Cuộc đấu tranh của các chiến sĩ cộng sản trong nhà tù thực dân thời kỳ 1932-1935

cuoc DAU TRANH CUA CAC CHIEN SI CONG SAN<br /> TIlioNG NHA TU THIfC DAN THOfI KY 1932-1935<br /> <br /> NGUYEN NGOC MAO"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> xii la 5.928 (2). Vao nhQng nam dau thap<br /> N hQng nam 1932-1935 la mdt trong<br /> nhQng thdi k}' khd khan nha't cua<br /> each mang Viet Nam va cung la thdi ky<br /> ky 30, sd tu chinh tri da len den gan 16.000<br /> (3).<br /> dien ra cude dau tranh gian khd ciia eae NhQng ngQdi lu ehu yeu bi b i t trong eae<br /> chien si cdng san trong cac nhd tu thyc ddt khiing bd' tring, gdm nhQng dang vien<br /> ddn. Cude dau tranh cd mdt y nghla khdng cdng san, cac chien si yeu nQde va ca nhQng<br /> nhd trong thdi ky phue hdi phong trao each dan thQdng. Trong tu, hp bi danh dap, tra<br /> mang 1932-1935, de lai mdt trong nhQng ta'n bet sQc da man. NhQng didu kien tdi<br /> trang sQ ve vang trong chang dQdng 80 thieu de duy tri sy sd'ng khdng dQdc dam<br /> nam lanh dao eiia Dang Cdng san. bao. Cude sd'ng eiia tu nhan chi ti'nh tQng<br /> Sau cao trao cdch mcang 1930-1931 va gid vdi sQ day ai the xac va tinh t h i n ed the<br /> Xd Viet-Ngbp Tinb, de qud'e Phdp tiep tue so sanh vdi nhQng hinh phat khiing khiep<br /> tang cQdng khiing bd'. Hang chuc nghin nha't trong lich sil nhan loai. Nhidu tu<br /> chien si cdng sdn va quan chung cdch mang nhan khdng chiu ndi tra tan da phai chet<br /> bi b i t va bi sat hai. Rieng sd' ngQdi bi thyc trong nha tu.<br /> dan Phap b i t giam, ehi tfnh tQ 1930 ddn<br /> Mpt trpng trach ldn lao dat tren vai cac<br /> 1933, da len tdi eon sd 246.532. Cac nha tu<br /> Hda Ld (Ha Ndi), Kham Ldn (Sai Gdn), Lao chien si cdng san (4), la lam the nao de giac<br /> Bao, Sdn La... chat nfeb ehfnh tri pham. ngd so iQdng tu nhan ldn nhQ vay trd thdnh<br /> Rieng d nha tu Cdn Dao, chi trong khoang lye iQdng cdch mang, mdt phong trao ngay<br /> thdi gian iQ 1930 den 1935, cd den 833 tu trong cac nha tu.<br /> ehfnh tri bi cbel do hi tra ta'n bet sQe da TQ kinh nghiem eiia cao trao each mang<br /> man. O nha tu Kon Turn, hdn 300 ngQdi bi 1930-1931, nhQng chien si cdng san trong<br /> thu tieu. Rieng d Blc Ky, tQ 1930 den 1931, tu da tim kiem nhQng hinh thQc da'u tranh<br /> de qudc Phap md 21 phien tda dai hinh, xii bet sQc sang tao. N h i m thd'ng nha't viec to<br /> 1094 dn, trong dd cd 64 an til hinh, 114 khd chQc va chi dao da'u tranh cd hieu qua, vd'n<br /> sai, 420 an iQu day biet xQ (1). Cung b Blc de cd tfnh quyet dinh, la phai thanh lap cac<br /> Ky, chi tfnh den thdi diem 31-12-1932, sd ehi bd. Tuy nhien, khi mdi vdo tii, day la<br /> ngQdi bi ket an va dang trong qua trinh xet van dd difdc eae dang vien cdng san tranh<br /> <br /> <br /> TS. Vien SQ hoc<br /> Cu6c da'u h-anh ciia c6c chien si cong sin. 29<br /> <br /> luan, cd nen thanh lap ehi bd hay khdng. 1935 chd'ng lai viec cai ngue b i t tu nhan an<br /> Ne'u ehi bp dQdc thanh lap, trong dieu kien "khd muc" cd ddi. Cude dau danh da bien<br /> khic nghiet cua nha tu, thi hinh thQc boat thanh cude tuyet thQc eiia 120 tu nhan vdi<br /> ddng nhQ the ndo. Mac du khdng he cd sy yeu sdch: cam ddnh dap, bdt gid lao ddng<br /> lien lac vdi nhau trong cac nha tu vd cung khd sai, phdt quan do, cai thien an ud'ng,<br /> khdng the xin y kien chi dao tQ ben ngoai, didu tri benh lao... Cude dd'u tranh bude<br /> nhQng dang vien cdng san, vd'n da trai qua thyc dan Phap phai nhQdng bp (5).<br /> thyc tien da'u tranh, deu cd chung mdt<br /> 0 nhd lu Hda Ld, dudi sQ lanh dao cua<br /> quan diem, la phai thdnh lap chi bd cdng<br /> td chQc Dang Cong san, nhidu cude da'u<br /> san. TQ y nghla dd, ngay trong nhQng nam<br /> tranh eiia tu nhan dQdi hinh thQc tuyet<br /> 1930-1931, nhQng chi bp Dang Cdng san<br /> thyc dai ngay chd'ng lai sQ khiing bd' va len<br /> d i u tien dQdc thdnh lap d nhd tu Hda Ld<br /> an che dp lao tu da lam cho de qudc Phdp<br /> (Ha Npi), Kham Ldn (Sai Gdn), nhd tu phai lung lung. Ddng chu y nhd'l, la cude<br /> Vinh, nha tu Hai Phdng... Ndm 1932, chi dd'u tranh tuyet thyc cua nQ lu nhan chd'ng<br /> bd nhd tu Cdn Dao dQdc thanh lap, da lien khiing bd' da bude bpn dd qudc phai bdi bd<br /> lac vdi XQ uy Nam Ky vd dQdc cdng nhan la che dp cai lu nQ, le khoanh tay khi diem<br /> ehi bp dac biet. danh, de chi em ly cai qudn mpi cdng viec<br /> Nhiem vu trUde m i l cua ebi bd vd cua trai minh.<br /> nhQng ddng vien cdng san la td chQc ddu O nhd tu Sdn La, cuoc dd'u tranh eiia cac<br /> tranh chdng lai che dp khac nghiet ciia nhd chien si yeu nQde vd cdch mang, ma hat<br /> tu, chd'ng khung bd, tra thu, ddi cai thien nhdn la nhQng tu cdng san, dudc bat ddu<br /> dieu kien sd'ng eiia lu nhan. ngay tren dUdng hp bi dp giai IQ nhd lu<br /> Trong dieu kien nghiet nga ciia nhd tu, Hda Ld. Ldi dung sQ sd bd ciia quan djch,<br /> nhQng ngifdi tu cdng san, b i n g ehfnh hdnh cac chien si cdng san tranh thii rai truyen<br /> ddng, Idl sd'ng va long bao dung, nhdn ai ddn luyen truydn cdch mang, idcbQc ca hat<br /> eiia minh, nliQ cham sde sQc khde, nhUdng nhim tranh thu sQ cam tinh cua nhan dan<br /> khau phan an, ddng vien, chia se vdi tu vd Id' cdo nhQng hdnh ddng ddi x\t vd nhan<br /> nhdn da carp hda vd thu phuc dQdc hp, ke dao cua dd qud'e Phdp ddi vdi lu nhan. Tinh<br /> ca nhQng tu iQu manh. TQng bQdc, nhQng t h i n dau tranh dung cam va mUii Irf cua<br /> ngQdi tu cdng san da gide ngd va tap hdp nhQng chien si cdng san cang dildc phdt<br /> xung quanh minh mdt dpi ngu ddng dao tu huy khi da bi giam cam trong nha lu Sdn<br /> thQdng pham, td chQc cdc hdi IQdng trd vd La, da bude de qude Phap khdng nhQng cai<br /> din d l t hp vdo cude d i u tranh. thien didu kien giam giQ, ma nhidu khau<br /> quan trpng trong nhd lu, nhQ y le, bep an,<br /> O nha lu Cdn Dao, cude da'u tranh eiia<br /> xe nude... phai de nhQng ngQdi cdng san<br /> tu nhan dQdi sy lanh dao ciia chi bd da<br /> quan ly. Nhd dd, cuoc sd'ng eiia lu nhan<br /> bupe nha tu, d mQc dp nao dd, phai cai<br /> dQdc cai thien.<br /> thipn didu kien lao ddng khd sai, thay ddi<br /> nhQng ten tu iQu manh tdn ac ehi huy cdc d) nha tu Kon Turn, cude dd'u tranh<br /> top tu trong cdc bd phan lao dpng bdng tuyet thuc kien cUdng ciia anh chi em, mac<br /> nhQng tu cdng san. Mdt trong nhQng cude du bi ddn dp d i m mdu vdi hdng chuc ngUdi<br /> da'u tranh cd hieu qua la cude dau tranh chet, vin keo ddi sud't 5 ngay, da bude dd<br /> tuypt thyc cua 70 tu chinh tri ngay 1-3- qud'e Phdp phai cdi thien che dp lu pham.<br /> 30 Rghien eiiru Lich sit. sd 1.2010<br /> <br /> nhif che do an ud'ng, didu kien lao ddng khd boat ddng vdn hda, van nghe trong nha tu.<br /> sai. Nhd vay, cbi trong 6 thdng, IQ thdng Nhidu vd kich sinh ddng cd tac dung giao<br /> 12-1931 den thang 6-1932, cd khoang 200 due Idng yeu nQde, chd'ng giac ngoai xam,<br /> tu chinh tri, khi bet mua ldm difdng trd ve phe phan nhQng thdi hQ tdt xau eiia xa hdi<br /> Kon Tum (6), trQ mdt vdi ngUdibi benh dQdc cac tu chinh tri bien soan vd cdng<br /> chd't, cdn lai deu dQdc an loan (7). dien, nhQ vd "TrUng NU Vuang". "Quang<br /> Trung", "De Thdm". "Td dd tUdng"... Nhieu<br /> O Khdm Ldn Sai Gdn, cude dd'u tranh<br /> tdc i)ham van hpc cd gid tri cung dQdc cac<br /> phan ddi dn tu hinh Ly Ty Trpng da ldm<br /> tu ehfnh trj, md chu ye'u Id cdc tu ehfnh tri<br /> ndo dpng ca thdnh phd' vd lam eho bpn de'<br /> cdng san bien dich, nhQ cudn "Mudi ngay<br /> qudc phai ehun tay.<br /> rung chuyen the gidi" cua nhd van My Gidn<br /> Tai tda dn Dai hinh Sdi Gdn, 120 chien Rft, "Xi mdng" eiia Gdldcdp, "Sudi thep" eiia<br /> si cdng san bj dem ra xdl xiI iQ ngay 2 de'n Xerafimdvfch. NhQng tdc pham ndy khdng<br /> ngay 9-5-1933 vdi 8 ban dn til hinh, 19 dn nhQng dUdc cdc lu nhdn chuyen tay nhau<br /> chung than va khd sai, 79 ngQdi bi iQ 5 dpc, md cdn dQdc ddn dQng cdng phu thdnh<br /> nam den 20 nam lu da gay xdn xao dif ludn nhQng vd kich vdi sU tham gia ciia ngdt<br /> trong nudc vd quo'c te vd dUdc gpi la "vu dn tram tu nhdn da thu hut sy ddn xem cua ea<br /> sd 121" (sd'hd .sd). Tai ddy, cdc chien si cdng nhQng ten cai ngue Phap. Day la mdt trong<br /> san dd bien phien tda thdnh dien ddn len nhQng boat ddng cd hi()u qua nham cam<br /> an che dp thUe ddn vd luyen truydn ehu hda mpt sd'ten cai ngue, binh linh, tu nhdn<br /> trUdng, difdng Idl ciia Ddng (8). ma lanh vdi muc dich tao hau thuan cho<br /> cude da'u tranh ddi cai thien dieu kien sinh<br /> O nhd tu Budn Ma Thudl, cude dd'u<br /> boat, giup cdc chien si cdch mang bat lien<br /> tranh cua cdc tu nhan ehfnh tri md bat<br /> lac vdi Id chQc dang ben ngoai vd td chQc<br /> nhdn la cac dang vien cong sdn ldn dn chd<br /> VQdt ngiic (10). : v^rv.i'tfl<br /> dp da man cua nhd tu da difdc nhd bao<br /> Phap phanh phui Irifdc dif ludn bude bpn Bdi dudng ly luan ehfnh tri cho dang<br /> giam nguc phai thay ddi thdi dp vd ddp Qng vien vd nhQng ngQdi ed cam tinh vdi each<br /> mdt sd'yeu sdch cua lu nhan (9). mang dUdc cdc chidn si cdng san bet sQc<br /> ehu trpng.<br /> Net dpc ddo cua hinh thQc dau tranh<br /> khde difdc tu nhdn cdng san td chQc, Id boat VQdt len mpi sU kiem tra gat gao cua<br /> ddng van hda - van nghe, ma nhd tu Cdn nhd tu, cdc chien si cdng san da tim mpi<br /> Dao Id mpt dien hinh. Nhd tu Cdn Dao la cdch de ed dUde nhQng tdi lieu hpc tap, trau<br /> nha tu ldn nha't, khct tidng nhd't Ddng ddi kien thQc ve ly luan each mang tren Idp<br /> Difdng, ndi lap trung khd nhidu tu chinh trifdng ciia ehu nghla Mac-Lenin.<br /> In thude cdc td chQc each mang, nhQ Hdi O nha tu Cdn Dao, do lam tdt cdng tac<br /> Viet Nam Cdch mang Thanh nien, Tdn van dpng, gide ngd q u i n chung, nhQng<br /> Viet Cdch mang dang, Viet Nam Qud'e ddn ngUdi cdng san da nhd mot sd binh linh,<br /> dang, Ddng Cdng san vd cdc td chQc quan thuy thu, cdng chQc tien bp mua tai lieu<br /> chung. Do d(ic thu ed nhieu tu nhan thupc kinh dien ciia chii nghla Mac-Lenin, nhQ<br /> cdc td chQc cdch mang, nhQng ngQdi cdng "Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng Cong sdn", "TU<br /> san dd xua't thdnh lap Ban lanh dao dQdi bdn". "Cfid'ng Duyrinh", "Chu ngliia duy<br /> hinh thQc Ban trat ty de td chQc nhQng vat vd chu ngJua kinh nghiem phi phan".<br /> CuQc dau tranh ciia cac chien sT cdng shn. 31<br /> <br /> <br /> "Ldm gi?", "Benh du tri td khuynh trong dia, nUa phong kidn nhif nifdc la va n h u n g<br /> phong trao cdng sdn", "Hai sdch luac cua van de lien q u a n den sdch lUdc ciia cdch<br /> Ddng ddn chd xd hoi', "Nguyen ly cua chu mang. 0 n h a tu Hda Ld, ddng chf Nguyen<br /> nghla Lenin",... do D a n g Cong san P h d p DQc C a n h va ddng chf Nguyen Lifdng Bang<br /> x u a t b a n . NhQng t a i lieu ciia D a n g Cong bd ra n h i e u cdng sQc de bdi difdng kinh<br /> san Ddng Dudng c u n g difdc bf m a t chuyen nghiem van ddng cdng - ndng vd binh Ifnh<br /> vao cdc k h d m cua n h a tu Cdn Dao, nbU: cho nhQng can bd ddng vien, n h a t la nhQng<br /> "Chanh cUang vdn tdt cua Ddng", "Sdch cdn bp sap mdn b a n tu, ddng Ihdi long ket<br /> luac vdn tdt vd Luan cUang chinh tri cua kinh nghiem cua cdng tdc ndy mot each cd<br /> Ddng"... O n h a l u Hda Ld, cdc ddng chf cd he Ihd'ng. NhQng Idp triet hpc va kinh td<br /> ly ludn ehfnh tri vd cd tri nhd td't da chep chinh tri hpc d n h d lu Cdn Dao do cdc ddng<br /> va bien soan lai cac cudn.' "Nhiing vdn dd chf da qua cdc Idp h u a n kiyen eiia ddng chf<br /> cua chu nghla Lenin", "NhUng vd'n de ca Nguyen Ai Qudc d Q u a n g Chdu hoiic tdt<br /> bdn cua cdch mang Dong Duang", "Luan nghiep IrUdng Dai bpc PhUdng Ddng d Lien<br /> cUang chinh tri", "Ba Le Cdng xd". "Gid tri Xd ldm giang vien t h u hiit sU t h a m gia ciia<br /> thdng du", "Kinli nghiem cdng tdc van ddng hdng t r a m lu chi'nli tri cong sdn. Cung lai<br /> qudn chdng",... Cdc tai lieu ndy dUdc soan nhd tii Cdn Dao, n h u n g Idp chuyen nghien<br /> thao cat giau rat cdng p h u vdi sd lifdng cQu nhQng tdc p h i m kinh didn cua chu<br /> hdng kg ddn mQc khi bi p h d t h i e n cdc gidm nghla Mac-Lenin vd lien he vdi thyc tien<br /> ngue va cai nguc p h a i ngae nhien (11). O cdch m a n g Viet Nam ddnh rieng cho cdc<br /> n h a lu Sdn L-a, tdi lieu dQdc bf mdt chuyen ddng chf da ed t r i n h dp ly luan, nliQ ddng<br /> vdo cdc k h d m t r o n g cac chuyen day di cua ehi Nguyen Van CQ, Le Diuin, P h a m Van<br /> lu n h a n cdng sdn tQ Hda Ld. O nhQng nhd Ddng... dd ldm sdng id nhieu van de ly luan<br /> tu khdc, b i n g nhidu b o a t dpng khdn kbeo, vd difdng ldi each m.ang Viet Nam. NhQng<br /> ndi d u n g cd ban cua chQdng t r i n h hpc tap ly<br /> eae chien sy cdng s a n da ed dQdc nhQng tdi<br /> luan va luyen truydn gide ngd q u a n chung<br /> lieu de bdi dUdng t r i n h dp ly ludn vd ndng<br /> d nhd tu Cdn Ddo dildc p h d n dnh tren cdc<br /> cao y IhQc each m a n g cho d a n g vien.<br /> Id la]) chf vd cdc td bao, nhU: "Y kie'n<br /> Nhieu Idp hoc l a p chinh tri d nhQng chung", "Ngiidi td do"...<br /> trinh dp khde n h a u dQdc bf m a t td chQc<br /> trong cac n h a tu. NhQng Idp sd giang dQdc Qua cdc Idp hpc l a p va h u a n luyen,<br /> td chQc cho cdc ddng chi chifa dUdc hpc nhQng ngifdi cdng san da trQdng thdnh vd<br /> chinh tri bao gid vdi muc dich lam cho hp n h a n IbQc Ibd gidi quan, \'d trinh dp ly ludn,<br /> hieu t h e ndo Id ehu n g h l a cdng s a n , giai trong dd nhidu ngQdi Ird t h a n h n h u n g edn<br /> cdp, da'u t r a n h giai ca'p... Cdn trong nhQng bd lanh dao xuat sac ciia Dang. Vd van dd<br /> Idp bdi dudng kien thQc cd b a n ve dQdng ldi ndy, Chii lich Hd Chf Minh nhdn xel: "Bie'n<br /> cdch m a n g Viet N a m , n h u cdc van dd: tfnh cdi rui thdnh cdi may. cdc dong chi ta dd lai<br /> chat, n h i e m vu, dpng luc, sdch ludc... cua dung nhUng ngay tlidng d tu de hgi liop vd<br /> cdch m a n g difdc cdc chien si cdng san t h a o hgc tap ly ludn. Mot ldn niia. vice do lai<br /> ludn sdi ndi. 0 nhd tu Cdn Dao, ddng chf chdng to rdng chinli sdcli khdng bd cUc ky<br /> Ngd Gia T y difa ra n h i e u y kidn ve vai trd dd man cua ke thu chdng nhiing khdng<br /> ciia giai cdp lif s a n vd giai cap dia chii ngdn trd duac biidc tien cua cdcli mgng md<br /> trong didu kien cu the cua mdt nifdc thude trdi lai, nd dd trd nen mdt thd" liia thii vdng,<br /> 32 Rghien eiiru Ljch sit, so 1.2010<br /> <br /> nd ran luyen cho ngiidi cdch mgng cdng ddn tdc) vd ngUdi the gidi (cdch mgng the<br /> tlicm ciing ran. Md ket qud Id cdch mgng gidi) (13). Tuy nhien, sy giai thich nay, nhu<br /> dd thdng the. dequd'c dd thua... (12). ehfnh nhQng ngQdi cd uy tin trong Viet<br /> Dau tranh lif IQdng vdi Viet Nam Qud'e Nam qudc dan dang nhan xet, khdng ed<br /> dan ddng Id mpt trong nhQng nhiem vu ma nghla la cuoc dau tranh trong npi bd dang<br /> nhQng ngQdi lu cdng san phai ddi mat hp "de'n ddy la gidi quye't xong... (14).<br /> trong cdc nhd tu thyc dan. NhUng ve sau, ehfnh nhQng ngQdi tu<br /> TQ sau vu am sdt ten trum md phu Cdng san phai ddi mat vdi nhQng ngQdi tu<br /> Bazin (9-2-1929), nhd't la IQ sau cude khdi Quo'c dan dang trong cude da'u tranh tren<br /> nghla Yen Bdi (thdng 2-1930), hang ngan linh vyc tQ tifcing lien quan den difdng Idi<br /> dang vien Viet Nam Qud'e dan dang bi cdch mang ciia mdi ben. Tai nhd tu Hda Ld,<br /> giam vd bi tra tan het sQc da man trong cac dang vien Qud'e dan dang ra td bao "Bdt<br /> nha tu thyc ddn. Khi mdi vdo tu, nhd't la d chien sdu" de bao ve quan diem eiia hp va<br /> nha tu Hda Ld, nhQng dang vien Qud'e dan tranh luan vdi nhQng ngQdi cdng san ve<br /> dang, d mQc dp ndo dd, da cung vdi nhQng giai ca'p va dd'u tranh giai ca'p; Td qud'e va<br /> dang vien Cdng san dd'u tranh chd'ng lai gia dinh; Chii nghla tam dan vd chu nghla<br /> che dp ha khac cua nhd tu, ddi cai thien cdng san... Viet Nam Qud'e dan dang phii<br /> dieu kien song ciia tu nhan. Tai day, khi nhan sy phan chia giai cap va da'u tranh<br /> Phdp dUa gin 100 chidn si Viet Nam Qud'e giai cap d Vict Nam, ddng thdi phii nh.dn<br /> dan dang tham gia khdi nghia Yen Bdi ra vai trd lanh dao each mang ciia giai ed'p<br /> xet xU lai phien tda Hdi ddng de hinh Yen cdng nhdn. Tren lap trQdng ciia chu nghla<br /> Bdi, hp da the bipn khi phdeh da'u tranh Mde-Lenin, can cQ vao qud trinh phat trie'n<br /> kien cQdng trifdc ldi bude tdi eiia de qudc kinh te, xa hpi cua Viet Nam ke tQ khi<br /> Phdp vd dUdc cdc t i n g Idp nhan ddn id Idng Phdp xdm lUdc, nhQng ngifdi cdng sdn da<br /> ngUdng md. Lich sU mai mai ghi nhan dQa ra nhQng ludn diem cd can cQ khoa hpc<br /> nhQng ddng gdp cua hp cho sy nghiep giai ve vai trd lanh dao cua giai cap cdng nhdn<br /> phdng dan tdc. ma Bd tham muu ciia nd Id Dang Cong san,<br /> Tuy nhien, trong tu, cdc dang vien Viet ve sy lien minh giQa giai ca'p cdng nhdn vd<br /> Nam Qudc ddn dang vdn bao ve quan diem giai ca'p ndng dan vdi cdc t i n g Idp khdc<br /> ve difdng ldi each mang eiia minh, ma thyc trong cdch mang giai phdng ddn tdc... Vdi<br /> chd't da bi thyc lien phu dinh. Thoat diu, da tQ cdch Id nhQng chii biit ciia cac td bdo:<br /> xay ra cuoc dd'u tranh trong ndi bd Viet Nam "Dudc dUa dUdng", "Con dudng chinh",<br /> Qudc Dan dang d nhd tu Cdn Dao ve khdi "Dudc Viet Nam", ddng chf Lo Duan vd<br /> niem the nao la each mang dan tpc vd each ddng ehi TrQdng Chinh da ddng vai trd tfch<br /> mang the gidi. Sau mpt qua trinh dd'u tranh eye trong cuoc but chien vdi Viet Nam Qude<br /> quyet liet, hp di de'n mpt sy thd'ng nhat cd dan dang trong nha tu Hda Ld. Ngodi ra,<br /> tfnh thda hiep vd viec xdc dinh ehu nghla cdc td bdo: "Lao tu tgp chi" vd "Tap chi<br /> ciia Dang mpt cdch chung chung Id: "TrUdc Cong sdn" cua ede tu nhdn cdng san da gdp<br /> ldm cdch mgng ddn tdc, sau ldm cdch mgng p h i n khdng nhd vao viec tuyen truyen each<br /> the gidi cd nghla Id trit bo nhiing dp bdc ve mang, gide ngd (iiian chiing, vd phe phdn<br /> chinh tri, kinh texd hgi (cdch mgng) demUu nhQng quan diem phi thyc te cua Viet Nam<br /> hgnh phdc cfio ngUdi Viet Nam (cdch mgng Qude dan dang dupc bieu hien rd nha't<br /> Cuoc dau tranh ciia cac chien si cdng s i n . 33<br /> <br /> trong cuoc khdi nghla Yen Bdi cung n h u y khiing bd tan khdc cua de qudc Phaj), cdc cd<br /> thQc td chQc Idng leo cua ddng nay. Bi ddnh sd dang h l u nhil bi tan vd, cac ddng chi Idnh<br /> bai ve ly ludn va nhQng phifdng dien khdc, dao Dang cdc cap, nhQng dang vien xua't s i c<br /> Qud'e dan d d n g vQa quay sang tuyen truyen ciia Dang bi giet hoac bi bat giam trong cdc<br /> chii nghla t a m d a n , vQa d u n g Ihii doan nhd lu. Vi vay, nhiem vu nay n h i m v;io hai<br /> "thien chien" vd "huyet chien". Trong bdi muc dich: tang cudng sQc m a n h ciia Dang d<br /> canh dd, trong h a n g ngu cua Viet Nam Qud'e ben ngoai vd phdi hdp ddu t r a n h trong cdc<br /> dan d a n g bi phdn hda sdu s i c . NhQng dang nhd lu vdi phong Irdo chung.<br /> vien Viet N a m Qudc d a n d a n g ed cam tinh<br /> Vdi y nghla tren, lai n h a lu Hda Ld, cdc<br /> vdi Dang Cong sdn ngay cang t a n g (15).<br /> ddng chf Le Dudn, Nguyen Lifdng B i n g ,<br /> Tai n h d tu Cdn Dao, a n h hQdng eiia Nguyen Tao, Bui Xudn Mdn, Nguyen<br /> nhQng ngQdi cdng s a n ddi vdi tu n h d n ndi Trpng Dam... da lap ke hoach vQdt nguc rd't<br /> chung, chinh tri p h a m Qudc d a n d a n g ndi linh hoat. NhQng ddng chf dUde piian cdng<br /> rieng, la ra't ldn. P h o n g cdch sd'ng, each vUdt nguc, b i n g nhQng h d n h vi khon khco,<br /> thQc td chQc dd'u t r a n h , hpc t a p van hda, ly da dQdc cap giay phep ra nhd thudng Phii<br /> luan, y chf vUdn ldn cua d a n g vien Cdng Doan. TQ day, ldi d u n g su chu q u a n ciia ke<br /> san da lam cho d a n g vien Qud'e ddn d a n g dich, nhQng ddng chf tren da d u n g nhQng<br /> cang td ve hoai n g h i ve chii t h u y e t md hp d u n g eu thd sd cat d a u dude cUa song sat<br /> dang tdn thd vd theo dudi. Vdi sy da'u t r a n h ciia nhd Ihifdng. Ket qua, sdu ddng chf:<br /> khdn kbeo eiia nhQng ngifdi cdng san, mpt Nguyen Tao, Nguyen Trpng Dam, Hao Lich,<br /> so' ddng vidn Qud'e d a n d a n g da ty nguyen Bui Xudn Man, Le Dinh Tuyen, Nguyen<br /> dQng t r o n g h d n g n g u ciia D a n g Cdng sdn Ludiig Bang dd thoat nguc mdt cdch an todn<br /> vd td chQc Idp bpc v a n hda, nhQng tren thyc ve Nam Dinh, T h a n h Hda, Thai Binh, llUng<br /> te. Id hpe t a p chu nghia Mde-Lenin. Ldp Yen, Thdi Nguyt'ii de tiep luc hoat dpng, bd<br /> hpe cd luc da t a n g len den 100 ngifdi. TrQdc sung lUc lUdng cho Dang (17). D i u nam<br /> linh hinh t r e n , nhQng p h a n lu eye doan 1933, cbi bd Hd Ndi ben lac dudc vdi ddng<br /> trong Viet N a m Qud'e d a n d a n g Ihuc hien chf Nguyen Tao va Le Dinh Tuyen. Hai<br /> k h u n g bd' ndi bd, tuyen dn IQ hinh mdt sd ddng chf da giup chi bd bien soan vd an lodl<br /> ngQdi, trong dd cd ngifdi bi giet b u t mdt mdt so ldi lieu h u a n luyen. Sau do, khoang<br /> each da m a n . T u y n h i e n , ldp hpc vd chu giQa thdng 3-1933, chi bd ddn didn Da Phuc<br /> nghla Mde-Lenin trong h d n g ngu cua Viet (nay thude huyen Soc Sdn, ngoai t h a n h Hd<br /> Nam Qudc ddn d a n g vdn dQdc tiep tuc (16). Ndi) dQdc t h d n h lap gdm 6 dang vien do<br /> Qua sy n h a n thQc va hpc t a p trong lu, ddng chf Nguyen Tao ldm Bi Ihif. Day la chi<br /> nhieu d a n g vien Qudc d a n d a n g da chuyen bd dau tien difdc t h d n h Id]) d \'ung ndng thdn<br /> h l n s a n g lap t r u d n g cua chii nghla Mde- phia Bae Hd Npi.<br /> Lenin, trong dd cd nhQng ngifdi sau ndy giQ<br /> Tai n h d t u Cdn Dao, ndi ed dia hinh<br /> nhQng cQdng vi q u a n t r p n g trong D a n g vd<br /> hiem trd, x u n g q u a n h bidn bao bpc, vQdt<br /> Nhd nQde Viet N a m .<br /> nguc va lien h e vdi dd't lien la cdng viec rd't<br /> Lidn b e vdi cd sd d a n g bdn ngoai va td khd k h a n . T h e nhifng, tQ n a m 1930 den<br /> chQc vifdt nguc la mdt trong nhQng nhiem 1935, da cd tdi h a n g ngdn iudt tu C'dn Dao<br /> vu md n h u n g ngudi cdng s a n t r o n g cac nhd VUdt nguc. Sd' ngQdi bi bat lai va bi tra ldn<br /> tu ludn chu trpng. Nhil da de cap, do sy het siic da m a n cung len tdi h a n g ngdn.<br /> 34 Rghien euu Lich sur. so 1.2010<br /> <br /> TrQdc thyc trang tren, de chuan bi cho mdt Cude dali tranh ndy da thue ddy sy ra<br /> chuyen vQdt nguc, chi bp da chi dao sdt sao ddi nhQng ehi bp Dang Cong san, hat nhan<br /> nhieu khau: Lap Quy giai phdng de quyen lanh dao phong trdo trong cdc nha tu.<br /> tidn, lUa chpn nhQng ddng chf vQdt nguc, Trong dieu kien h l u bet cdc cd sd Dang ben<br /> chuan bi iQdng thUe, thuoc cdc loai, ddng ngoai bi tan vd dang trong qud trinh hdi<br /> thuyen, be... Lien tuc trong cdc nam, iQ phuc, nhQng chi bd trong tu gdp phan tao<br /> ndm 1932 den nam 1935, chi bd ddu td chQc them sQc manh cho boat ddng cua Ddng.<br /> cdc cude vUdt nguc cdng phu trong nhQng Cuoc dau tranh ciia ddng dao tu nhan<br /> didu kien bet sQc nghiet ngd ciia che dp dQdi nhidu hinh IhQc do cdc chi bp cdng san<br /> nha lu. Trong hai nam dau, nhQng cude lanh dao bode ndng cd't la cdc chidn sT cdng<br /> vifdt nguc da khdng thanh cdng, do mua gid san da cd vu, vd trd thdnh bd phan khang<br /> chudng ldn, sdng to, be va thuyen bi vd vd kbit ciia phong trdo dd'u tranh chung thdi<br /> bi ddnh chim, mot so' ngifdi by sinh tren kyndy. , ,. ,,.. -„. „•<br /> bien, sd' cdn lai bi bat va bi tra tan bet sQc<br /> Cude dd'u tranh ciia cdc chien .si cdng<br /> ldn bao. Rut kinh nghiem IQ sQ that bai dd,<br /> san trong tu ddng thdi thQc tinh idng yeu<br /> trong nhQng nam 1934 vd 1935, cbi bd da<br /> nQde, cam thu giac, niem iQ bdo dan tpc<br /> td chQc thanh cdng hai chuyen vQdt dao eho<br /> cho mdt so iQdng kha ddng tu nhan gdm<br /> nhidu ddng chf vd ca tu thQdng pham. Trd<br /> nhieu thanh phan, trong dd cd ea nhQng tu<br /> vd dd't lien, cdc ddng ebi da bat lien lac vdi<br /> nhdn iQu manh.<br /> cdc cd sd dang, mpt so' khac dQdc bd sung<br /> vdo cd quan XQ iiy Nam Ky vd trd thanh Cude dd'u tranh cdn ed y nghia rat to ldn<br /> nhQng can bp lanh dao chii chd't cua XQ uy. ddi vdi boat dpng trong tu eiia ede chien si<br /> cdng san d nhQng thdi ky sau dd. TQ kinh<br /> NhQng chien si vQdt nguc vd dUdc man nghiem dd'u tranh ciia thdi ky ndy, trong cdc<br /> ban IQ cdc nhd lu trd vd da bdo cdo cu the giai doan tiep theo, hdng loat chi bp cdng<br /> vdi cdc ed sd dang vd che dp nghiet nga eiia sdn difdc thdnh ldp trong cdc nha nguc, nha<br /> nhd tu, phong trao dau tranh trong tu ndi giam; boat dpng dau tranh ngay cang ])hong<br /> chung, linh hinh boat dpng va dd'u tranh phu, cd hieu qua, ft dd mdu; so tu ehfnh tri<br /> ciia cdc chi bp ndi rieng. TQ nhQng didu cung nhu tu thQdng pham vQdt ngiic an loan<br /> m i l thay, tai nghe trong cac nha tu, nhidu ngdy cang nhidu; sQ ket hdp dd'u tranh trong<br /> chien si cdch mang da viet nhQng bdi bdo lu vd ben ngoai ngay cang chat che.<br /> Id cdo ehfnh sdch vd nhan dao trong cdc<br /> Cude dd'u tranh nay khdng nhiing rdii<br /> nhd tu, yeu cau dai xa ehfnh tri pham, cai<br /> luyen nhQng ngQdi cdng sdn trinh dp ly<br /> lhi('n chd dp lao tu d Ddng Difdng va ban bd<br /> ludn, y ehi bd't kbua'l, dQc linh trung thdnh<br /> cdc quydn ty do ddn ehu. Day la nhQng can<br /> vdi sy nghiep each mang, ma cdn tfch luy<br /> cQ de Dang chi dao tang eUdng phdi hdp<br /> cho hp khdng ft nhQng kinh nghiem quy ban<br /> da'u tranh vdi phong trao trong cdc nhd tu,<br /> cho qud trinh cdch mang. Vi vay, ebfnb cua:<br /> ddy manh len dn nhQng hanh dpng khung<br /> da'u tranh trong tu dd gdp phan san sinh ra<br /> bd lu nhdn vd che dp tan ac eiia ede nha tu.<br /> mpt the he lanh dao cdch mang tai nang<br /> TrQdc bet, cd the tha'y, cude da'u tranh nhQ, nhQ Le Dudn, Pham Van Ddng, TrUdng<br /> cua cdc chien sT cdng san trong tu gdp phan Chinh, Nguyen Duy Trinh, Tdn DQc Thing,<br /> quan trpng vdo qua trinh phuc hdi phong Ngd Gia Ty, Nguyen Vdn CQ, Pham Hung,<br /> trao cdch mang thdi ky 1932-1935. Hoang Qud'e Vict, Le Thanh Nghi, Nguyen<br /> CuQc dau tranh ciia cac chien si cdng sin. 35<br /> <br /> <br /> L Q d n g B a n g , T r I n V a n G i a u . . . H p d a gdp N h a t u "thiic sii Id mdt vUdn liOm cua<br /> p h a n k h d n g n h d lam nen sy t h d n h cdng cua cdch mgng Viet Nam" vd c u d e da'u t r a n h<br /> each m a n g t r o n g n h Q n g n a m 30, Cdch m a n g ciia n h Q n g n g Q d i c d n g s a n t r o n g cdc n h d t u<br /> T h d n g T d m 1945 vd h a i cude k h d n g chien d a "gdp phdn thdc ddy phong trdo cdch<br /> c h d n g P h d p v a Chd'ng M y eiia d a n tdc.. mgng tie'n len (18).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Ban ngtiien cilu lich sii Dang Trung ildng. (9). Ban nghien cUu lich sU Dang Trung Udng:<br /> Lich su" Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam sO thao, tflp I, Nhiing sU kien lich si Ddng. tap I (1920-1954),<br /> 1920-1954. Nxb. Su That, Ha Ngi-1984, tr. 173- Nxb. Su that. Ha Npi, 1976, tr. 327;<br /> 174.<br /> (10). Ban Cha'p h a n h Dang bp tinh Ba Ria-<br /> (2). Annuaire statistique de L'Indochine. Vung Tau. Nhd tu Con Ddo (1862-1975). Nxb.<br /> Cinquidme Volume. 1932-1933. Hanoi, Imprimerie Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Npi, 2001, tr. 128-133.<br /> D extreme-Orient, 1935, p. 119. • •.•• . -<br /> (11). Le Van Ba. Ke chuyen nha tu Hoa Lb.<br /> (3). Dang Cong san Viet Nam. Van kien Ddng Nxb. Van hoa dan tpc. Ha Npi, 2006, tr. 17-18.<br /> todn tap. Tap V - 1935. Nxb. Clifnli tri quoc gia.<br /> (12). Ho Chf Minh; Todn tap, tap 10. Nxb.<br /> Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 371.<br /> Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Npi, 1996, tr 3-4,<br /> (1). Giai doan nay, so dang vien bi giam cSm<br /> (13). Vien Klioa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam. Vien SiJ<br /> trong cac nlia tu thUc dan len den vai ngan ngUdi<br /> hpc. H6i ky Trdn Huy Lieu. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi.<br /> (khoang hdn 2.000 ngUdi, chiem tren 57% so dang<br /> Ha Npi, 1991, tr. 158.<br /> vien khi do la 3.500 ngUdi), trong do c6 hdu het cac<br /> (14). Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam. Vien Su<br /> nha lanh dao xua't sac cua Dang.<br /> hpc. Hdi ky Tran Huy Lieu, sdd, tr. 158.<br /> "' (5). Xem: Dudiig T r u n g Quoc. Viet Nam-<br /> (15). Sd Van hoa Thong tin Ha Npi-Vien Lich<br /> Nhiing sii kien lich si? (1919-1945). Nxb. Giao due,<br /> su Dang. Dau tranh cua cdc chien si yeu nUdc vd<br /> 2000, tr. 241. Theo thong ke tren bao La Lutte<br /> cdch mang tai nhd tu Hoa Lb (1899-1954). Nxb<br /> ngay 6-4-1935. so tu chet vi lao dpng kho sai cl Con<br /> Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Npi. 1994, tr 130-135.<br /> Dao nam 1930: 305, 1931: 204, 1932: 105, 1933:<br /> (16). Ban Cha'p hanh Dang bp tinh Ba Ria-Vung<br /> 85. »/'"^v yrki ffe'.^ia V i i : . ;,. ..lis;-^;<br /> Tau. Nhd tit Con Ddo (1862-1975). Sdd, tr. 148-151.<br /> (6). TrUdc do, khi h e t miia lam viec, so tu nhan<br /> (17). Sd Van hoa Thong tin Hh Npi-Vicn Lich<br /> lao dong kho sai song sot tr6 ve Kon Tum chi con<br /> sU Dang. Ddu tranh cda cdc chien si yeu ni/dc vd<br /> lai chua difdc 1/3.<br /> cdch mang tgi nhd tit Hda Lb (1899-1954). Sdd, tr.<br /> (7). Le Van Hie'n: Nguc Kontum. Nxb. Hoi nha 136-142.<br /> van. Ha Npi. 1958, tr. 76-86. (18). Ldi ti/a cua coThu tUdng Phgm Vdn Dong<br /> viet cho cuon sdch: Ban Cha'p h a n h Dang bp tinh<br /> (8). Ban nghien cUu lich sU Dang Trung Udng.<br /> Ba Ria-Vung Tau. Nha tu Con Dao (1862-1975)<br /> Nhiing sU kien lich sii Ddng, tap 1 (1920-1954).<br /> Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Npi, 2001, tr. 8, 9.<br /> Nxb. S u T h a t , Ha Npi, 1976. tr. 302-303.<br />