual crops whose stalks are usually made of long cellulose fibres. Although, Okra stalks are short, they contain long fibre bast, close to that of jute plant [4]. In Nigeria, okra is a commonly consumed vegetable by all tribes. It is an annual crop that is cultivated between the months of March and July - which happens to be within the rainy season. At maturity, the fruits (okra pods) are harvested and the stalks with the leaves are disposed of in the farmlands and allowed to rot. Usually, farmers prefer to dump the wastes outside their farmlands – to create space for the next crop planting which follows almost immediately after. This destroys the aesthetics and beauty of the environment and portends a befitting breeding ground for disease-causing organisms to fester [5] and endanger the lives of plants and animals (6). In addition, the decayed matter finds themselves in the underground water as leachates, which contaminates the water and renders it unfit for consumption. During the putrefaction of the waste, greenhouse gases, typically, CO2, NO2 and CH4, are released into the atmosphere which contributes to global warming [7, 8]. Nigeria is currently in a drive to produce rice for her growing population and minimise her importation. While we rejoice that we can now produce rice for ourselves, we must also be concerned with the growing waste generated from rice cultivation. Katri Saijonkari-Pahkala [9] opined that suitable replacement for wood sources in the production of fine printing paper is the use of herbaceous field crops, especially in the non- availability of wood sources as raw materials. To this effect, this research is poised to evaluate the possibility of using the waste from the okra and rice farmlands for pulp and paper http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 474 editor@iaeme.com
Edith Egbimhanlu Alagbe, Ezekiel Sunday Bassey, Olusegun Adegboyega Alagbe, Vincent Enontiemonria Efeovbokhan, Daniel Temitayo Oyekunle and Kamilu F. Oyedeko manufacture by evaluating and comparing the chemical composition of the waste okra stalk and rice husk. Hence, converting these farm wastes to wealth and consequently, providing an agricultural system that is sustainable in Nigeria. Inevitably, this conversion to pulp and paper will also help ameliorate the waste disposal problem [10]. The obtained fibre properties would be used to determine its usefulness in paper making and for what purpose the paper would be most suitable for. 2. METHODOLOGY Harvested mature waste okra stalk and rice husks were obtained from farms in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2.1. Raw materials preparation and pulping The samples of okra stem and rice husk were dried at room temperature for 3 days. Part of the samples were further dried in an oven at a temperature of 70 0C for 1 hour and hammer-milled into powder, according to prescribed standard preparation procedure [11], for the purpose of determining the desired properties of the raw sample before cooking. The part of the air-dried sample was then cut into pieces of 0.5 – 1cm in length, using knives. The Kraft cooking process was used with a raw sample: liquor ratio of 1:5. 200g of chipped raw materials was charged into a well labelled conical flask. 7% active alkali (NaOH and Na2S), calculated based on the moisture content of the raw samples was added to the content of the conical flask. Cooking was affected in an autoclave at a temperature of 125 0C and a pressure of 0.15 Pa for 45 mins (including the time to achieve the desired temperature) in addition to a 20 minutes gas down period which was allowed before removing and washing. The pulp was disintegrated and washed with de-ionized water on a standard size 1mm x 1mm netted sieve and defiberized with a blender. 2.2. Parameter Determination Moisture content: The TAPPI Standard Method T208 om-94 [11] was followed in preparing the samples for moisture content determination. The moisture content was then carried out digitally using a moisture analyser domiciled in the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi. Lagos, Nigeria. Ash content: Empty porcelain was cleaned and ignited in a furnace at a temperature of 525 0 C for 40 minutes. It was then cooled in a desiccator and weighed. After weighing, 3g of the raw sample was put in the porcelain, placed in the oven and gradually heated to 525 0C and left in the furnace for complete carbonization. It was thereafter cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The ash content was calculated as: (1) Where A = weight of ash in the porcelain after carbonization, g B = initial weight of sample, g = 3g 1. Lignin –The acid insoluble lignin was determined using TAPPI standard methods T 222 om-02 [12] 2. 1% NaOH solubility: 3. About 1 gram of accurately weighed sample was placed in 100ml flask and 1% NaoH solution, based on the moisture content of the sample, was added .The flask was placed in a boiling water bath with intermittent shaking for 1hour.Thereafter, the sample was filtered by suction on a tarred frithed- glass crucible, washed http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 475 editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Evaluation of The Effect of Chemical Composition of Waste Okra Stalk And Rice Husk On Pulp Yield thoroughly with hot water and the crucible and contents were dried at 105°C for 10 minutes, cooled and weighed. ( ) (2) Where A = intial weight of sample, g B = final sample weight, g 1. Hot water solubility and cold-water solubility were determined using the TAPPI Standard Method, T207 cm-99 [13] 2. Silica/Silicate: 100 ml of concentrated HNO3 was added to 10 g of sample in a beaker and warmed until a viscous solution resulted. The solution was the evaporated to about 40 ml, cooled and 20 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was then added. This was heated until white fumes of SO3 evolved. 20 ml of concentrated HNO3 was quickly added. It was cooled and 20 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was re- added and heated again to emit more white fumes until no fumes were evolved again. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and 250 ml of distilled water was carefully added, using a squirt bottle. It was boiled for a few minutes, filtered using a filter paper, washed with distilled water, dried and weighed. The silica/Silicate in solution is calculated from: (3) Where: X = Silicates and silica as SiO2, ppm a = weight of insoluble residue, mg m = weight of oven dry pulp, g Where: a = weight of insoluble residue, mg m = weight of oven-dry pulp, g x = Silicates and Silica as SiO2, ppm 1. Yield: Standard procedure was employed in determining the sample yield and calculated from: (4) Where: Wi = initial weight of sample (before pulping) Wf = final weight of sample (after pulping) 1. Consistency of pulp suspension: Sampling cup was used to withdraw 5 portions of 100 ml each and then the entire content was deposited in a 1000 ml beaker. The sample weight was then determined using a digital weigh balance. 2. Moisture filter paper was placed, and suction was applied to the flask and filter. For cloudy filtrate, it should be re-filtered until it is clear. The filter paper was then removed and placed in a drier until steaming stopped. The residue was weighed, and successive readings were carried out until constant weight was attained. The percent consistency of the specimen was calculated from: ( ) . (5) Where, w = weight of the moisture-free pad and filter paper, grams f = weight of the moisture-free filter paper, grams g = net weight of the original specimen in the 1000 ml Beaker, grams http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 476 editor@iaeme.com
Edith Egbimhanlu Alagbe, Ezekiel Sunday Bassey, Olusegun Adegboyega Alagbe, Vincent Enontiemonria Efeovbokhan, Daniel Temitayo Oyekunle and Kamilu F. Oyedeko 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Chemical composition of raw samples of okra and rice husk Table 1 Chemical composition of raw samples SN PROPERTIES (UNITS) OKRA STEM RICE HUSK 1 Moisture content, % 56% 4.2% 2 Ash content, % 2.6537 6.1-45.82 3 Extractives, % 14.29 6.1200 4 Lignin, % 52.85 2.00 5 1% NaOH solubility, % 54.1 14.3 6 Hot water solubility, % 4.32 17.36 7 Cold water solubility, % 6.39 14.29 8 Silicates/Silicon None detected 20480 3.2. Chemical composition: Results from Table (1) show lower moisture content for the rice husk and this lower moisture content of the rice husk is expected to favour a higher pulp yield than the okra stalk because more solid content is presumed to be present in the rice husk. Low ash contents are desirable in the pulping process, as high as contents are problematic in the chemical recovery steps. Despite appearing low in value compared with other measured properties (from Table 1), neither of the raw materials (okra stalk and rice husk) fairs well when compared to the ash contents of okra from Bangladesh [4], rice straw and mature aspen [14, 15]. Higher extractives value in the raw material for pulp and paper making predispose the paper from the process to be stained by the extracts. Therefore, relatively whiter pulp is expected from the rice husk when the results in Table (1) are considered.. The 1% NaOH solubility is an indication of the ease with which the cellulose can be separated out from the raw material using NaOH. Pre-treatment using 1% NaOH helps to reduce the fines produced during pulping and gives better drainage resistance [16]. Higher values are expected to give better pulp yield. It is therefore, expected that the okra stalk (54.1%) will give better pulp yield than either the rice husk used (14.3%) or H. cannabinus with a 1% NaOH value of 34.2% [17]. For hot water pre-treatment prior to the Kraft pulping process, the rice husk with a hot water solubility value of 17.36% (Table 1) is also expected to require fewer cooking chemicals than the okra stalk and also, most likely, give a better pulp yield. The presence of silica/Silicates, no matter how small it is in quantity, in pulping raw material, poses a threat on the liquor recovery of the process. Silica was only detected in the rice husk and its content was found to be higher than that of rapeseed [18]. 3.3. Pulp characteristics Table 2 Results obtained from the pulp analysis SN PROPERTIES (UNITS) OKRA STEM RICE HUSK 1 Yield, % 41.2% 25.7% 2 Consistency, % 0.1673 Undetermined 3 1% NaOH solubility, % 17.5 9.31 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 477 editor@iaeme.com
Comparative Evaluation of The Effect of Chemical Composition of Waste Okra Stalk And Rice Husk On Pulp Yield Pulp yield, consistency and 1% NaOH solubility were used to evaluate the pulp quality, in this work. Table 2 shows a higher yield for okra (41.2%) than rice husk (25.7%). This may be attributed to the better ease of separating the cellulose from the lignin as indicated by a higher 1% NaOH solubility (54.1%) of the raw okra sample. Unfortunately, the paper sheets from the okra stem may easily be degraded, as suggested by the higher 1% NaOH solubility of the pulp at 17.5% when compared to 9.31% for the rice husk. 4. CONCLUSION From the results obtained in this work, the okra stalk is a better pulp and paper raw material than the rice husk. In conclusion, the chemical compositions of the raw materials seem to have a visible impact on the pulp yield. The part of the rice plant used may be a determining factor in its performance as a pulp and paper raw material because the chemical composition of each plant part is different from one other. Also, soil type and planting season/condition could be responsible for the variations of some properties of okra stalk when compared to previous works done in other countries. Waste okra stalk is a better alternative raw material for the pulp and paper industry than rice husk. For further work, a blend of the pulps from the two raw material sources may be considered and the paper properties compared with paper from 100% of either pulp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank the management of Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria and the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos State, for their support, in creating an enabling environment for this research. REFERENCES [1] Mehmet Akgul, Ayhan Tozluoglu. (2010) ‘Alkaline-ethanol pulping of cotton stalks. Scientific Research and Essays, Vol. 5 (10), pp. 1068-1074. [2] Atchison JE. (1996). ‘Twenty-five years of global progress in non-wood plant fiber repulping.’. Tappi J., Vol. 79, pp. 87-95. [3] JC Villar, JL Tagle. (2001) ‘Comparative study of Kenaf varieties and growing conditions and their effcts on Kraft pulp quality’. Wood Science and technology, Vol. 34, pp. 543- 552. [4] M Sarwar Ja, Moshikur Rahman, M. Mostafizur Rahman. (2012) ‘Characterization and evaluation of okra fibre (abelmoschus esculentus) as a pulping raw material’. Journal of Science and Technology for Forest Products and Processes, Vol. 2 (5), pp. 12-17. [5] David O. Olukanni, Michael O. Akinyinka. (2012) ‘Environment, Health and Wealth: Towards an Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria’. Proc. ICCEM, pp. 138-145. [6] Modupe Elizabeth Ojewumi, Adesanmi Adedoyin Ayomide, Oyinlola Mopeola Obanla, Olugbenga Olufemi Awolu, Emmanuel Omotayo Ojewumi. (2014) ‘Pozzolanic properties of Waste Agricultural Biomass - African Locust Bean Pod Waste’. World Journal of Environment Biosciences, Vol. 6(3), pp. 1-7. [7] Odunlami OA, Elehinafe FB, Abatan OG, Mamudu AO. (2018) ‘Assessment of Carbon Monoxide emission from different brands of split air-conditioners’. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Vol. 9(9), pp. 655-662. [8] Mohammed RQ (2009) ‘Electricity Consumption and GHG Emissions in GCC Countries’. Energies, Vol. 2, December 16, pp. 1201-1213. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 478 editor@iaeme.com
Edith Egbimhanlu Alagbe, Ezekiel Sunday Bassey, Olusegun Adegboyega Alagbe, Vincent Enontiemonria Efeovbokhan, Daniel Temitayo Oyekunle and Kamilu F. Oyedeko [9] Katri Saijonkari-Pahkala. (2001) ‘Non wood plants as raw material for pulp and paper’. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland. [10] Augustine Omoniyi Ayeni, James Abiodun Omoleye, Sandeep Mudliar, Fredrick Kofi Hymore, Ram Awtar Pandey. (2014) ‘Utilization of lignocellulosic waste for ethanol production: Enzymatic digestibility and fermentation of pretreated shea tree sawdust’. Korean J. Chem. Eng. [11] TAPPI. (1997b) Standard T264 cm: Preparation of wood for chemical analysis. [12] TAPPI. (2002) Acid insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. [13] TAPPI. (1999) Standard T207 cm: Water solubility of wood and pulp. [14] Jahan MSM, Shamsuzzamana M, Rahman M, Iqbal Moeizb SM, Ni Y. (2012) ‘Effect of pre-extraction on Soda-Anthraquinone (AQ) pulping of rice straw’. Ind. Crops Prod., Vol. 37, pp. 164-169. [15] Ai J, Tschirner U. (2010) ‘Fiber length and pulping characteristics of Switchgrass, Alfalfa stems, Hybrid plar and Willow Biomasses’. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, pp. 215- 221. [16] IM SarwarJahan, M Shamsuzzaman, M Mostafizur Rahman, SM Iqbal Moeizy N. (2012) ‘Effect of pre-treatment on soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping of rice straw’. Industrial Crop Products, Vol. 37(1), pp. 164-169. [17] CN Saikai, T Goswami, F Ali. (1997) ‘Evaluation of pulp and paper making characteristics of certain fast-growing plant’. Wood Science and Techmology, Vol. 31, pp. 467-475. [18] Frantisek Potucek, Bijay Gurung, Katerina Hajkova. (2014) ‘Soda pulping of rapeseed’. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 48(7-8), pp. 683-691. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 479 editor@iaeme.com

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