S62(244)-2016<br />
<br />
N G 6 N N G f & Ddi S 6 N G<br />
<br />
77<br />
<br />
gjgQALNGir VOl BAN NGUl<br />
<br />
DOI CHIEU SV HIEN DIEN VA K H 6 N G HIEN DIEN<br />
CUA Gldfl T f TIENG HAN V6l GI61 TU" TIENG VIET<br />
A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF COVERT<br />
ON THE PREPOSITION OF CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE<br />
LY YftN CHAU (LI YANZHOU)<br />
(ThS-NCS; D»i hpc KHXH & NV, DHQG H i Npi)<br />
(ThS-NCS; Dji hpc KHKT Quang T4y, Trung Qudc)<br />
Abstract: In this essay, we will discuss the covert on the preposition of Chinese and<br />
Vietnamese from the three aspects theory: syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and find out their<br />
own similarities and differences in the mechanism of covert on the two languages. The<br />
results of research: the rules of covert on the preposition of Chinese and Vietnamese affected<br />
by the following factors: grammar, semantics ofthe sentence, "The Principle of Economy",<br />
and the gerue of writing (documents, law,...), the genre of literature (poetry, prose) and the<br />
dialogues background, etc,...<br />
Key words; contrastive study of covert; preposition; Chinese; Vietnamese.<br />
1. M& ddu<br />
(3) a » y l * R » f f i a 4 ' t t * t t ^ « . Trong bdi ndy, chung t6i khdo sdt, phdn • a y A R * f f i S l + W * < i ¥ ^ . (4'l^AR<br />
tich s\r hien dipn vd khong hien di^n cua gidi<br />
tCr tiong cau tidng Han va tieng Vi^t theo ba »«HKi*aM)<br />
binh dipn: kit hpc, nghta hpc va dyng hpc.<br />
(4)iiai®@*4, smm-xn^'n<br />
ViSc gi6i tit hiln dien hay khong trong cdu<br />
chiu anh hudng cua hang lo^t cdc nhan to nhu:<br />
6 cdc vi dy tien, gidi ttt ft (d), »t (ddi vdi)<br />
ngii phdp, ngii nghia cua cau, "nguyen 11 tilt<br />
kipm ngon ngQ", vd vdn ban (vdn kien, phdp trong edu 1, cau 2 khi dttng d ddu cau thi cd<br />
ludt,...), thd tai vdn hpc (vdn, tha) vd hodn canh thi khdng hipn dien md khdng dnh hudng din<br />
ddi thoai, v.v.<br />
y nghia cua cdu; khi gidi ttt S (khi), SR?,<br />
(theo) dung d gitta cdu 3, cau 4 thi chung<br />
2. Bdi chieu cv the<br />
fliudng phdi hi$n dipn, nlu khdng se dnh<br />
2.1. Xdt tir binh difn ci phdp<br />
Vi tri cii phdp cda doan ngtt gidi tCr (gidi hudng ddn cau tnic va ^ nghia cila cda<br />
Gidi ttt tidng Vipt:<br />
ngtt) c6 dnh hudng ldn doi vdi s\r hipn dipn vd<br />
khdng hien d i ^ ciia gidi ttt. Thdng thuong,<br />
(5) vi vifc rugu ndy, chic ong phdi phgt<br />
nhttng gidi tir trong gidi ngtt dirng d ddu cdu ngng. —• Vi^c rugu ndy, chic ong phdi phgt<br />
de luiyc bd, cdn gidi tu trong gidi ngii dimg d ndng. (Budc dudng cung)<br />
gifla cdu hodc piia chii ngtt va vi ngtt thi khd<br />
(6) Trone trudng hfip thgt cdn thiit vt li do<br />
lupc bd dupc. Vidu:<br />
qudc phong, an ninh vd vi lgi ich quoc gia,<br />
Gidi tir tilng Han:<br />
Nhd nude tnmg mua hogc trung dyng cd boi<br />
(1) ^x\iU' Sffl"SSia"3ft'ret"?^;d-"iX thudng Idi sdn ciia cd nhdn hoic Id chic theo<br />
^ i i l _ 4^8. tffl"^B)|"*««"?^7^"S thdi gid Ihi trudng. - • Trudng h(?p thit cdn<br />
^iSl. (W4>:^*)<br />
thiit vi // do qudc phdng, an ninh vd vi lgi ich<br />
(2) M ^ ^ * ' ^ss^fflffi'J^•l:.-. -* ft quoc gia, Nhd nude trttng mua hodc tntng<br />
dung cd boi thudng tdi sdn cita cd nhdn hoifc<br />
<br />
78<br />
<br />
NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG<br />
<br />
td chuc theo thdi gid thi trudng. (Hidn phdp<br />
VietNam)<br />
(7) Chi Ddu chimg cung rdt rudi vi su<br />
phdm dn ctia con —> * Chi Ddu chimg cUng<br />
rdt ruOl s^phdm dn cua con. (Tdt den)<br />
(8) Thing be hdu ddi nudt vdi miing khoai<br />
trong mi$ng.~*<br />
*Thing<br />
be hdu ddi<br />
nuot vdi mieng khoai mieng. (Tdt ddn)<br />
Trong cac vi du tren, gidi ttt 'Vl", "trong"<br />
trong cdu 5, cdu 6 khi diing d ddu cdu thi cd<br />
thd khdng hi$n di$n md khdng dnh hudng ddn<br />
^ nghia cila cau, nhung khi gidi ttt 'Vd",<br />
"trong" diing d gifla cau cau 7, cau 8 thi<br />
thudng phdi hi^n dien, ndu khdng se dnh<br />
hudng den cau tnic vd -y nghia cua cau.<br />
Ben canh dd, syr hi^n difin vd khdng hi$n<br />
di$n cua gidi ttt cd lien quan ddn mttc dp phlic<br />
tap v l cdu tliic cila cau. Cy thd, dOng ttt chinh<br />
trong cdu khi mang theo thanh phdn cd lifin<br />
quan cdng nhieu, cdu tnic cau cang phttc t ^ ,<br />
thi c ^ g phdi ddi hdi sy hi$n d i ^ cda gidi ttt<br />
dl ldm noi bdt tinh chdt ciia cdc thdnh phfin dd,<br />
vd ldm rS quan h$ cdu tnic gitta dpng ttt chinh<br />
vdi cdc thdnh phdn cd hdn quan. Vi dy:<br />
<br />
(9)as-*"ai«sigft"i?.<br />
(10) «^5f*1!e3C-*"jffiltiggft"<br />
H.) (ft, tji: gidi ttt chi dia dilm)<br />
) g S - * " j a i * i g i g S " 1 5 . ( * T , dd/vi:<br />
gidi ttt chi myc dich)<br />
(12) ; * & 7 W f t « l « S i g t t ,<br />
9.m\%^<br />
<br />
iSM-m^mr-* "mmmmm-^a. (^,<br />
cho: gidi ttt chi ddi tupng)<br />
<br />
i a f e " 1 i . ( I f S , theo: gidi ttt chi Cdn cft)<br />
Trong cdc thi dy tifin, cdu (14) la phftc tap<br />
nhdt, cy Uil Id dd stt dyng 4 gidi ttt: " ^ 7<br />
"(diM), "ffiS"(cdn ctt), "ft"(tai), "^"(cho),<br />
dd bilu fl4 myc dich, can cft, dia dilm vd ddi<br />
tudng; nlu lupc bd nhflng gidi ttt tren, cau ndy<br />
sS trd nen khd hilu h o ^ khdng hilu dupc.<br />
2.2. Xdt tir binh difn ngir nghid<br />
<br />
s d 2 (244)-2016<br />
<br />
Thft nhdt, nhflng gidi ttt chl ddi tuprng, dli<br />
ra vai tham td (participant role) thudng khdng<br />
thd lupc bd; ndu lugrc bd chiing thi dnh hudng<br />
ddn y nghia hojc ctt phdp cua cdu. Vi dy:<br />
(14):t5fe4. a f i B « » « W . ( a « i ) - . ' J<br />
<br />
(15) ttsa«iiia««*, 0Mn-mm<br />
(16) msm-R^mknsm. m») -•am<br />
(17) Toi da ndi vdi cu Nghi Qui d thdn Doai.<br />
(Fit den) —> *Toi dd noi cy Nghi Qui d thdn Doai<br />
(IS) Sao u lgi di chj ay ngd d ben ay? (Til din)<br />
—> * Sao u lgi chi ay ngu dbSniy?<br />
(K)si ngudi chit vt hin cting khd nhiiu. (Si{<br />
£>d) —>* So ngudi chit hin cimg khd nhiiu.<br />
Thu hai, nhttng gidi ttt chi flidi gian, gidi<br />
ttt chi noi chdn, gidi ttt chi phuong di$n vi<br />
gidi ttt chi ph^m vi, trong mdt sd trudng hpp<br />
cd fill khdng hipn di$n md khdng dnh hudng<br />
den y nghia vd oil phdp ctia cdu. Vi dy:<br />
- Gidi tir chi thdi gian;<br />
<br />
(20) m-sss*a*s?w*4, M'^m<br />
(21) Khong biit trong luc dau Sm, lgi bf hdnh<br />
hg nhu thi, anh dy co thi sing dugc den mai hay<br />
khdng. (Fit den) —» Khdng biet luc dau 6m, lgi b}<br />
hdnh hg nhu Ihi, anh dy c6 the sdng dufrc den mfli<br />
hay khdng.<br />
-Gidi ttt chl noi chon:<br />
<br />
(22) BPffigaE#^jis±, iija^sAtfflR<br />
aW;d«ffl*#*l»l.<br />
(23) Khdng dupc cutriid nhimg nai da bi cim<br />
cu tru; chap hdnh nghiem chinh cam kit cua minli<br />
Irong viec tudn thti phc^ ludt. (Ludt thi hanh dn<br />
MnhsifnudcCHXHCNVN) -^ Khdng dugc at tri<br />
nhiing nai da bi cam cu trd; ch^ hdnh n^iem<br />
chinh cam kit cua minh Irong vi^c ludn thuj^<br />
lugt.<br />
Gidi ttt chl phuong di$n:<br />
<br />
(24) ^fwmi^i.^. nen^mifi. m<br />
ii»7. (i*t>^*) - f^#w4T, mim<br />
<br />
Mle4^2016<br />
<br />
N G 6 N N G C & Bcn S 6 N G<br />
<br />
79<br />
<br />
(30). VM cdi sdc khde mgnh, vdi cdi tinh<br />
_l.^}J^^ """ '^'^ngi' f™ ^>do chiec changndt,<br />
'd'chlDdudntSnhdichdngyitinhlmhIrongnhd<br />
nhanh nhdu, vdi cdi dire chiu thuang chiu Uto<br />
tit^ghdmquadingid.<br />
(Tat den) -*Mdi mu Cuu trong nghi c^ thuS cudc mudn, nhOng ndm<br />
ngqi tgm vao chiec chong not, rii chi Dgu on tin son rdi, vft chdng nhd anh cOng v&t Uim dirftc<br />
hoi chdng linh hinh trang nhd lit sdng hdm qua din ftoadn(Tdtden).<br />
get.<br />
Gidi ttt 'Vdi" trong vi dy tien cd flil chi<br />
-Gidi ttt chi pham vi:<br />
hipn dipn 1 ldn, cung khdng dnh hudng ddn<br />
(26) ^ S t t A * , « 1 f e ^ f f i « ' J \ -> & S A<br />
ngtt nghia va cdu.<br />
Thtt hai, mdt s6 dodn ngft (hai am tidt ho|c<br />
(27) T^dch rihiem cua ca quan, td chdc, cd<br />
nhdn c6 lien quan trong Ihi hdnh dn hinh su, bien nhieu dm tidt) chi cdng cy, phuang fliftc,<br />
nguyfin<br />
nhan, flidi gian, Ufin ddi, flieo ngtt cdnh<br />
phdp lu phdp. (Lugl Ihi hdnh dn hinh sir nu&c<br />
CHXHCNVN) —. Trdch nhi?m cua ca quan, td hojc nguyen U tidt kipm thi chttng cung khdng<br />
chiic, cd nhdn cd lien qucm Ihi hdnh dn hinh sv. cdn gidi ttt ndi h i a Vi du:<br />
Khdng cd gidi<br />
bi?n ph^ tuphdp.<br />
cd gidi ttt<br />
2.3. Xit tir hinh difn ngit dttng<br />
Chi<br />
Chet do<br />
Chel vi ddi Chit<br />
Andre Martinet (1960) dng xudt phdt ttt<br />
nguyen<br />
Chil benh<br />
yibenh<br />
chftc ndng giao tidp cua ngdn ngtt da dua ra<br />
nhan<br />
Nguyfin li tilt kipm (The Principle of<br />
Chi cdng Phdt dien hgt Phdt di^ I<br />
Economy) ctta ngdn ngtt [Dan tiieo 5].Sy<br />
cy<br />
nhdn<br />
hgt nhdn<br />
khdng hi^n dipn cua gidi ttt phtt hpp nguyfin<br />
(phuong<br />
Dich mieng<br />
Dich<br />
i<br />
litifitkipm ctta ngdn ngu. Trong giao tiep, cd<br />
fliiic)<br />
mifng<br />
ngudi ndi va ngudi nhdn ddu hi vpng tim<br />
Chi ttidi CUQC Ihi giOa Cudc thi d_giila<br />
dupc mpt each dan gidn va dat dupc hipu qud<br />
gian<br />
h<br />
^J^ ki<br />
cao nhat trong qua trinh giao tidp. Vi du:<br />
Chi lien Vgn chuyen Vi vgn chuySn<br />
(28) A: Cgu sang Viet Nam bdng cdch<br />
ddi<br />
hdnghda<br />
\ hdnghoa<br />
ndo?<br />
3. Ketlu^n<br />
B: Ta di tdu hda (Td dibing Idu hda).<br />
Cd the ndi, sy hipn dipn va khdng hi$n dipn<br />
Vi dy trfin Id mOt doan ddi flioai fliuemg cua gidi ttt tidng Hdn va tidng Vi$t chiu anh<br />
dilng trong cudc sdng giao tidp hang ngdy: hudng tft nhilu phuang difin khdc nhau. Vi flid,<br />
gidi ttt chi cdng cu "Aa«g" cd thi khdng hi^n can cdn ctt vao ngtt cdnh d l xem xdt chftng.<br />
T A I L i f u THAM KHAO<br />
dien (hlnh thdi Zero) nhung ciing khong dnh<br />
.hudng ddn giao tifip.<br />
1. Nguyen Diic Dan (2005), NhOng gidi lit<br />
Ndu trong bai vdn cd ngtt cdnh, mpt gidi khdng gian: str chuyin nghia vd in dvi. Tap chi<br />
til cd thd chi phdi (Governing) cttng Ittc Ngdn ngtt, Sd (9),ti-.42-50.<br />
nhilu ddi tupng, didu nay ciing phu hpp vdi<br />
2. Ldm Quang Ddng (2005), Vi sir hifn<br />
nguyen li tidt kipm. Vi dy:<br />
difn/khdng hifn difn cda giai lu "cho" trong<br />
cdu chia vi Ut cd ^ nghia cho/ldng, Tjp chi<br />
(29) Anh ta ludn ludn trung thdnh vdi sif<br />
nghiep cdch mgng, quan chung nhdn ddn. Id Ngdn ngtt, sd (12), ti-.26-33.<br />
j l / d ' c v r * ' . (Khau ngtt)<br />
^<br />
Gidi ttt "vdi" d cdu trfin cd thd chi phoi 3<br />
cym danh ttt: "sy nghipp each mpig", "qudn<br />
chung nhan dan" vd "td qudc vi dai".<br />
Ddi khi, do s\f ddi hdi cua ngO cdnh, phdi<br />
cd mdt hi|u qud ngin gpn va fliong nhat, cdu<br />
rdt can sy hi^n di$n cua gidi ttt, vi dy:<br />
<br />
3. ^Mt (1996), xis^fi-mmi/i-isimm.<br />
<br />
4. nn^m (2001), g;am'Ksmmm<br />
<br />
5. mmm am),<br />
<br />
^T/^g^^ffaMm<br />
<br />
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