Environmental sustainability in Vietnam: The role of alternative energy, GDP growth, natural resources

This study examines the impact of alternative energy resources, natural resources, and government spending on Vietnam's ecological sustainability from 1990 to 2021, using the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework. Employing all the public recognized data from World Bank, our findings reveal an inverse relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and renewable and nuclear energy use, natural resources, and government expenditure.