Cuộc khởi nghĩa Hai Bà Trưng sau 1970 năm nhìn lại

c u o c KHdl NGHIA HAI B A TRlIlVG<br /> SAU 1 9 7 0 ]^AM ]\HIM LAI<br /> <br /> NGUY£N QUANG NGOC*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> da't ban bo cua cac vua Hung, k6o dai tren<br /> C uoc khcli nghia no ra vao mua Xuan,<br /> thang 3 nSm Canh Ty (nam 40) tai<br /> cfla song Hat v& bi Ma Vien danh bai ve cd<br /> hai bd song Hong tii phia tren cua dinh<br /> tam giac chau Viet Tri (Phii Tho) cho den<br /> ban cl ca'm Khe vao diu H6, thang 4 nSm g^n noi thanh Ha Noi va trai rong tii vung<br /> Quy Dau (nSm 43), thdi gian ton tai thiic te niii Ba Vi sang viing niii Tam Dao, tUdng<br /> chl hdn 3 nSm. The nhiing day phai diidc dUdng vdi p h i n ldn cac tinh Phii Tho, Vinh<br /> coi 1^ s\i ki^n co gia tri dSc bi$t nha't trong Phiic va Ha Noi hien nay. Nam 106 tr. CN,<br /> suo't tien trinh lich sfl da't nU6c, khong chi nha Han dat chau Giao Chi thong sua't 7<br /> vi no la cot mo'c ban le khSng dinh thanh quan cl luc dia va dSt tri sd cl quan Giao<br /> tiiu ba't hii cua nhan dan ta trong thcfi dai Chl. Diing din chau Giao Chi la chiic Thii<br /> diing nU6c dSu tien vk dinh hiidng cho sfl, dong tri sd tai Me Linh (lang Ha Loi, xa<br /> tiidng lai phat trien cua cuoc da'u tranh Me Linh, huyen Me Linh, Ha Noi). Nha<br /> thoat khoi ach tho'ng tri nghin nSm cua ke Han ban diu dat ca Chau tri, Qu^n tri va<br /> thii phiidng BSc, ma con d cho no dUdc sfl Do uy tri Giao Chi cl tren da't Me Linh vdi<br /> cu cua ca Trung Quoc va Vi^t Nam ghi lai muc dich viia cai quan toan viing Nam Viet<br /> kha cu t h l , v6i thai do tran trong va dUdc va Au Lac cii, viXa triic tie'p khong che "ddt<br /> khac dam trong ky Uc dan gian nhU mot td" cua ngiidi Lac Viet (1). Sach Dai Viet sd<br /> chan ly lich sfl, cang ngay cang rang rd, ky toan thU ch6p: TrUng Trac "nguyen la hg<br /> cang ngay cang ngdi sang. Lac, con gdi cua Lac tUdng huyen Me Linh,<br /> Phong Chdu" (2).<br /> 1. Cuoc ddng khfli toan dan, Trieu<br /> dinh Trifng Yttdng va Kinh do Me Linh Theo truyen thuyet dan gian va t h i n<br /> tich mieu Men va dinh Nam Nguyen (nay<br /> 1.1. Ve que hxidng va dong doi Hai la thon Nam An, xa Cam Thiidng, huyen<br /> BaTri/ng ^ 'i o^ Ba Vi, Ha Noi) thi me Hai Ba TrUng la<br /> TrUng TrSc, TrUng Nhi la con gai ca cua chau ngoai vua Hung, ngUdi lang Nam<br /> Lac tiidng huyen Me Linh. Da't Me Linh la Nguyen. Ba goa chong sdm nen phai mot<br /> <br /> ' GS-TS. Vi?n Vigt Nam hoc vh Khoa hoc phat trien • DHQG HN<br />  Rghien curu Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> minh dam dang viec nuoi day hai con gai ban hai huyen Me Linh, Chu Dien trd<br /> trong dau chan tSm va chSm chi luyen tap thanh trung tam ehu^n bi khdi nghia.<br /> vo nghe. Truyen thuyet con ke r i n g que NhUng ching may cong viec bi bai 16. To<br /> cha cua Hai Ba Triing la lang Ha Ldi (xa Dinh da t h i n g tay dan ap va giet chet Thi<br /> Me Linh, huyen Me Linh) va gia dinh bo Sach trUdc khi cuoc khdi nghia no' ra (5).<br /> me cua Hai Ba Tning chuyen nghe trong Hanh vi bao ngUde cua To Dinh khong<br /> dau, chan tSm, det lua. Than tich lang Lau nhQng khong dap t i t y chi da'u tranh eua<br /> ThUdng (Bach Hac, Phii Tho) con giai thich TrUng Trie, ma trai lai cang lam cho ngon<br /> vi bo' me Hai Ba Tning lam nghe chan tam Ifla cam thu boc cao.<br /> nen mdi dat ten con theo ten cac loai kin<br /> Thang 3 nam 40, TrUng Trie da ciing<br /> (k6n diy la triing chac, tiic TrUng Trie, con<br /> em la TrUng Nhi phat dong cuoc khdi nghia<br /> k6n mong la triing nhi tdc TrUng Nhi).<br /> d khu viie cfla song Hat (xa Hat Mon,<br /> Tuy chua co day dii tif lieu de xac dinh huyen Phiic Tho, Ha Noi) vdi muc dich den<br /> mot each that cu the, chinh xac que hUdng nd nUdc, tra thU nha. Sach Thien Nam ngU<br /> cua Hai Ba TrUng, nhUng v i n co the tin luc, thien sfl ca dUdm tinh dan gian the ky<br /> dUdc r i n g Hai Ba sinh ra va ldn len gin bo XVII ch6p ve Ldi the cua TrUng Trie tnidc<br /> vdi khu viic hai ben bd song Hong, doan tii quan si, cho biet ly do khdi nghia:<br /> Ha Loi (Me Linh) len den chua Mia (xa<br /> "Mgt xin rica sg,ch nUdc thii,<br /> DUdng Lam, Sdn Tay), mieu Men (xa Cam<br /> ThUdng, huyen Ba Vi), nay deu thuoc Ha Hai xin dem lai nghiep xUa hg Hiing.<br /> Noi (3) . Ba keo oan dc long chong,<br /> <br /> TrUng Trie la ngUdi phu nii "ra't hiing Bdn xin ven ven thda cdng lenh ndy" (6).<br /> dUng", "c6 can ddm, dung lUpc". Chong Nhiing ngUdi yeu nUde k h i p ndi r i m rSp<br /> TrUng Trie la Thi Sach, eon trai Lac tUdng k6o ve tu nghia d cfla song Hat.<br /> huyen Chu Dien (vung luu viic song Day va<br /> Cd nhiing ngUdi tif viing Phii Tho, Vinh<br /> md sang ca song Hong bao gom khu viic Ha<br /> Phuc theo song Hong, song Thao xuoi<br /> Noi, Ha Nam hien nay). Sach Dai Viet sd<br /> xudng. Cd nhiing ngUdi tii mien da't Hai<br /> ky todn thu giai thich kha cu the: "Thi<br /> Phong, Quang Ninh, Hai DUdng, HUng Yen<br /> Sdch cung Id con Lac tUdng, con hai nhd<br /> Lac tudng ket Hon vdi nhau" (4). Viec hai theo sdng Kinh Thay, sdng Dudng, song<br /> gia dinh Lac tUdng eo the liic ldn eua hai Hdng ngUde len. Cd nhiing ngUdi tii viing<br /> huyen hang dau cua quan Giao Chi, ciing Bic Ninh, Bic Giang xU Bic k6o ve. Co<br /> la viing da't to cua ngUdi Lac Viet, trung nhung ngudi tii vung Thai Binh, Nam<br /> tam quan trong nha't da't nUdc liic do ket Dinh, Ha Nam thuoc vung xii Nam ngUdc<br /> moi thong gia vdi nhau da lam cho thanh ddng song Luoc, sdng Hong, song Day k6o<br /> the cua ho cang them manh. de'n. Ra't nhieu cae vi tUdng d viing trung<br /> tam chau thd' sdng Hong (Ha Noi ngay nay)<br /> 1.2. Tii Hoi t h e N o n nUfle of cfla s o n g k6o sang, ciing cd khdng it nhiing ngUdi tfl<br /> H a t t r o n 1970 n a m trifflc cae viing xa xdi tan ben bd sdng Ma thuoc<br /> Chinh sach cai tri tan bao eua nha Dong quan Cflu Chan tim ra (7)...<br /> Han da thoi thue Thi Sach, TrUng Trie Ho la nhiing ngUdi ed ten hay khdng cd<br /> hiep mUu tinh ke noi day cho'ng lai va dia ten va p h i n nhieu nhQng ten dUde ke ra<br /> CuQc hhdfi nghla I?ai Ea Tnmg..<br /> <br /> chi mang tinh cha't bieu tning hay do ngUdi 1.3. D e n cuoc d d n g khfli c u a t o a n<br /> ddi sau them vao. NhUng cd the hinh dung dan ,,,•- •)• , r,-...<br /> moi ngudi, moi ten goi la mot dai di^n cho Roi tii cfla sdng Hat, tii TrUdng Sa Chau<br /> cac gia dinh, ddng ho, lang que va cac dia dai quan cua TrUng Trie theo ddng sdng<br /> phUdng ling nghia. Ho bao gom du cac ldp Hong kdo xud'ng danh chiem Dd uy tri<br /> ngudi, Ida tuo'i, cac thanh p h i n cU dan, (thuoc Ha Ldi, huyen Me Linh), danh<br /> thanh p h i n xa hoi. Cd nhiing ngUdi la quy chiem lai thanh Co' Loa (Ddng Anh, Ha<br /> toe giau sang dem de'n ca nhiing dao quan, Ndi). Tfl Cd' Loa nghia quan md cuoc tien<br /> nhUng ciing cd nhiing ngUdi ngheo chi biet cdng ed y nghia quye't dinh danh t h i n g vao<br /> dang hien mang sd'ng cua minh cho nghia dinh Thai thu Td Dinh, giai phdng thanh<br /> ca. Ngoai nhiing ngUdi Viet phUdng Nam, Luy Lau la sao huyet cua chinh quyen dd<br /> cdn cd ca nhiing ngUdi Han do khdng chiu ho Ddng Han (d khu viic Liing Khe, huyen<br /> diing nd'i ach thdng tri cua Thai thii Td Thuan Thanh, tinh Bic Ninh).<br /> Dinh da ndi day chdng lai va tii nguyen tim<br /> Khdi nghia Hat Mdn lap tiic dUdc sii<br /> de'n Hat Mdn...<br /> hudng iing cua cae lac tudng, lac dan,<br /> Cfla sdng Hat la cho gap nhau eua hai khdng chl d Me Linh, Chu Dien ma eon d<br /> ddng sdng ldn: sdng Hong va sdng Day, thdi cac dia phUdng khac. Sach Hau Hdn thU<br /> ky d i u Cdng nguyen cdn n i m d phia trUdc cho biet: Nhiing ngUdi Man, ngUdi Ly (tieng<br /> cfla den Hat Mdn hi^n nay. Ndi day la d i u chi chung cac dan tdc phUdng Nam) d 4<br /> md'i cua cac luong dudng giao thdng thuy quan Giao Chi, Cflu Chan, Nhat Nam, Hdp<br /> quan trong nha't cua nUdc ta khi dd, ndi Phd' deu nha't te ndi day hudng dng. Sach<br /> lien Me Linh vdi Chu Dien - n i m trong Dg,i Viet sd ky todn thU chi ra cu the hdn la<br /> viing que eua ca TrUng Trie va Thi Sach, cuoc khdi nghia bung no' d quan Giao Chi<br /> roi dd ra cfla bien T h i n Phii, nd'i thdng vdi va "cdc quan Nam Hdi, Cdu Chdn, Nhat<br /> Cflu Chan d phia Nam. MSc dii d vi tri Nam, Hcfp Pho'deu hudng dng" (9). Phong<br /> trung tam da't nUdc, nhUng cfla sdng Hat trao da nhanh chdng trd thanh cupc nd'i day<br /> lai hoi du dUdc cac dieu kien thuan ldi de cua toan dan, viia mang tinh cha't quy tu,<br /> xay dUng mot can cd khdi nghia, nhu sach vUa mang tinh chat toa rong. Dd la sii quy<br /> Thien Nam ngU luc md ta: "Hdt Mon co the tu ve cfla sdng Hat, ve khu viic quan Giao<br /> dung binh. Sdng sdu ldm cii, riing xanh Chi, quy tu trong sii lanh dao thdng nha't<br /> ldm nhd" (8). cua vi nii tudng anh hung tre tuo'i TrUng<br /> Trie. Dd la sii toa rong khdng chi tren cac<br /> Hai Ba TrUng da triet de khai thac vi vung lanh thd' cua Lac Viet, Au Viet ma cdn<br /> the thuan ldi eua viing cfla sdng Hat de lan toa de'n cac bo lac d phia Nam va phia<br /> chuin bi liic lUdng, xay diing can cd va Bic cua nUde Au Lae, ldi cudn dUdc nhieu<br /> phat dong khdi nghla, td' chdc hdi the tai bo toe Vi$t khac d mien Nam Trung Qudc<br /> TrUdng Sa Chau la khu viic canh dong phia ciing di theo (10). Day rd rang la sii thdc<br /> trUdc den Hat Mdn hi^n nay. Hdi the sdng tinh cua tinh than dan tdc Viet. Cuoc khdi<br /> Hat miia Xuan nam 40 da di vao lieh sfl nghia Hai Ba TrUng phan anh y thiic dan<br /> nhu mot Hdi the d i u tien quy tu sdc manh tdc da kha rd ret cua eac Lac tUdng, Lac<br /> cua ca nUdc va ciing la Hoi the Non nUdc dan trong cac bo lac hdp thanh nUdc Au<br /> d i u tien. Lac cii.<br />  Rghi&i cihi Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> Chinh quyen dd hg tan ra va sup dd Chi em ndng mgt ldi nguyen,<br /> nhanh chdng trUdc sflc ta'n cdng cua q u i n Phdt cd nUdng til thay quyen tUdng<br /> chung khdi nghia. Bon quan lai Ddng Han<br /> qudn.<br /> hoang sd bo he't cua cai, gia'y td, a'n tin thao<br /> chay ve nUdc. Ban than Thai thii Td Dinh, Ngdn Tdy ndi dng phong trdn.<br /> da phai bo thanh Luy Lau, bd ca a'n tin, cit Am dm binh md xuong gdn Long Bien.<br /> tdc, cao rau len trdn ve Nam Hai.<br /> Hong qudn nhe bUdc chinh yen,<br /> 1.4. Trieu dinh Triing Vvfctag va<br /> Dudi ngay Td Dinh dep yen bien thdnh.<br /> Kinh do Me Linh<br /> Chl trong mot thdi gian ngin, ngon ed Dd ky dong coi Me Linh,<br /> chinh nghia eua cudc khdi nghia Hai Ba Linh Nam rieng mgt trieu dinh nUdc ta<br /> TrUng da tap hdp dUdc 65 huyen thanh<br /> Ba thu gdnh vdc sOn hd..." (15).<br /> (nghia la toan bo lanh thd' nUde ta hoi dd).<br /> Nen doc lap dan tdc lai dUdc phuc hoi sau Sfl sach Trung Qudc ciing chdp kha cu<br /> hdn 200 nam chim d i m dUdi ach dd ho cua the ve sii kien nay. Thuy kinh chu cho biet:<br /> phong kien Trung Qudc. TrUng Trie dUde Tning Trie "len ldm vua, dong dd d huyen<br /> suy tdn lam vua (ma sfl cii goi la TrUng Me Linh, cho ddn hai qudn Giao Chi, CiCu<br /> VUdng) (11), ddng dd d Me Linh (khu viic Chdn dUdc mien thue trong 2 ndm" (16).<br /> Ha Ldi, huy$n Me Linh, Ha Ndi) (12). Dong thdi vdi viec thiic thi chu trUdng xa<br /> thue cho dan, quan ly da't nUdc, chinh<br /> Nha sfl hoc ddi Tran la Le Van HUu<br /> quyen Tning VUdng ngay tii bud'i d i u mdi<br /> nhan xdt: "TrUng Trac, TrUng Nhi Id ddn<br /> thanh lap da phai don sUc s i p dat mot ke<br /> bd, hd mgt tieng md cdc quan Cdu Chdn,<br /> hoach bao ve Vudng trieu, bao ve nen doc<br /> Nhat Nam, Hcfp Pho', ciing 65 thdnh dLinh<br /> lap cua da't nUdc vUa mdi gianh lai dUdc.<br /> Ngoai deu hudng Ung, viec dttng nUdc xiing<br /> vUctng de nhU trd bdn tay, co the thd'y hinh Cuoc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng thiic cha't<br /> the dd't Viet ta du dUng dUc/c nghiep bd la mot cuoc dong khdi cfla toan dan tren<br /> vuang" (13). pham vi ca nUde. Hai Ba TrUng da diia vao<br /> dan ma khdi phuc lai sU nghiep xUa cua<br /> Nha sfl hoc Ngd Si Lien, tac gia chinh<br /> vua Hiing, vua Thuc sau hdn 200 nam ma't<br /> cua bo qud'c sfl ddi Le Dgi Viet sii ky todn<br /> thu cho r i n g "Hg TrUng gian thdi thu nhd nUde, sau khi cac trieu dai phUdng Bic rao<br /> Hdn bao ngUdc, vung tay hd mgt tieng md riet va tham doc thi hanh chinh s^ch dong<br /> qud'c thd'ng nUdc ta cd ho dUac khdi phuc..." hoa n h i m bien Au Lac vinh vien trd thanh<br /> (14). quan huyen cfla chung. Hai Ba TrUng da<br /> gianh lai nen doc lap giQa liic nha Han ra<br /> Le Ngd Cat va Pham Dinh Toai d i u the sflc thi hanh chinh sach "binh Thien hg",<br /> ky XIX da dien ta lai sU kien lich sfl nay truyen ba tU tudng "tdn qudn dgi thdng<br /> that sinh ddng trong sach Dgi Nam quo'c sit nhd't", coi eac dan tdc phUdng Nam la "Man<br /> dien ca: Di", la "thudc quo'c" va budc ta't ca phai<br /> "Bd TrUng quid Chdu Phong, phuc tiing "Thien tilt", "Thien trieu". Cuoc<br /> khdi nghia Hai Ba Tning vdi nhiing noi<br /> Gign ngUdi tham bao, thd chong chdng dung va muc tieu nhU vfty, vdi sU thanh<br /> quen.<br /> cdng nhanh chdng va sU suy tdn TrUng<br /> CuQc khdi nghla Ijai Ba Tnmg...<br /> <br /> Trie len n i m quyen quan ly, dieu hanh da't bien tii khu vUc Quang Ddng tie'n vao vung<br /> nudc la sii troi day cua y thdc dan toe, cua dia d i u tinh Quang Ninh roi bam sat con<br /> y thdc tii chu cua nhan dan ta, phu dinh dudng bo ven bien, ven sdng tie'n vao Ddng<br /> hien ngang cai cUdng quyen sai trai Dai Trieu, Pha Lai, Luy Lau, Co' Loa, Me Linh.<br /> Han (17). Day la con dudng giao thdng bo ed n h i t va<br /> g i n nhu duy n h i t ndi lien khu viic nUdc ta<br /> 2. Cuoc k h a n g c h i e n chong quan<br /> vdi mien Ddng Nam Trung Qudc sudt thdi<br /> xam Ixific Dong Han<br /> Bic thudc. Ca hai dao quan thuy, bo - theo<br /> 2.1. Chan dich fl tuyen dau va q u y e t each td chdc cfla Ma Vien la phai ludn ludn<br /> chien fl Lang Bac bam sat nhau, ho trd cho nhau, phdi hdp<br /> Nghe tin TrUng Trie khdi nghia va xUng chat che vdi nhau trong hanh quan va tac<br /> vUdng, vua Quang Vii nha Han "hg chieu chien (21).<br /> cho cdc qudn TrUdng Sa, Hop Phd, Giao Hai Ba TrUng da chu dong td chdc liic<br /> Chi sdm sda xe thuyen, siia sang cdu lUdng danh dich ngay tai vung dia d i u<br /> dudng, thdng mien khe nui, trQ sdn thdc sdng nUde cua To qudc. Cd kha nhieu di<br /> ggo" (18), rao riet chuin bi liic lUdng va tich va truyen thuyet dan gian ve cae tran<br /> hau cin tai chie'm nUdc ta. Han Quang Vii chien da'u ehdng quan xam lUdc Ddng Han<br /> mudn ngay lap tiic tien danh Giao Chi, d khu vUc hai ben bd sdng Cim doan tii ndi<br /> nhUng liic nay nha Ddng Han dang phai<br /> thanh Hai Phdng ngUdc trd len (22).<br /> don siic dd'i phd vdi nhieu cuoc nd'i day d<br /> trong nude, dae biet la cuoc khdi nghia NhUng vi ludng tnidc dUdc the dich qua<br /> ndng dan do Ly Quang cim d i u d Hoan manh nen Hai Ba TrUng quye't dinh khdng<br /> Thanh (An Huy, Trung Qudc). Sau khi tinh ddn toan bg binh liic ra vung dia d i u ma<br /> hinh Trung Qud'c tam yen, vao thang tU, chl sau mdt sd tran ta'n cdng dao quan thuy<br /> miia Ha, nam Kien Vii thd 18 (nam 42), khi ehiing chUa kip phdi hdp vdi dao quan<br /> Han Quang Vii phong cho Ma Vien lam bg, chu ddng lui ve phia sau, tap trung cao<br /> Phuc Ba tudng quan, thdng s u i t dai quan do liic lUdng chan ddng va tieu di^t dich d<br /> k6o sang xam lUdc nUde ta. Hah Quang Vii Lang Bac (23). _, . . ,;<br /> da gfli gim toan bd niem tin vao vien lao<br /> Lang Bac nhU cac sach Thuy kinh chd<br /> tudng 58 tuo'i, tan tuy va liing danh nay.<br /> vk Hdu Hdn thU md ta la viing gd d i t cao<br /> Tdng sd quan linh trong doan quan xam ndi len giiia viing ddng triing ngap lut (24),<br /> lUde khoang 2 van quan cung 2 nghin cd nhieu ldi the de phat huy sd trUdng eua<br /> thuyen xe ldn nhd (19), chia lam hai canh, ta, han che Uu the cua dich, da dUde Hai Ba<br /> theo hai dudng thuy bd tien vao nUde ta. TrUng chgn lam ndi bd tri tran dia quyet<br /> Dao quan thuy tien doc theo dUdng ven chien vdi quan xam lUdc Ddng Han. Tren<br /> bien Quang Ddng vao vinh Ha Long roi vao dudng rut ve Lang Bae, Hai Ba TrUng v i n<br /> cfla bien Bach Ding va tien vao noi dia td chiic cac tran danh chan quan giac ma<br /> theo dudng sdng Cim. Tren bo, nhieu doan dgc theo dai sdng Kinh Thiy, khu viic Luc<br /> dudng chUa dUdc khai thdng. Ma Vien cho D i u Giang deu cd nhiing di tich, den thd va<br /> quan "theo dUdng ven bien md tie'n, san nui huyen tich eac tUdng linh eua Hai Ba danh<br /> ldm dudng hcfn nghin ddm" (20). Con tra quyet ligt tflng budc hanh quan cua<br /> dudng nay tUdng dUdng vdi con dUdng ven doan quan xam lUdc.<br />  Rghian ciJru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> Cho de'n nay v i n cdn tdn tai nhieu quan Ddng Bic vdi trung tam Me Linh - Qud'c dd<br /> niem khac nhau ve vi tri cu the eua vdng cua chinh quyen TrUng VUdng, ndi cd "con<br /> chien trUdng Lang Bac. Ma Vien vdi quye't dUdng eua nhiing ke xam lUdc" chay qua.<br /> tam tai chie'm nUde ta, dat lai nen dd hd Viing nay tnic tiep che c h i n cho Luy Lau<br /> Ddng Han, khdng the khdng Iiy eac toa (va ca c d Loa, Me Linh) d phia sau. Tai day<br /> thanh Luy Lau (trung tam chinh tri eua cd nhieu truyen thuyet va di tich chien<br /> ehinh quyen dd hg Ddng Han viia mdi bi trUdng thdi ky d i u Cdng nguyen. Ket hdp<br /> m i t ve tay TrUng VUdng), Cd Loa (kinh dd cac ngudn tai lieu thU tich va khao sat thiic<br /> cua nUdc Au Lae eii, hien hien va i n tang dia, chung tdi dii doan vung Lang Bac, ndi<br /> sde sdng Lac Vi^t) va Me Linh (qud'c dd eua Hai Ba TrUng bd' tri tran dia ddn danh<br /> chinh quyen TrUng VUdng, ndi dat bg ehi quan xam lUde Ddng Han khdng n i m ngoai<br /> huy d i u nao khang chien) la muc tieu sd' khu vUc phia ddng huy^n Gia Binh va phia<br /> mgt cin phai chiem lai b i n g mgi gia. Lang ddng bic huyen LUdng Tai, tinh Bic Ninh<br /> Bac d phia Ddng ngoai thanh Cd Loa va bao ngay nay.<br /> ve cho thanh Co Loa nhU nhieu tac gia da<br /> Hai Ba TrUng bUdc d i u da thanh cdng<br /> phan tich la hdp ly. Tuy nhien, theo chung<br /> trong viec kim chan quan Ddng Han tai<br /> tdi Lang Bac cdn d phia ngoai ca toa thanh<br /> Lang Bac, chan diing va pha vd ke hoach<br /> Luy Lau va bao v$ cho ca thanh nay niia.<br /> tieu digt that nhanh ggn toan bg lUc lUdng<br /> Thanh Luy Lau vUa la thanh qua to ldn<br /> khang chien cfla ta. Ma Vien sau nhieu lin<br /> mdi gianh lai dUde cua cugc khdi nghia Hai<br /> tien cdng khdng gianh dUde t h i n g ldi, lai<br /> Ba TrUng, vUa la vi tri then chd't vao bac<br /> khdng hdp thuy thd phUdng Nam, quan si<br /> n h i t cin phai bao ve va bao ve dUdc nd la<br /> m i t siic chien d i u , da cam t h i y bi quan,<br /> cd the chan diing va danh tan cugc t i n cdng<br /> chan chudng. Binh Luc h i u Han Vii da<br /> xam lUdc eua quan Ddng Han. Khdng cd ly<br /> chet, chUa rd vi b$nh tat hay vi tran mac,<br /> do gi chinh quyen TrUng VUdng lai dl dang<br /> nhUng cai chet cua y giiia viing chien<br /> bd mac va hoan toan khdng tinh den toa<br /> trudng ae li$t khdng khdi lam nao nung<br /> thanh dae bi$t quan trgng nay trong ke<br /> tinh t h i n tUdng si Ddng Han. Da cd luc<br /> hoach phdng thu qud'c dd.<br /> cam canh vi noi hi sa Iiy d Lang Bac, khi<br /> Chung tdi diia theo sach An Nam tdc sU hau k h i c nghiet, quan si dau dm, lUdng<br /> cua T r i n Phu (sfl t h i n nha Nguyen) chdp thiie thieu thdn, tinh t h i n r^u ra, lUdng<br /> trUdc kha nSng bi t h i t bai hoan toan ma<br /> Van Kiep thdi thugc DUdng la Lang Chau<br /> Ma Vien phai tinh de'n chuydn tim each nit<br /> va tien hanh khao sat khu viic Van Kiep va<br /> quan ve nUdc (25).<br /> eac viing lan can de tim kiem md'i quan h^<br /> gida Lang Chau va Lang Bac. Khu vUc Khu viic phia ddng huyen Gia Binh va<br /> phia trong Van Kiep (tiie la phia trong phia bic huyen Luong Tai (Bic Ninh) kdo<br /> Lang Chau) nay thugc huyen Gia LUdng dai ve phia Luc D i u Giang qua khao sat<br /> tmh Bic Ninh, ndi ed gd eao ndi len giiia thiic dia, cd r i t nhieu truyen thuyet dan<br /> khu ddng triing nUde ngap (dung nhU md ta gian, dia danh, di tfch lien quan den nhiing<br /> cua sach Thuy kinh chu vk sach Hgu Hdn thay ma, bai xac quan xam lUde Ma Vi^n<br /> thu ve viing Lang Bae). Day chinh la d i u (26). Phai chang day la nhiing anh xa cdn<br /> md'i hgi tu cua cac ludng dUdng giao thdng lai cua nhiing tr^n chien d i u ae li$t giiia<br /> thuy bd quan trgng n h i t nd'i thdng viing quan ddi TrUng VUdng vdi quan xam lUdc<br /> Cugc khdfi nghia Ijai Ba Trung.<br /> <br /> Ddng Han, mgt vung chien trUdng Lang Khdng cdn dUdng nao khac TrUng VUdng<br /> Bac mua hd nam 42, bieu tUdng tuy^t vdi danh phai bd thanh Ha Ldi, lui ve cd thu d<br /> cua long qua cam va tinh t h i n chien diu khu can cd Cim Khe - ben hiiu ngan sdng<br /> ngoan cUdng cua quan dgi TrUng VUdng. Day, doan kdo dai tU chan nui Ba Vi thugc<br /> huyen Thach T h i t cho den vung chiia<br /> The nhUng vi tUdng quan liic lUdng qua<br /> HUdng, huyen My Diic, Ha Ngi (28). Liy<br /> chenh lech va sau mdt thdi gian hdi sdc trd<br /> sdng Day lam hao ngoai, liy nui Ba Vi<br /> lai, Ma Vign da d i n d i n gianh dUdc the<br /> hiem yeu lam chd diia, lai cd toan bd khu<br /> chu dgng. Ma Vien la vien tUdng day dan<br /> viic Cflu Chan (Thanh-Nghe-'Hnh) lam hau<br /> kinh nghidm tran mac, cd sd quan ddng,<br /> cii d phia sau, TrUng Trie hy vgng can eU<br /> thien chien, cd cac liic lUdng thuy bg phdi<br /> Cim Khe se la ed sd chd che eho nghia<br /> hdp, lai rat thao Id'i danh tap trung theo<br /> quan trUde eac cugc tan cdng nhU vii bao<br /> kieu tran dia chien. Trong khi dd Hai Ba<br /> cua ke thii. Day ciing se la cd sd duy tri liic<br /> TrUng mdi p h i t cd khdi nghia, liic lUdng<br /> lUdng lau dai va khi ed thdi cd thuan ldi se<br /> vUa tap hdp lai, cdn qua non tre va chUa cd<br /> la ban dap de nghia quan td chdc phan<br /> kinh nghiem chien diu, khdng cd kha nang<br /> cdng gianh t h i n g ldi nhanh chdng.<br /> cim cU lau dai vdi quan xam lUdc Ddng<br /> Han d Lang Bac. Quan eua TrUng Vudng Hai Ba TrUng va cac tudng si da chien<br /> cang ngay cang bdc Id rd the yeu, bi thiet u i u r i t anh dung, bao ve den cung can eii<br /> hai nang. Cd den hang nghin ngUdi bi b i t Cim Khe. Cugc chien d i u vd eung ac liet<br /> va da hy sinh than minh tren chien luy. kdo dai den ea nam trdi. NhUng nui cao,<br /> 2.2. Lui ve giuf Co Loa, Me Linh va hao sau ciing khdng the ngan chan ndi cac<br /> co thu fl Cam Khe cugc t i n edng cd y nghia quye't dinh eua Ma<br /> Vign. Khoang d i u hd, thang 4 nam 43 can<br /> Tha'y khdng the kdo dai thdi gian cim cii ed ca'm Khe bi vd, TrUng Trie cung em la<br /> vdi Ma Vign dUde niia, Hai Ba TrUng quyet TrUng Nhi da chien d i u de'n cung va anh<br /> dinh rut quan khdi Lang Bae, lui ve giii<br /> diing hy sinh tai chien trUdng (29). Dai<br /> thanh cd Loa (huyen Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi).<br /> quan cua TrUng VUdng bi danh tan, ngUdi<br /> Thanh cd Loa, mdt toa thanh kien cd', thuy<br /> bi giet, ngUdi bi b i t dem ve Trung Qudc.<br /> bg lien hoan da dUdc TrUng VUdng sfl dung<br /> Theo Hdu Hdn thU, Md Vien truyen thi Ma<br /> khai thac t i t ca cac ldi the eua nd de chan<br /> Vign da dem quan dudi TrUng Trie den<br /> diing va tieu digt doan quan xam lUde da<br /> Cim Khe, hai ben giao chien nhieu l i n<br /> gianh dUdc ldi the va dang tie'n ve hudng<br /> nhUng cudi cung quan cua TrUng Trie bi<br /> kinh thanh Me Linh. Liic nay chien trUdng<br /> t h i t bai. Ma Vien da giet chet TrUng Trie,<br /> trai rgng ra k h i p vung TU Sdn, Tien Sdn,<br /> TrUng Nhi rdi dUa d i u Hai Ba ve Kinh dd<br /> Tien Du, Ddng Anh va n h i t la khu \nlc<br /> Lac DUdng cua nha Ddng Han.<br /> xung quanh Co Loa. Nhieu tUdng linh cua<br /> TrUng VUdng da chien d i u va hy sinh d day Ngay tii nhiing ngay bi vay ham d Cim<br /> (27). Nhung toa thanh Co Loa kien cd ciing Khe, ldi dung dia hinh nui rdng lien thdng,<br /> khdng giup TrUng Trie bao toan dUdc liic Hai Ba TrUng da chuyen mgt p h i n liic<br /> lUdng trUdc siic t i n edng ao at cfla Ma Vign, lUdng vao Cflu Chan, phdi hdp vdi Dd<br /> ba danh phai dem quan ve kinh thanh Me DUdng, Chu Ba va cae thu linh dia phUdng<br /> Linh d Ha Ldi (huygn Me Linh). Doan quan tie'p tue chien d i u lau dai. Mae du da giet<br /> xam lUdc da ap sat qud'c dd Me Linh. dUde ngUdi ddng d i u ehinh quyen, danh<br /> 10 Rghien curu Lich sfl, sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> tan quan dgi chu lUc cfla TrUng VUdng, huy. Theo truyen thuyet dia phUdng cd<br /> nhUng Ma Vien v i n t h i y con dUdng binh hang ngan ngUdi da chien d i u va hy sinh<br /> dinh phUdng Nam cdn vd cung gian lao vat anh diing tren manh dat que hUdng. Tie'p<br /> va. Y phai bd ra nhieu thang trdi td chflc tuc tie'n quan vao khu viic phia nam Cflu<br /> cac cudc truy qudt nhiing liic lUdng cdn lai Chan, doan quan xam lUdc Ma Vien cdn<br /> cua TrUng VUdng tren d i t Giao Chi. gap phai sii khang cii quyet liet. Quan dgi<br /> TrUng VUdng da chien d i u va hy sinh cho<br /> Thang 9 nam 43, Ma Vien bao cao ve<br /> den nhiing ngUdi linh cudi ciing. Hgu Hdn<br /> trieu dinh Lae DUdng coi nhU da hoan<br /> thu, Md Vien truyen cho hay la trong toan<br /> thanh ve ed ban nhiem vu danh dep TrUng<br /> bg cugc hanh quan truy qudt lUc lUdng eon<br /> Vudng va doan quan 2 van ngUdi, 2 nghin<br /> lai cfla TrUng VUdng tren d i t Cflu Chan,<br /> thuyen xe eua y "tii khi vdo Giao Chi cho<br /> de'n nay vdn thinh" (30). Ma Vien cd tinh Ma Vien da giet ca thay hdn 5000 ngUdi.<br /> che giiu nhiing tdn t h i t , mat mat d Lang Sach Thuy kinh chu ciing chdp rd la khi Ma<br /> Bac, d Cd Loa de tao them niem tin va Vien kdo quan den huyen Cu Phong thugc<br /> tranh thu sU ung hd cua trieu dinh Lac quan Cflu Chan, vi nhiing ngUdi thu linh<br /> DUdng cho y tie'p tuc tien cdng tieu diet cugc khdi nghia Hai Ba Tning d day da<br /> triet de liic lUdng khang chien cdn lai cua chien d i u den ciing, khdng chiu d i u hang,<br /> TrUng Vudng. nen Ma Vien da ra lenh tan sat, chdm chet<br /> hang nghin ngUdi (33). Cugc khang chien<br /> 2.3. C h i e n d a u d e n ngUfli l i n h cuoi ehdng quan xam lUdc Ma Vien da hoan<br /> c u n g t r e n d a t Cflu C h a n toan that bai va bi dim trong bien mau.<br /> D i u thdng 10 nam 43, v i n theo Thuy Mua thu nam sau, nSm 44, Ma Vign<br /> kinh chu, doku quan xam lUdc vdi hai dao dem quan trd ve Trung Qudc. Chinh sfl nha<br /> thuy bd tien xudng phia Nam, dgc theo con Han phai thiia nhan cd de'n hdn mgt nfla<br /> dudng qua cfla sdng Ddy ra cfla bien T h i n trong tdng sd 2 van quan dUde cfl sang<br /> Phii (Nga Sdn, Thanh- Hda) de vao Cflu chinh phat Giao Chi, Cflu Chan da vinh<br /> Chan (31). Ma Vien cdn phai sai quan dao vien n i m lai phUdng Nam. Chic h i n khi<br /> sdng chay thdng qua dai nui da de hai dao phat quan xam lUdc nUde ta, Han Quang<br /> thuy bg cd the phdi hdp chat che vdi nhau<br /> Vii khdng hinh dung het cai gia qua d i t<br /> bao dam an toan trong cudc chinh phuc<br /> cua cuoc chien tranh xam lUdc nay.<br /> cudi ciing nay.<br /> <br /> Ngay tai vung dia d i u Cflu Chan, do<br /> khdng the chdng cU ndi cugc tien cdng cua Cudc khdi nghia Hai Ba TrUng la mdt<br /> Ma Vign, thu linh dia phUdng huygn Vd hien tUdng het sdc dgc dao trong lich sfl<br /> Thiet da d i u hang quan Ddng Han. Ciing dan tdc va hiem cd trong lich sfl the gidi cd<br /> cd ndi thu linh rut quan vao ruCng sau, kien dai. That khd cd the hinh dung mgt each<br /> quye't khdng chiu d i u hang quan giae nhU d i y du, chinh xac ve ngudi phu nii tudi<br /> trudng hdp eU soai Chu Ba d huyen Du chUa trdn ddi mUdi, trong dieu kien mudn<br /> Phat (32). Khi tien quan den mien trung van khd khSn va han che cua mgt xa hgi<br /> tam Cflu Chan, Ma Vien da gap phai sii ndng nghiep trdng liia nUdc each ngay nay<br /> khang cii vd eung quyet Het cua liic lUdng g i n 2000 nam lai cd the lanh dao mgt cugc<br /> khang chien do lao tUdng Dd DUdng ehi khdi nghia toan dan gianh t h i n g ldi nhanh<br /> Cugc hhfli nghla Ijai Ba Tnmg. 11<br /> <br /> chdng den nhu vay. Phai ddi phd vdi cudc dat cd sd nen tang cho t h i n g ldi cudi ciing<br /> chien tranh tai xam lUdc dai quy md, huy cfla cugc d i u tranh trUdng ky di den ddc<br /> ddng de'n miic tdi da sdc ngUdi sdc eua cua lap hoan toan sudt mdt thien nien ky. Cugc<br /> mgt dai de che dang trong giai doan cUdng khdi nghia va cugc khang chien nay, vi the<br /> thinh n h i t , thi sii t h i t bai cua TrUng khdng chl la sii md d i u cho tUdng lai phat<br /> VUdng cung la dieu khdng tranh khdi. Dii trien cua d i t nUdc d thien nien ky d i u tien,<br /> ket cue nhU the nao thi cugc khang chien ma cdn la sU dinh hudng cho toan bg tien<br /> cua TrUng VUdng v i n khdng ehi la m i u trinh phat trien cua lich sfl Viet Nam trong<br /> hinh tuyet vdi eua tinh t h i n yeu nUde, cac thien nien ky tiep theo.<br /> quye't tfl cho To qud'c quye't sinh, ma eon TU thie'u nii eua ddng lua, bai dau sdng<br /> danh d i u bUdc trUdng thanh vUdt bac cua Hdng, Hai Ba TrUng da trd thanh Anh<br /> tinh t h i n dan tgc, liic lUdng dan tdc va dgi hung dan tgc vi dai md dUdng eho lich sfl di<br /> quan dan tdc. Cugc khdi nghia va cugc len. Tfl nii tUdng tdng chi huy khdi nghia<br /> khang chien do Hai Ba TrUng ddng d i u va khang chien, Hai Ba Tning da trd thanh<br /> chinh la mgt cai mde ban le k h i n g dinh huyen thoai, t h i n thoai, thanh thd ca,<br /> nhiing gia tri vinh viin eua thdi dai diing thanh mach ngudn cam hdng va sang tao<br /> nude Hiing VUdng-An DUdng VUdng, eua b i t tan trong long nhan ddn, trong long<br /> nen van hoa, van minh Van Lang-Au Lac, dan tgc (34).<br /> <br /> <br /> CHtJTHtCH<br /> (1). Buoi diu nha Tay Han dfit ca Chau trj, Hiing dg'u khong phai Ik ten hp dildng thdi ciia Hai<br /> Qu&n trj \k Do u^ trj Giao Chi cl huy^n Me Linh. B4 TrUng. Tu li$u chi cho ph6p xac nhfin Hai Bk<br /> Sang diu thdi Dong Han Qufln trj Giao Chi m6i TrUng thupc dong doi qu^ tpc Lac Vi$t.<br /> deli xuong Luy Lau (Thuan*Th&nh, Bfic Ninh). Dii<br /> (3). Gin day c6 mpt so tac gia cho ring que<br /> da d6i Quftn trj xuong Luy Lflu, nhUng nhk Dong<br /> hUdng ciia Hai B4 TrUng \k xa Ha Bing (tiic \k hai<br /> Han vin dftt Do uy trj tai Me Linh (l^ng Ha Loi,<br /> l&ng Ha Loi \k Bing Trii) huy?n Thach Thit, Hk<br /> xa Me Linh, huyfn Me Linh, H4 Noi) nhil tni6c<br /> Npi. Day la y kien mdi r i t dang dupc quan tam<br /> dSy. Muc dich chfnh ciia n h i Dong Han vin gifl Do<br /> nghien ciiu. Tiec ring d6 cung mdi chi \k nhflng<br /> u^ trj cl Me Linh \k "de tr&'n dp miin T&y Bdc Id<br /> udc doan khong dfla tren cd sd tfl li^u kha di c6 sflc<br /> miin d6l vdi nhd Hdn co nhieu moi lo chinh tri<br /> thuyet phuc. Tu lipu dieu tra khao sat thflc dia<br /> han" (D&o Duy Anh: Bat nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc<br /> tren ca hai viing Ha Loi, Me Linh vk Ha Bing,<br /> ddi, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1964, tr. 50).<br /> Thach Thit, H i Npi \k md rpng ra khu vflc tfl H i<br /> (2). Dai Viet su" ky todn thU, Ban djch, Nxb. Npi Ien Vi$t Tri deu khong cho ph6p khing djnh<br /> Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hi Npi, 1993, tr. 156. Sach con Hai Bi Trflng li ngfldi cua ling xa cy thl nio. Tuy<br /> ch6p sau khi khdi nghia thing Ipi, Bh TrUng len nhien ket hdp t i t ca cac nguon tfl lipu c6 dflpc,<br /> ngoi vua m6i xUng hp Ik "TYUng". Sach Viet sii chung toi vin tin ring viing que ciia Hai Bi Trflng<br /> thdng gidm cUang muc cho biet them: B& TrUng khong ngoai pham vi doi bd song Hong, doan tfl<br /> "v6n ho Lac, lai co ten ho nCCa la Tritng, la con gdi Ha Loi (Me Linh) len den phia tren thinh pho Sdn<br /> lac tudng huyen Me Linh" (T. I, Ban djch da din, Tay.<br /> tr. 1140. Sich Linh Nam chich qudi cho big^t "Hai<br /> Bd TrUng ho Him^'. ThAt ra tfi't ca cac ten Lac, TrUng, (4). Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, sdd, tr. 156.<br /> 12 R g h i ^ ciiru Lich sfl. sg 3.2010<br /> <br /> (5). Cung c6 t i i lieu ch6p Trflng Trio da ciing khoi phu y cua trdi, giQ yen mieu mao vua xUa, an<br /> chong la Thi (Thi Sach?) noi diy tan cong cac chau ui dng cha nai chin suoi".<br /> quin va 3 nim sau ca Trflng Trie v i Thi Sach deu<br /> (7). D6 l i Thiiu Hoa, Xuan Nfldng (d Tam<br /> bj Ma Vipn vay bit d Kim Khe Cflu (Lich Dao<br /> Nong), Dinh Thj P h i t Nguyet, Nhin Uyen,<br /> Nguyen: Thuy kinh chii, sdd, quyen 37, tr. 694).<br /> Nguyen Thj Hanh, Sdn Dung (d Thanh Ba), A<br /> Ciing c6 t i i liiu lai ch6p Thi Sach noi diy chong<br /> Ning (d Thanh Sdn), Ning Npi (d thinh pho Vi^t<br /> Dong Han v i tii t r i n trfldc khi cupc khdi nghia Hai<br /> Tri), Le A Lan, Le Tui'n Khanh, Hai Long, Ngfuy^t<br /> Bi Trflng giinh dfldc thing ldi. Cac nguon tfl lipu<br /> Dien Cong chua (d Ha Hoa), Mai Hoa Cong chiia (d<br /> khong he ndi de'n vai tro cua Thi Sich trong cupc<br /> Lam Thao), Bat Nin Cong chua, A Mj, To Lipu, Hi<br /> khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng va di'y chinh l i cd sd xac<br /> Td, H i Liiu (d Phil Ninh), Nguyet Cfl, Ti§'n Anh (d<br /> nhin Thi Sach da bi To Djnh giet chet trfldc khi<br /> Cim Khe), Dim Ngoc Nga, Manh Dao, Trin Tui'n,<br /> cupc khdi nghia bung no' nhfl ghi ch6p ciia Dai Viet<br /> Vfldng Dao, Cao Sdn, Hiing Dung, Hiing Lipt (d<br /> sii ky todn thU (T. I,^ Ban dich da dan tr. 156),<br /> Doan Hung), Ngoc Kinh, Le Minh, Le Thi Liiu,<br /> Thien Nam ngU luc, Nxb. Vin hpc, H i Npi, 2000,<br /> Nguyin Chieu L$ (d Tam Dfldng) tinh Phii Thg.<br /> tr. 79-98), ciing nhfl nhieu thin tich vi truyen<br /> Quach A Nfldng, VTnh Hoa (d YSn Lac), Nguyin<br /> thuyet dan gian.<br /> Tui'n, Nguyen Tri, Nguyin Linh, Thvic Nfldng,<br /> (6). Thien Nam ngU luc, sdd, tr. 89. Quy Lan NUdng (d Lip Thach), Xa Lai, Dong Xi (d<br /> Kim Anh), Ca Ldi, Hai Ldi, A Ching, A Cha, A La,<br /> Cho den nay dan ling Hat Mon van con gifl<br /> Dong Vjnh, Dai Dao Song Nga (d Vinh Tfldng), A<br /> dflpc bii vin the d hpi the song Hat. Hiu he't cic<br /> Dfldng, Ong Binh, Ong Bac, Tui'n Cong, Dam<br /> thin tfch, ngpc pha ve tfldng linh ciia Hai Bi<br /> Trflng d khip viing Bic Bo deu ch6p ldi the trong Nfldng, Hong Nfldng, Thanh Nfldng, Do La, mp con<br /> hpi the song Hat v i ve cd ban deu giong vdi bii ching Vjt (d Binh Xuyen) tinh VTnh Phiic. Nfl<br /> vin the d Hat Mon. Mic diu vin phong vin the c6 tfldng Le Chan (d npi thinh Hai Phong), Lpnh Bi,<br /> mang nhi§~u miu sic mdi do ngfldi ddi sau them Chfnh Trpng (d An Hai), Ta Huy Thiem, Ta A<br /> vio, nhflng c6 le tinh than vin the vin l i tinh Rang, Ta Doan Dung, Dio Quang, Dio Lang,<br /> thin cua hpi the xfla. Chung toi xin ch6p ra day de Nguyin Minh (d Tien Lang), TrUdng Thj Ngpc<br /> tham khao: Bing, Pham Vin Dim (d \^nh Bao) t h i n h pho Hai<br /> Phong. Thipn Nhan, Thi^n Khinh, Tong Pha Cong<br /> "Trdi sinh con ngUcfi Id tong chu cda mudn lodi, (d Kinh Mon), Ho Dai Lipu, L^ Cong An, Tfl Giong<br /> sinh linh co c&y, thdy diu quan he. Cdc ddi de (d Ninh Giang), Long Lang (d Tfl Kj^), Trin Ngpc<br /> vUOng trUdc, vua sdng toi hiin, yeu ddn lo nUdc, Tfch (d Thanh Mi^n), Nguypt Thai, Ding Dai<br /> diic hod rong khdp, thien ha thanh binh, nUdc nhd Cong, Pham Gia Phap, La Thi Lfldng (d Cim<br /> v6 sU. Nay co ngUdi khdc giong Id T6 Dinh, thUc<br /> Giing) tinh Hai Dfldng. Tam Giang (d Vin Lim),<br /> lodi de cho bao ngUac hai ddn, trdi ddt thdnh thdn<br /> Ong Due, Hflng Tfldng c5ng, Hoa Tien, Phfldng<br /> vd con ngudi diu gian.<br /> Dung, Mai Hoa (d Vin Giang), La Vin At (d Yen<br /> Thiep tdi Id mot ngudi con gdi ddng doi vua My) tinh Hflng Yen. Thanh Thien, Trfldng Sich (d<br /> Hung, nghe noi tdi sinh linh, trdi xanh cung rai le. Yen Dung), Do Thien, Minh Giang (Lang Giang),<br /> Nay nghi tdi ddn md dau Ibng, day nghla trie ke Dien Hong, Linh Giang, Linh Quang (d Hipp Hoi)<br /> bao tdn, nguyen cdc vi tdn than vi hoi ddn chiing tinh Bic Giang. A La, Rong Nhj, Dio Nfldng, Doan<br /> gidm ldi thi, giup cho thiep tdi dem qudn ddnh Cong, Trfldng Quan, Thip Bat Sdn, Con Nfldng,<br /> gidc, giup nudc yen ddn, ddt sinh linh len tren nai Di Cong, Nguyet Nfldng, Chieu Nfldng, Nga<br /> chieu dem, dUa moi ngudi ra khoi can nUdc liCa, de Nfldng, Lang Cong, Nghiem Cong, Dfldng Cong,<br /> Cugc hhfli nghla Yjiu Ba Tnmg. 13<br /> <br /> <br /> Chieu Hi^u, Tinh Trai (d Gia Lfldng), Tam Quang, thd Trflng Trie. Sach Dgi Viet sii ky todn thU cho<br /> Tam Ngp, Vi Phap Hai, Di$u Tien, Quang Khanh, hay li d di't cii thinh Phien Ngung (Quang Chau,<br /> Ba anh em Dong Quan, Lieu Giap (d Tien Sdn), A Quang Dong) cung c6 den thd Trflng Trie (T. I,<br /> Tic, A Di, T?i Thong, De Nfldng, Mpc Hoin Cong, Ban djch d i din, tr. 157). Hoi cuoi the ky XVIII,<br /> Ding Dinh Hoin, Phit Nfldng, Hflng Bin, Thien Ngo Thi Nhim da tflng den thim mieu Bi Trie<br /> Binh (d Thuin Thinh) tinh Bic Ninh. Tfldng quan (tflc den thd Trflng Trie) d phfa nam ho Dpng Dinh<br /> hp Do d An Khe (Phu Dflc), Bat Nin, Ngpc Hing(d vi ghi lai trong cau thd: "TrUng Trdc kiem mang<br /> Duyen Hi), Kim Xa, Pham Khinh (d Hflng Hi), khai ddng phu" (Luai gUam da TrUng Trdc md<br /> Cam Hoa (d Tien Hflng), Quang Cao, Dio Thi Phii mang dgng phu). Tham khao Tuyen tap tha vdn<br /> (d Quj^nh Coi), Qug' Hoa, Ngpc Hoa (d Vu Thfl), Ngd Thi Nhdm, Quyen I, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hi<br /> Dong Lang (d Thai Thuy) tinh Thai Binh. Le Thj Npi, 1978, tr. 412-413.<br /> Hoa, Chu Lien Hoa, Dung Nfldng, Phfldng Dung,<br /> (11). Chiing toi ciing chfla ro cin cfl vio ngudn<br /> Trin Cao Dao, Biii Cong Min, Dio Quy Nfldng,<br /> tfl lieu nio mi Nguyin Trai lai cho ring Trflng<br /> Hoing Dflc Cong, Do Thj Dung, Do Quang, Bach<br /> Vfldng dit ten nfldc li Hflng L?LC (Pu dia chi trong<br /> Ding, Cao Loi, Djch Triet, Cung Cai, Nguyet Thai,<br /> Nguyen Trdi Todn tap. Ban djch, Nxb. Khoa hpc xi<br /> Nguypt Dp, Mai Thj Hong (d Vu Ban), Thuc Con,<br /> hpi, H i Npi, 1976, tr. 215).<br /> Phan Cung, Phan Lfldng (d thinh pho Nam Djnh),<br /> Tnnh Thi Cflc (d Nam Tri,tc) tinh Nam Dinh. Cao (12), Cac nguon tfl lipu thfl tjch co, khao co' hpc,<br /> Thj Lien, Le Thj Hing Nghj (d Thanh Liem) tinh di tfch vi truyen thuyet phan anh kha thong nhi't<br /> Hi Nam. Bi Chu Tfldc, VTnh Hoa (d Chfldng My), khu \^^c ling Ha Loi xa Me Lnh, huyfn Me Linh li<br /> Chieu Trung, Do Ly, ChiSu Nfldng, Nguyin Hong, kinh do cua Trflng Vfldng nim 40-43. Trong nhiing<br /> Nguyin Tuyen, Ong Bang (d tiTng Hoi), Ong Cai (d nim 1970-1980 ong Dinh Vin Nhit cho ring day<br /> Thanh Oai), Hoing Dao, Do Ning Tg'(d Quoc Oai), l i viing di't mdi hinh thinh v i dan Ha Loi Me<br /> A La (d Hoii Dflc), Hai Di§u, Nam Uyen, Sa Lang Linh dfldc di sang tfl ling Ha Loi goc nay thupc<br /> (d Dan Phflpng), Phiing Tii, Phiing Huyen, Thflpng huypn Thach Thi't v i thinh Me Linh c6 thl Ii<br /> Cit (d Phiic Thp), Dio Khang (d Thach Thi't), thinh Qudn thupc huypn Quoc Oai (Hi Npi). Tuy<br /> Qu^nh Hoa cong chiia (d Ba Vi), Dio Ky, Phfldng nhien gia thuyet niy khong d\la tren cd sd tfl li^u<br /> Dung, Thuy Hai, Ding Giang, Khong Chiing, VTnh xic thflc nen khong c6 sflc thuyet phyc.<br /> Huy, Ta Dong Bang (d Dong Anh), Ba anh em hp<br /> (13). Dgi Viet sit ky todn thU, T. I, Ban djch da<br /> Dio, Ning Quoc, Khoa Ba Sdn, Ong Dong, ong<br /> din, tr. 156-157.<br /> Hflu, Thinh Cong (d Gia Lam), Nguyin Tam<br /> Trinh, Ning Tfa (d Thanh Tri), Quach Lang, Dinh (14). Dgi Viet siky todn thU, T. I, sdd, tr. 157.<br /> Bach Nfldng, Dinh Tfch Nfldng (d Tfl Liem), Dio (15). Le Ngo Cat, Pham Dinh Toai: Dgi Nam<br /> Phfldng Dung, Dio Hien Hi^u, Dio Quy Minh qudc sii dien ca, Song mdi xui't ban, 1972, tr. 56.<br /> (quin Dong Da), Lii Luy, Trin Nang, Hflng Bao, A<br /> (16). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chd, sdd,<br /> Lfl Bach Trach, VTnh Gia Cong chiia (d Me Linh)<br /> quyen 37, tr. 694.<br /> viing H i Npi. Nim mp con b i Le Thj Hoa d Nga<br /> Sdn Thanh Hoi... (17). Nim 1972, do co tim each chflng minh<br /> (sai) ring khong c6 thdi ky An Dfldng Vfldng trong<br /> (8). Thien Nam ngU luc, sdd, tr. 87.<br /> ljch sii Vipt Nam, ciing khong c6 sfl kipn An Dfldng<br /> (9). Dgi Viet sUky todn thU, T. I, sdd, tr. 156.<br /> Vfldng da de mit nfldc Au Lac vio tay Tripu Di,<br /> (10). Dieu niy giai thfeh tai sao d mien Nam Le Manh That di tfldng tflpng ra giai do^in k6o dii<br /> Trung Quoc cho dd'n nay vin con kha nhieu di tfch tfl thud cac vua Hflng dflng nfldc Vin Lang cho<br /> 14 Rghi&i CUU Lich sfl. s g 3.2010<br /> <br /> <br /> de'n Trflng Vfldng Ii thdi k^ nfldc ta hoin toin dpc tiep sau chdp c6 chdp de'n Tay Vu huyen, phan biet<br /> lip. Theo tic gia, phai de'n khi trieu dinh TrUng ri't ro Tay Vu v i Tay Ly (Ljch Dao Ng^iyen, Thuy<br /> Vfldng bj Ma Vipn danh b?ii, nfldc ta bj rdi vio ach kinh chu, sdd, Q 37, tr. 695). Gia sii Tay Ly cd bj<br /> thong trj ciia n h i Han, thi di'y mdi Ii sfl kipn md chdp nhim l i Tay Vu di ching niia thi cung khong<br /> diu thdi ky Bic thupc cua Hch sii Vipt Nam. Si? nhi't thie't Tay Ly trong doan vin tren phai Ii<br /> tfldng tfldng niy l i qua di, thoat Iy h i n ra khdi thinh Co' Loa vi dja bin huyen Tay Vu dong dan<br /> cic chflng cfl lich sii, v i nhfl the, da vo tinh phu (cd 3 van 3 nghin hp) v i ri't rpng (nen nim 43 Ma<br /> djnh thinh qua hien nhien v i vo cflng vT dai cua Vipn mdi chia ra lim hai.huypn Ii Phong Khe v i<br /> cupc khdi nghia Hai Bi Trflng. Vpng Hai).<br /> <br /> (18). Theo ldi tau cila Ma Vien Ien Han Quang Chung toi vin dfla theo 16 gich thong thfldng<br /> Vii thing 9 nim 43. Hdu Hdn thU, Nam Man xfla nay de trinh biy diin bid'n cupc khang chien<br /> truyen, Q 116, 6a. chong quan xam Iflpc Dong Hin cua Trflng Vfldng.<br /> Dd l i sau khi nhin thi'y khong the chin dflng<br /> (19). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd,<br /> dflpc quan giic d ciia bien Bach Ding, Trflng<br /> quyen 37, tr. 656.<br /> Vfldng d i chu dpng lui quan vl gifl Lang Bac, rdi<br /> (20). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, T. I, sdd, tr. 156. sau thi't thii d Lang Bac, Trflng Vfldng mdi lui vl<br /> (21). Sau Ma Vien, ri't nhieu cac doin quan chin djch d Cd Loa, Me Linh v i cuoi cflng mdi nit<br /> xam Ifldc tfl phfldng Bic sang danh chie'm nfldc ta sang Ci'm Khe d ben hflu ngan sdng Hong.<br /> theo dfldng Dong Bic diu chpn hinh thflc phoi hpp<br /> Nhieu sach nhfl Dgi Viet svC ky todn thU, Viet sd<br /> hai dao quin thuy bp v i phfldng thflc tie chie'n cua<br /> thdng gidm cUang muc cho chie'n trfldng Lang Bac<br /> ta li tim cich khong cho chung phoi hdp vdi nhau,<br /> thdi Hai Bi Trflng d pham vi khu viic Ho Tay (Hi<br /> CO lip chung mi tieu dipt tflng dao quan mpt.<br /> Ndi) l i khong dung vdi thflc te', vi chic chin vio<br /> (22). Dd li cac den thd nfl tfldng Le Chan d An diu Cdng nguyen Ho Tay chfla hinh thinh v i khu<br /> Bien (npi thinh Hai Phong) v i An Bien (Dong vflc Ho Tay cung khong cd di'u tich chien trfldng<br /> Trieu Quang Ninh), Lpnh Ba, Chfnh Trpng d chdng quin xam Iflpc Dong Han. H.Maspdro, Dio<br /> Quynh Cfl (An Hai, Hai Phdng), Hoing Dp d An Duy Anh, Trin Quoc Vfldng di? doin chie'n trfldng<br /> Hoi (An Hai, Hai Phdng), vien quan lang hp Lo d Lang Bac d khu vflc phia dong Co' Loa, tflc Ii vung<br /> Dong Ly (My Dong, Thuy Nguyen, Hai Phong)... cic huy^n Tfl Sdn, Tien Du tinh Bic Ninh. Dinh<br /> Vin Nhit lai cho r i n g chiin trfldng Ling Bac phai<br /> (23). Hien nay vin cdn nhieu quan niem khic<br /> d vung triing Trung Ddng gin thinh pho' Bic<br /> nhau ve diin bien ciia cupc khing chie'n chong<br /> Ninh. Moi quan diim deu khai thac kha tript di<br /> quin xim Ifldc Dong Han cua Hai Bi TrUng. Mpt<br /> cac ngudn tfl lipu thfl tich v i nhflng die diim dia<br /> so tic gia cin cfl vio cau "Md Vien thdy vung ddt<br /> hinh tfl nhien ciia vflng Lang Bac nhfl vflng doi gd<br /> ndy (vflng Lang Bac) cao, mdi tii T&y Ly tien den<br /> (Tien Du) hay vflng triing ngip lut (Trung Ddng).<br /> dong ddn d do" (Sdd, tr. 695) de dfl doan c6 mpt<br /> Tuy nhien dd ciing mdi chi l i nhflng gia thie't khoa<br /> tran Tay Vu d khu vflc Co' Loa trfldc tran Ling Bac<br /> hpc. Chiing tdi nhin nhin diin bid'n cua cupc<br /> d vilng doi tha'p thupc huypn Tien Du tinh Bic<br /> khang chien chong quin xim Iflpc Ddng Hin cua<br /> Ninh; hay Mi Vien sau thi't bai d Tay Vu mdi lui<br /> Trflng Vfldng theo mpt Id gich khac nen cd cich<br /> ve gifl Lang Bac (H.Masp6ro (1918), Dio Duy Anh<br /> giai thfeh khdng gioiig cac tic gia tren vl mpt vflng<br /> (1957, 1964), Trin Quoc Vfldng (1963, 2001)...).<br /> chid'n trudng Ling Bac. Vi'n dl cung cin phai dfldc<br /> Chung tdi chfla biet Tiy Ly cd phai la Tay Vu<br /> tie'p tyc nghien cflu v i thao luin.<br /> khdng vi sich Thuy kinh chu ngay trong doan vin<br /> Cugc hhfli nghla I^ai Ba Tnmg. 15<br /> <br /> (24). Lich Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q (29). Dieu niy lai bj truyen thuyet din gian<br /> 37, tr. 695; H&u Hdn thU, Q 54, Ma Vi^n truypn. giai thfeh sai Ipch di l i trong khi thi't thd' d Ci'm<br /> (25). Sau niy chinh Ma Vipn d i kl lai tim Khe, Hai Bi Trflng chay v l Hat Mdn roi gieo minh<br /> trang thflc ciia minh vdi bpn quan thupc: "Luc ta xudng ddng sdng Hat tfl tin. Sich Dgi Nam qudc<br /> dang d gida miin Lang Bgc vd Tdy Ly, qudn gidc sd diin ca (da din, tr. 56) cung vi the mi chdp sai<br /> chUa dep yen, trdi thi dUdi nUdc lut, tren mdy mil, di ring: "Cdm Khi den luc hiem ngheo. Chi em<br /> khi dgc bdc len ngun ngut, trdng len thdy diiu hdu thdt thdcUng liiu vdi sdng".<br /> duang bay bdng rai xudng nUdc chet". Trong hoin<br /> (30). Ljch Dao Nguydn: Thuy kinh chd, sdd, Q<br /> canh nhfl viy. Ma Vipn lien tfldng den v i td ra<br /> 37, tr. 696.<br /> dong tinh vdi ldi khuyen ciia ngfldi em hp ring:<br /> "Ke si sinh ra d ddi chi cdn dn mac viia du, di cdi (31). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q<br /> xe thdp, cUdi con ngUa gdy, ldm mgt chdc quan 37, tr. 696.<br /> nho, song dUac d gdn nhd chdm soc mo md td tien, (32). Ljch Dao Nguyen: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q<br /> ldng mgc, duac khen Id ngUdi tdt, the Id dd rdi" 37, tr. 696.<br /> (fjgu Hdn ky, Q 7).<br /> (33). Lich Dao Nguydn: Thuy kinh chu, sdd, Q<br /> (26). Tfl lipu khao sat thflc dia ciia cin bp bp<br /> 37, tr. 696.<br /> mdn Ljch sii Vipt Nam Co trung dai v i sinh vien<br /> khoi 24 (nim 1983). (34). Vio thdi diem tnidc sau nhflng nim 70<br /> ciia thd' ky XX, do chiu anh hfldng cua khuynh h<br /> (27). Nhfl Ddng Bang d Gia Lpc (Dai Hflng,<br /> Ddng Anh) Thuy Hai, Ding Giang d Dai Vi (Hi Vi, fldng chinh trj cflc doan, d Trung Qudc xui't hi^n<br /> Lien Hi, Ddng Anh), VTnh Huy d ling Co' Chau nhiiu bii viet "thd'i phdng B\f xam Iflpc ciia Trung<br /> (Vin Hi, Ddng Anh)... Quoc doi vdi Vi^t Nam, vi'n dl Hai Bi Trflng khdi<br /> nghia v i Mi Vidn nam chinh dflpc nhi'n manh qua<br /> (28). Trfldc diy cd ngfldi doin Ci'm Khe d<br /> mflc". Mpt trong nhflng tic gia dd, dng Hoing<br /> huypn Lip Thach, tinh VTnh Phuc, nhflng nhfl t h l<br /> Tranh da tflng vidt vio nim 1979 ring cupc khdi<br /> hoin toin khdng phfl hpp vdi Id gich ciia cupc<br /> nghia Hai Bi Trflng chi Ii "cupc phan lo?n ciia gidi<br /> khang chie'n. Gin day gidi sii hpc Vipt Nam cd<br /> quy tpc chu nd vflng Giao Chi choiig lai triiu dinh<br /> khuynh hfldng ddng y vdi y kid'n ciia dng Dinh Vin<br /> phong kid'n hoi do vfldng triiu Ddng Hin tie'n<br /> Nhit cho ring Ci'm Khe d chin nui Ba Vi, huypn<br /> hinh". Cung may m i dd'n nim 2005, dng di thinh<br /> Thach Thi't, H i Ndi. Chi djnh vj tri cua Ci'm Khe<br /> thit nhin ra nhflng sai lim cila minh v i khing<br /> d hflu ngan sdng Hdng l i hpp ly, tuy nhien khoanh<br /> djnh: "Hai Bi Trflng thflc sfl Ii nhflng ngfldi anh<br /> gpn Ci'm Khe trong khu vflc thung lung Suoi Ving<br /> hflng ri't ding kfnh trpng trong long nhin din<br /> d dfldi chin nui Ba Vi thi lai chfla thit chinh xic.<br /> Ci'm Khd chic chin phai kdo dii tfl vflng chin nui Vipt Nam hing nghin nim nay, khdng thl tuy tif n<br /> Ba VT cho dd'n t i n khu vi?c chfla Hfldng, My Dflc, ha thi'p v i bdi nhp. Moi khi nghi tdi diiu niy, tdi<br /> Hi Npi dd cd diiu kipn noi thdng vdi Ciiu Chin. Di liin cam thi'y trong ldng cd nhflng hd thpn v i bit<br /> tfch vi truyin thuyd't cd lien quan den cupc khdi an" (Vi vdn di Md Vien nam chinh Giao Chi, Bii<br /> nghia Hai Bi Trflng d cic huyen Thach Thi't, Qudc phit biiu tai Hdi thao hpc thuit vl vin hoi ljch sil<br /> Oai, Chfldng My, My Dflc (Hi Ndi) v i khu vflc dpc Ma Vidn do huypn Phdng Thinh, Quang Tay td'<br /> dai sdng Day d i phan anh thflc te niy. chflc thing 4 nim 2005).<br />