Cost, Schedule, and Time Variances and Integration

The paper "Cost, Schedule, and Time Variances and Integration" derives and demonstrates detailed schedule- and cost-control relationships at the activity/cost-account level with which project managers can budget, track, and control projects. Time variances are introduced to describe differences between scheduled times and actual times for activity and project performance. Variances are the sum of more detailed variances, and variances can be calculated and reported at different levels of detail, whether for activities and cost accounts or for a project as a whole.