Exploring learner autonomy: The impact of Padlet as an E-portfolio in English classe

This study utilized a quantitative approach with a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire, which was modified from the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSNF) by Van Der Kaap-Deeder et al. (2015), included 4 questions for providing informed consent before conducting the research together with collecting participants’ personal information, and 8 five-point Likert items. It was then distributed to university students in Ho Chi Minh City who had used Padlet in their English classes, with convenience sampling employed for data collection.