economic english 4

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– THE GED SCIENCE EXAM – 5. the path taking the least time. From his princi- Isomers are molecules that have the same num- ple of least time, Fermat re-derived the law of ber of the same elements, but in a different reﬂection, as well as the law of refraction. This arrangement. Which one of the following is principle played an important role in the devel- an isomer of 2-propanol (shown below), opment of quantum mechanics. which contains Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)? 6. The passage shows that H OH H a. reﬂection and refraction can’t be explained by H C C C H the same theory. H H H b. the term reﬂection means that light travels in a. straight lines. H OH H H c. Hero of Alexandria had insight into quantum H C C C C H mechanics. H H H H d. scientists develop theories to explain the phe- nomena they observe in nature. b. H H H e. light travels along the shortest allowed path. H C C C OH 7. Which general statement about science is NOT H H H supported by the passage? c. a. A scientiﬁc ﬁnding sometimes plays a role in H H other scientiﬁc ﬁndings. H C C OH b. Centuries can pass before an observation is H H correctly explained by science. c. Theory should not be based on experimental d. H OH evidence. H C C H d. Different scientists do not always come up H H with the same explanation for an observation. e. A scientiﬁc theory should be in agreement e. H H H with observations. H C C C H 8. Lung cancer accounts for over 30% of all can- H H H cers. Smokers are 90% of lung cancer victims. Lung cancer is rare in societies that don’t smoke. Which is NOT a likely consequence of these Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following passage. statistics? a. Most smokers don’t quit because they experi- The rectilinear propagation of light and the law ence withdrawal symptoms. of reﬂection had been observed long before the b. Congress passed a bill requiring tobacco com- development of modern theories that correctly panies to label their product as harmful. explain these observations. Rectilinear propaga- c. The percentage of smokers dropped after tion of light refers to the fact that light travels in these ﬁgures were made public. straight lines. Hero of Alexandria, who lived d. The U.S. military developed a program to around the ﬁrst century, explained these obser- eliminate all tobacco use from the armed vations by stating that light travels along the forces. shortest allowed path. It wasn’t until 1657 that e. The Surgeon General issued a report stating Pierre de Fermat rejected Hero’s shortest-path that smoking is a health hazard. theory and showed that light propagates along 205
– THE GED SCIENCE EXAM – 9. d. Take 20 chafﬁnch birds, of any age. Every day, Paola is an engineer at an environmental con- play a recording of the song of another bird sulting ﬁrm. Her job is to analyze air quality and species. Record the age of every bird that was the amount of toxic emissions due to highway able to learn the song of the other bird species. trafﬁc. The amount of emissions depends on the e. Bring up 20 just-hatched chafﬁnch birds number of lanes and on the average speed of the among both adult chafﬁnch birds and adult trafﬁc. The greater the number of lanes and the birds of another species. Record the amount slower the cars move, the higher the amount of of time it took just-hatched birds to sing, and toxic emissions. Which of these choices corre- determine whether the presence of the other sponds to the highest amount of toxic emissions species improved or deterred their ability to into the atmosphere? learn to sing their species song. a. a two-lane highway at 2 A.M. on Monday b. a four-lane highway at 2 A.M. on Tuesday c. a two-lane highway at 5:30 P.M. on Wednesday Pretest Answers and Explanations d. a four-lane highway at 5:30 P.M. on Thursday 1. b. Longitude is the only factor on the list that does e. a two-lane highway at 5:30 P.M. on Sunday NOT inﬂuence climate. In places on Earth that 10. have the same longitude, noon occurs at the Many types of learning occur only at particular same time, but those places don’t necessarily times called sensitive periods. (For example, chil- have the same climate. For example, Maine and dren born blinded by cataracts can learn to see if Florida are at approximately the same longitude, the cataracts are removed by age 10. If the but the climate in Maine is much colder than cataracts are removed later in life, these people Florida, because Florida is closer to the equator can see random shapes and colors, but are (latitude), choice a. Altitude can inﬂuence cli- unable to interpret them.) A scientist is inter- mate, choice c. There is often snow at a top of a ested in knowing whether there is a sensitive mountain when there isn’t any at its base. Ocean period for chafﬁnch birds to learn to sing the currents can also inﬂuence climate, choice d. species song, and if so, how long this period lasts. The Gulf stream is a warm Atlantic Ocean cur- Which of the following experiments would be rent that provides countries in Northern Europe most suitable for his purpose? with a warmer climate than places at the same a. Take 20 just-hatched chafﬁnch birds from latitude in Canada. The presence of mountain their environment. Bring them up in isola- ranges can inﬂuence climate, choice e. For tion, so that they are not exposed to their example, it doesn’t rain much in Nevada’s Great species song. Every week, return one bird to Basin due to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. its environment and keep a record of the 2. d. Metabolic rate per gram of body weight is number of weeks it spent in isolation and higher in small animals. You can infer that a whether it learned to sing. large animal has the lowest metabolic rate per b. Take 20 just-hatched chafﬁnch birds from gram of its body weight. The largest animal on their environment. Bring them up with birds the list is the elephant. of a different species, so they are exposed to 3. c. Choice a is incorrect because the population of songs that do not resemble their own. Every wolves decreased during some periods, resulting week, return one bird to its environment and in a net decrease from 1955 to 1980. Choice b is keep a record of the number of weeks it spent incorrect because although the population of with birds of a different species and which deer decreased during every period, the decrease song it learned to sing. was sometimes more dramatic than during c. Take 20 just-hatched chafﬁnch birds from other times, i.e., the rate of decrease was not their environment. Every day, play them a constant. Choice d is incorrect because the pop- recording of the song of their species. Reward ulation of deer did not increase over time. with food the birds that try to imitate the Choice e is incorrect because the population of recorded sound, and note the number of deer in 1975 was 120, not 45. weeks it took each one to learn to sing. 206
– THE GED SCIENCE EXAM – 9. d. You are told that the emissions are greater when 4. d. The information presented in the chart contra- there are more lanes of trafﬁc. Therefore, a four- dicts statements in choices a, b, and e. There is lane highway results in more emissions than a no discussion or direct evidence that can sup- two-lane highway. This eliminates choices a, c, port statement c. 5. b. According to the molecular structure provided and e. Since emissions are greater when the cars move slowly, the emissions are likely to be in the question, 2-propanol has three carbon higher during rush hour trafﬁc jams, choice d, atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen than at 2:00 A.M., choice b. atom. Only the structure in choice b has the 10. a. The experiments described in choices b, d, and e, same number of each of those atoms, but in a different arrangement (oxygen is attached to a which involve introducing the chafﬁnch birds to different carbon), making the structure in other bird species, contain too many variables, choice b, an isomer of 2-propanol. and do not directly test what is required. Experi- 6. d. Hero and Fermat both worked to develop theo- ment c is faulty because the birds, although they ries to explain reﬂection and rectilinear propa- are brought up in isolation, are exposed to the gation of light, phenomena they observed in recording of the song. The effect of the lack of nature. Choice a is incorrect: According to the exposure can therefore not be tested. The fact text, Fermat explained both reﬂection and that a reward for learning is included addition- refraction with his principle of least time. ally complicates the experiment described in Choice b is incorrect; the term rectilinear propa- choice c, as it adds extra variables. gation, not reﬂection, means that light travels in straight lines. The statement in choice c is not Pretest Assessment supported by the passage. Although quantum How did you do on the science pretest? If you answered mechanics had roots in the study of the propa- seven or more questions correctly, you have earned the gation of light, which Hero pursued, there is no equivalent of a passing score on the GED Science Test. evidence that Hero, who lived centuries before But remember that this pretest only covers a fraction of quantum mechanics was formulated, had the material you might face on the GED exam. It is not insight into quantum mechanics. Choice e is designed to give you an accurate measure of how you incorrect because Fermat rejected the shortest- would do on the actual test. Rather, it is designed to help path theory and showed that light travels along you determine where to focus your study efforts. For the path that takes the least time. success on the GED, review all the chapters in this section 7. c. This is the only statement that is NOT supported thoroughly. Focus on the sections that correspond to the by the passage. Both of the scientists mentioned pretest questions you answered incorrectly. tried to formulate theories that were based on observations and experimental evidence. 8. a. The data and information presented show a strong indication that there is a link between smoking and lung cancer. The possible effects of making these ﬁgures public are laws and social programs that aim to increase the awareness of the hazards of smoking, and limit smoking— choices b, d, and e. Another potential effect is a decrease in the number of smokers, choice c. The statement in choice a may be true, but it is not connected to the ﬁgures that show a link between smoking and cancer. 207
CHAPTER 20 About the GED Science Exam TO PREPARE effectively for the GED Science Exam, you need to know exactly what the test is like. This chapter explains the structure of the exam, including the types of questions you will be asked and the topics that will be tested. W hat to Expect on the GED Science Test The science portion of the GED consists of 50 multiple-choice questions designed to evaluate your understand- ing of general science concepts. Each question is followed by ﬁve answer choices labeled a through e. You will be instructed to select the best answers to the question. There is no penalty for guessing. You will have 80 minutes (one hour and 20 minutes) to answer the questions on this part of the exam. There will be some question sets— i.e., more than one question will be asked about a particular graphic or passage. Types of Questions On the test, you will encounter 25 conceptual understanding and 25 problem-solving questions. A question that tests your conceptual understanding requires you to show your understanding of the material presented as a part of the question. In this type of question, you could be asked to: read a graphic ■ summarize the results of an experiment ■ rephrase a fact or an idea described in a passage ■ ﬁnd supporting detail in a passage ■ make a generalization about information presented in the question ■ understand cause and effect ■ 209
– ABOUT THE GED SCIENCE EXAM – Problem-solving questions will ask you to apply your diagrams showing the oxygen and nitrogen cycle ■ understanding of information presented as part of the (Earth and space science)—process question. Questions of this type could require you to: diagram showing the repulsion of like charges ■ (physical science)—phenomenon interpret results diagram illustrating the titration technique ■ ■ draw conclusions based on results (chemistry)—setup of an experiment ■ analyze experimental ﬂaws or logical fallacies in ■ arguments When you see a diagram, ﬁrst ask yourself what its make a prediction based on information pro- purpose is: What is it trying to illustrate? Then look at ■ vided in the question the different labeled parts of the diagram. What is their select the best procedure or method to accom- function? How are they interrelated? ■ plish a scientiﬁc goal select a diagram that best illustrates a principle ■ C HARTS apply scientiﬁc knowledge to everyday life All charts are composed of rows (horizontal) and ■ use the work of renowned scientists to explain columns (vertical). Entries in a single row of a table usu- ■ everyday global issues ally have something in common, and so do entries in a single column. Two common questions about charts Some questions will require you to draw on knowl- involve reading an entry and ﬁnding a trend. Is there a edge you have acquired through your daily life and prior change? Do the numbers increase? Decrease? schooling. In other questions, all the necessary informa- tion will be included in the passage or graphic provided G RAPHS as part of the question. In either case, reviewing basic sci- The most common types of graphs are scatter plots, bar ence concepts presented in the following chapters and graphs, and pie graphs. Whenever a variable depends answering as many practice questions as you can will continuously on another variable, this dependence can improve your performance. be visually represented in a scatter plot. An example of About half the problems on the GED Science Exam data that can be represented on a scatter plot is popula- will require you to understand, interpret, or apply infor- tion growth as a function of time. A scatter plot consists mation presented in graphical form. Graphical informa- of the horizontal (x) axis, the vertical (y) axis, and col- tion includes diagrams, charts, and graphs. Graphics are lected data points for variable y, measured at variable x. a concise and organized way of presenting information. A graph often contains a legend, especially if there is Once you realize that all graphics have some common more then one data set or more than one variable. A leg- basic elements, it will not matter whether their informa- end is a key for interpreting the graph. It lists the symbols tion presented is in the area of biology, chemistry, used to label a particular data set. physics, or Earth science. Bar graphs are similar to scatter plots. Both have a variable y plotted against a variable x. However, in bar graphs, data is represented by bars, rather than by points. D IAGRAMS Diagrams can be used to show a sequence of events, a Bar graphs are often used to indicate an amount or level, chemical or biological process, the setup of a science as opposed to a continuous change. You may have seen experiment, a phenomenon, the relationship between bar graphs on your family’s utility bill. Utility companies different events or species, and so forth. Here are some often plot the amount of energy used by an average con- examples that you can look up in your science textbooks: sumer during different months of the year. ■ diagram of an electrochemical cell (physical Pie graphs are used to show what percent of a total is science)—process taken up by different components of that whole. For ■ diagram of the phases of cell division (life example, a pie chart could be used to show the percent of science)—sequence of events science students who major in chemistry, physics, biol- ■ pedigree diagram for color blindness (life ogy, geology, and astronomy. science)—relationship between events 210