Ebook Exploring animal behavior in laboratory and field (2/E): Part 1

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Part 1 book "Exploring animal behavior in laboratory and field" includes content: A question of behaviors - how to design, test, and use an ethogram; consistency in data collection - creating operational definitions; observation and inference in observing human and nonhuman behavior; a matter of time - comparing observation methods; who is taking whom for a walk,.... and other contents.

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Nội dung Text: Ebook Exploring animal behavior in laboratory and field (2/E): Part 1

Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field Second Edition Edited by Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo Department of Life and Earth Sciences Perimeter College at Georgia State University Decatur, GA, United States Susan W. Margulis Department of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation Department of Biology Canisius College Buffalo, NY, United States
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this ﬁeld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-821410-7 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Charlotte Cockle Acquisitions Editor: Anna Valutkevich Editorial Project Manager: Cole Newman Production Project Manager: Kiruthika Govindaraju Cover Designer: Christian J. Bilbow Typeset by TNQ Technologies
This volume is dedicated to the memories of Penny Bernstein and Susan Foster. Both were past chairs of the education committee of the Animal Behavior Society (ABS); both demonstrated a long-term commitment to the teaching of animal behavior, and to ABS; and they will be greatly missed.
Contents Contributors.......................................................................................... xxi Preface ................................................................................................xxv PART 1 Describing behavior CHAPTER 1 A question of behaviors: how to design, test, and use an ethogram............................................. 3 Olivia S.B. Spagnuolo, Darren C. Incorvaia, Elizabeth Tinsley Johnson and Eila K. Roberts Part I. Student instructions ................................................ 4 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts...................4 Background ...............................................................4 Purpose.....................................................................7 Methods....................................................................7 Step-by-step instructions ..............................................8 Results/discussion..................................................... 11 Paper instructions ..................................................... 13 Conclusions ............................................................. 14 References............................................................... 14 Part II. Instructor notes ................................................... 15 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................... 15 Teaching the activity ................................................. 15 Part III. Supplemental material......................................... 17 CHAPTER 2 Consistency in data collection: creating operational definitions .........................................19 Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo Part I. Student instructions .............................................. 20 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts................. 20 Background ............................................................. 20 Purpose................................................................... 21 Methods.................................................................. 22 Step-by-step instructions ............................................ 22 Results/data analysis ................................................. 24 Discussion questions ................................................. 26 References............................................................... 27 Part II. Faculty instructions.............................................. 28 Classroom management ............................................. 28 Teaching the activity ................................................. 28 vii
viii Contents In-class preparation................................................... 29 Answer key ............................................................. 30 Part III. Supplemental material......................................... 31 CHAPTER 3 Observation and inference in observing human and nonhuman behavior ............................33 Susan W. Margulis and Penny L. Bernstein Part I. Student instructions .............................................. 34 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts................. 34 Background ............................................................. 34 Purpose................................................................... 36 Part 1: Observing Human smiles ................................. 36 Part 2. Observation and inference when observing nonhuman animals .................................................... 40 Acknowledgments..................................................... 41 References............................................................... 42 Part II. Instructor notes ................................................... 43 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................... 43 Teaching the activity ................................................. 43 Part III. Supplemental material......................................... 47 CHAPTER 4 A matter of time: comparing observation methods...............................................................49 David M. Powell and Eli A. Baskir Part I. Student instructions .............................................. 50 Learning goals and objectives ..................................... 50 Background ............................................................. 50 Purpose................................................................... 52 Behavioral “rules” .................................................... 52 Methods.................................................................. 54 Results and discussion............................................... 55 References............................................................... 56 Part II. Instructor notes ................................................... 57 Classroom management ............................................. 57 Teaching the activity (preclass preparation)................... 57 Teaching the activity (in-class preparation) ................... 58 Answers to general questions for students..................... 61 Part III. Supplementary materials ..................................... 61
Contents ix CHAPTER 5 Who is taking whom for a walk? An observational study of dogehuman interactions .........................63 Jennifer Mather Part I. Student instructions .............................................. 63 Background ............................................................. 64 Purpose................................................................... 65 Methods.................................................................. 65 Results/discussion..................................................... 66 Questions ................................................................ 67 References............................................................... 67 Part II. Instructor notes ................................................... 68 Classroom management ............................................. 68 Question answers...................................................... 69 Part III. Supplementary material....................................... 70 CHAPTER 6 Movement analysis: expanding the resolution of analysis in animal behavior..............................71 Afra Foroud and Sergio M. Pellis Part I. Student instructions .............................................. 72 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts................. 72 Background information ............................................ 72 Purpose................................................................... 74 Methods.................................................................. 74 Learning exercise 1: the EshkoleWachman Movement Notation sphere ........................................................ 77 Learning exercise 2: partnerwise orientation.................. 82 Learning exercise 3: opposition................................... 87 The EshkoleWachman Movement Notation activity ....... 87 Results/discussion..................................................... 91 Acknowledgment...................................................... 92 References............................................................... 92 Part II. Instructor notes ................................................... 94 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................... 94 Teaching the activity ................................................. 94 Modifications to the activity ....................................... 95 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students ..... 96 Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes.......................................... 97 Answer key ........................................................... 102 Part III. Supplementary material......................................104
x Contents PART 2 Theory of behavior CHAPTER 7 The evolution of behavior: a phylogenetic approach ........................................................... 107 J. Jordan Price and Ken Yasukawa Part I. Student instructions .............................................108 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 108 Background ........................................................... 108 Building and interpreting phylogenetic trees................ 109 Using phylogenies to reconstruct the evolution of behaviors............................................................... 112 Purpose................................................................. 113 Methods................................................................ 113 Activity 1: Whole-class exercise................................ 114 Defining character states .......................................... 116 Mapping characters onto the tree............................... 117 Results/discussion................................................... 117 Questions for in-class discussion ............................... 118 Activity 2: Small-group projects................................ 119 References............................................................. 119 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................121 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 121 Teaching the activity ............................................... 121 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students ... 123 Another potential modification to the activity .............. 124 Answers to the questions for in-class discussion........... 124 Appendix: Using Mesquite ....................................... 126 Creating and editing trees......................................... 128 Discrete character state reconstruction using parsimony ............................................................. 129 CHAPTER 8 Examining variability in the song of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) .................................... 131 Douglas W. Wacker Part I. Student instructions .............................................132 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 132 Background ........................................................... 132 Purpose................................................................. 133 Methods................................................................ 133
Contents xi Step-by-step instructions .......................................... 134 Results/discussion................................................... 139 References............................................................. 140 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................142 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 142 Teaching the activity ............................................... 142 Answer key ........................................................... 144 Part III. Supplementary material data sheets......................146 CHAPTER 9 Learning to be winners and losers: agonistic behavior in crayfish............................. 147 Elizabeth M. Jakob and Chad D. Hoefler Part I. Student instructions .............................................148 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 148 Background ........................................................... 148 Purpose................................................................. 148 Methods................................................................ 149 Step-by-step instructions .......................................... 149 Results/discussion................................................... 152 For further discussion.............................................. 152 References............................................................. 153 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................154 Classroom management ........................................... 154 Teaching the activity ............................................... 154 Answer key for discussion questions.......................... 155 Optional extensions................................................. 156 Part III. Supplementary material......................................156 CHAPTER 10 Love is blind: investigating the perceptual world of a courting parasitoid............................. 157 Robert W. Matthews and Janice R. Matthews Part I. Student instructions .............................................158 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 158 Background information .......................................... 158 Purpose................................................................. 159 Methods and materials............................................. 160 Part 1. Observing interactions ................................... 161 Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexual behaviors ............. 164 Part 3. Determining courtship attraction cues............... 166
xii Contents Part 4. Results and data analysis................................ 170 Questions for discussion .......................................... 171 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................173 Classroom management ........................................... 173 Teaching the activity ............................................... 173 In-class preparation................................................. 178 Sample observational results..................................... 180 Sample numerical results ......................................... 185 Answer key to “questions for discussion” ................... 186 References............................................................. 191 Part III. Supplementary material......................................192 CHAPTER 11 Are squirrels and ants smart shoppers? How foraging choices may meet current and future needs ................................................ 193 Sylvia L. Halkin and Alicia M. Bray Part I. Student instructions .............................................194 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 194 Background ........................................................... 194 Purpose................................................................. 196 Methods................................................................ 196 Option 1: Squirrels.................................................. 197 Option 2: Ants (family: Formicidae) .......................... 205 Questions for discussion .......................................... 211 Acknowledgments................................................... 212 References............................................................. 212 Further reading....................................................... 214 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................215 Squirrels ............................................................... 215 Ants (family: Formicidae) ........................................ 224 Answers to discussion questions (these apply to both the squirrel and the ant exercises)....................... 228 Part III. Supplementary material......................................230 CHAPTER 12 Predators strike and prey counterstrike .............. 231 Eduardo Bessa Part I. Student instructions .............................................232 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 232 Background ........................................................... 232 Purpose................................................................. 233 Methods................................................................ 233 Materials............................................................... 233
Contents xiii Procedure.............................................................. 233 Results/discussion................................................... 234 Questions .............................................................. 235 References............................................................. 235 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................237 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 237 Materials............................................................... 237 Data analysis ......................................................... 238 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students ... 238 Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes............................................. 239 Answer key ........................................................... 239 Part III. Supplementary material......................................240 CHAPTER 13 The circle game: intergenerational transmission and modification of solutions to a universal need ............................................ 241 Andrew Goldklank Fulmer Part I. Student instructions .............................................242 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 242 Background ........................................................... 242 Purpose................................................................. 243 Methods................................................................ 243 Results/discussion................................................... 244 Discussion questions ............................................... 244 Acknowledgement .................................................. 245 References............................................................. 245 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................246 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 246 Teaching the activity ............................................... 246 Samples of results................................................... 247 Discussion questions ............................................... 248 CHAPTER 14 Demonstrating strategies for solving the prisoner’s dilemma............................................. 251 Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo and Kathleen Morgan Part I. Student instructions .............................................252 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 252 Background ........................................................... 252 Purpose................................................................. 255 Methods................................................................ 255 Results and discussion............................................. 258
xiv Contents Data analysis ......................................................... 260 Discussion questions ............................................... 261 References............................................................. 262 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................263 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 263 Teaching the activity ............................................... 264 Data analysis ......................................................... 264 Answer key ........................................................... 264 Reference.............................................................. 266 Part III. Supplementary material......................................266 CHAPTER 15 Using empirical games to teach animal behavior ............................................................ 267 Philip K. Stoddard Part I. Student instructions .............................................268 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 268 Background ........................................................... 268 Purpose................................................................. 269 Methods................................................................ 269 Results/discussion................................................... 270 Upping your game by applying lessons of behavioral ecology................................................................. 270 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................272 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 273 Teaching the activity ............................................... 273 Answer key ........................................................... 275 References............................................................. 276 PART 3 Application of behavior CHAPTER 16 Finding food is fun! Location discrimination training ............................................................. 279 Robin L. Foster and Carolyn Loyer Part I. Student instructions .............................................280 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 280 Background ........................................................... 280 Purpose................................................................. 282 Methods................................................................ 283 Step-by-step instructions .......................................... 285 Hypothesis, expected results, and interpretation ........... 288
Contents xv Results/discussion: goeno go as the dependent variable................................................................. 289 Results/discussion: latency as the dependent variable.... 289 Conclusions ........................................................... 291 Discussion questions ............................................... 293 References............................................................. 293 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................295 Classroom management ........................................... 295 Teaching the activity ............................................... 295 Materials............................................................... 296 Species selection .................................................... 298 In-class preparation................................................. 300 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students................................................................. 300 Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes........................................ 301 Answer key ........................................................... 302 Part III. Supplementary material......................................304 CHAPTER 17 Using natural behavior as a guide for welfare ..... 305 Malini Suchak Part I. Student instructions .............................................306 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 306 Background ........................................................... 306 Purpose................................................................. 307 Methods................................................................ 307 Results/discussion................................................... 309 Conclusions ........................................................... 309 References............................................................. 310 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................311 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 311 Teaching the activity ............................................... 311 Modifications to the activity ..................................... 312 In-class preparation................................................. 312 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students ... 312 Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes............................................. 313 Sample answers to the guiding questions .................... 313 Part III. Supplementary material......................................314
xvi Contents CHAPTER 18 Conservation behavior: effects of light pollution on insects ........................................... 315 Brett Seymoure, Elizabeth K. Peterson and Rachel Y. Chock Part I. Student instructions .............................................316 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 316 Introduction........................................................... 316 Light pollution ....................................................... 317 Purpose................................................................. 320 Methods................................................................ 320 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................326 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 327 Modifications......................................................... 331 In-class preparation................................................. 332 Part III. Supplementary material......................................332 References............................................................. 333 CHAPTER 19 Animal enrichment: creating functional and stimulating enrichment for captive animals. Observing and assessing their use and impact .... 337 Clara Voorhees Part I. Student instructions .............................................338 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 338 Background ........................................................... 338 Purpose................................................................. 339 Methods................................................................ 339 Step-by-step instructions .......................................... 340 Results/discussion................................................... 341 Analytical approach ................................................ 342 Questions .............................................................. 342 References............................................................. 343 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................344 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 344 Teaching the activity ............................................... 344 Answer key ........................................................... 346 Part III. Supplementary material......................................346 CHAPTER 20 A nonverbal test battery for evaluating physical and social cognition ............................. 347 Malini Suchak and Abigail L. Hines Part I. Student instructions .............................................348 Learning objectives................................................. 348 Background ........................................................... 348
Contents xvii Purpose................................................................. 349 Methods................................................................ 349 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................350 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 350 Teaching the activity ............................................... 350 Materials and setup ................................................. 351 In-class preparation................................................. 351 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students ... 353 Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes........................................ 354 Answer key for worksheet........................................ 354 References............................................................. 356 Part III. Supplementary material......................................356 PART 4 Communicating behavior CHAPTER 21 Learning from the primary literature of animal behavior ............................................................ 359 Rebecca Burton Part I. Student instructions .............................................360 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 360 Background information .......................................... 360 Purpose................................................................. 361 Methods................................................................ 361 Making a methods flow diagram ............................... 361 Analysis and summary questions............................... 363 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................364 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 364 Scaffolding............................................................ 364 Part III. Supplementary material......................................367 CHAPTER 22 The fine print: process and permissions for behavioral research ........................................... 369 Susan W. Margulis and Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo Part I. Student instructions .............................................370 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 370 Background ........................................................... 370 Purpose................................................................. 371 Methods................................................................ 371 Results/discussion................................................... 375 Reference.............................................................. 375
xviii Contents Part II: Instructor’s notes................................................376 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 376 Teaching the activity ............................................... 376 Answer key ........................................................... 377 CHAPTER 23 Writing science for the general public................ 379 Erin A. Weigel and Carol M. Berman Part I. Student instructions .............................................380 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 380 Background ........................................................... 380 Purpose................................................................. 382 Methods................................................................ 382 Results/discussion................................................... 388 Discussion questions during peer review..................... 389 Acknowledgments................................................... 390 References............................................................. 390 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................392 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 392 Teaching the activity ............................................... 392 Modifications to the activity ..................................... 392 In-class preparation................................................. 393 Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes........................................ 393 Samples of results................................................... 394 Part III. Supplementary material......................................394 CHAPTER 24 Effective scientific writing .................................. 395 Megan Murphy Part I. Student instructions .............................................396 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 396 Background ........................................................... 396 Purpose................................................................. 396 Methods................................................................ 397 References............................................................. 399 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................400 Preclass preparation ................................................ 400 In-class preparation................................................. 400 Answer key ........................................................... 400
Contents xix CHAPTER 25 Writing and reviewing grant proposals................ 403 Andrea M.-K. Bierema Part I. Student instructions .............................................404 Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts............... 404 Background ........................................................... 404 Purpose................................................................. 405 Methods................................................................ 405 Overview of activities and assignments ...................... 406 Student research grant guidelines (final product guidelines)............................................................. 407 Results/discussion................................................... 408 References............................................................. 410 Part II. Instructor notes ..................................................411 Classroom management/blocks of analysis.................. 411 Teaching the activity ............................................... 411 Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students................................................................. 414 Part III. Supplementary material......................................415 Appendices Appendix 1 Tools for observational data collection .....................................419 Appendix 2 Basic statistics for behavior....................................................423 Appendix 3 Citation formats for the sciences.............................................455 Index...................................................................................................461