Giải pháp đối phó với rào cản thương mại khi Việt Nam xuất khẩu hàng hóa sang thị trường Hoa Kỳ

NGHIEN Ct^U - TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> GIAI PHAP DOI PHO VOI RAO CAN THUONG MAI<br /> KHI VIET NAM XUAT KHAU HANG HOA SANG THI T R M HOA KY<br /> ThS. NGUYEN DOAN HUNG<br /> <br /> Trong nhufng nam vira qua, nhufng chu truang chinh sdch ciia Nhd nudc thuan vl su cdng nhdn ldn nhau<br /> cimg vdi nhiifng cd gdng, nd luc ciia doanh nghiep da thuc su la ddn bay (MRA) vl cdc tidu chuan va uy<br /> kinh te quan trgng ddi vdl boat ddng xuat khau hdng hod ra tlij trudng the<br /> quyln eho nhau trong vide kilm<br /> gidi ndi chung va thj trudng Hoa ky ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, gid trj xuat khau<br /> hang hod vdo thj trudng Hoa Ky cdn chua phan anh bet tiem nang xuat tra chdi lugng san phdm va vd sinh<br /> khau ciJa cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Mdt trong nhufng nguyen nhan dd an toan thuc pham... nhdm giam<br /> Id do cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam phdi ddi mdt vdi hdng rdo ky thuat cua ehi phi eho doanh nghiep khi phai<br /> Hoa Ky. Trong bdi cdnh khiing hoang kinh te, nhufng rdo can ky thuat tir thj ddi mat vdi loai rao can nay. Cd<br /> trudng Hoa Ky lai duoc md rpng. Bdi vdy, de vuot qua nhirng rdo cdn ndy, the ndi, MRA ehfnh la chia khoa<br /> Chung ta can cd nhiifng glal phdp cd d tam vl md vd vi md.<br /> de hang xudi khdu ciia Viet Nam<br /> cd thi dd dang tid'p can thi trudng<br /> nudc ngoai ndi chung va thj trudng<br /> GfAlPHAPlC/PHfANHANUdC Chfnh phii phai tao ra mdi trudng<br /> Hoa Ky ndi ridng.<br /> Vdi ly do bao vd ngudi tidu va dgng lire thiic day canh tranh<br /> ciia doanh nghidp nhu hoan thidn Hidn nay he thdng tidu chudn<br /> diing. Hoa Ky da dua ra nhung<br /> mdi trudng kinh te - xa hdi, mdi ciia Viet Nam cdn phiic tap va<br /> tidu chudn hdi sifc khdt khe tham<br /> trudng phap luat cho kinh doanh, chdng cheo, tidu chuan qud'c gia,<br /> chf la tren mifc can thidi, nhiing<br /> hoan thidn cdng tac td chifc quan tidu chuan nganh bj ldn ldn, gay<br /> quy djnh nay da trd thanh rao can<br /> ly ndn kinh td' qudc dan... Bdn khd khan cung nhu tang chi phf<br /> cho thuong mai qude te nhdm vao<br /> canh dd cdn md rdng hgp tac vdi cho nha san xudt. Dl giam thilu<br /> muc tidu bao hd nganh san xuai<br /> cdc td chife qudc te va co quan nhiing khd khan trong qua trinh<br /> trong nudc nhieu hon la bao vd<br /> quan ly hang hoa nhap khau ciia xuai khau hang hod sang Hoa Ky,<br /> ngudi tidu dimg. Cac doanh nghidp<br /> Hoa Ky dl sdm cd dugc cae thoa ddng thdi cung la mdt budc chuan<br /> mudn ddy manh xudt khdu vao thi<br /> trudng nay thi bdt bude phai vugt<br /> qua dugc nhiing rao can bdng each<br /> ddi mdi thidi bj va cdng nghd san<br /> xuat, che bie'n, chii ddng dp dung<br /> nhiing tieu chuan nhu ISO 9000,<br /> ISO 14000, HACCP.. Tuy nhidn<br /> cac doanh nghidp Viet Nam phdn<br /> ldn Id cac doanh nghidp vira va<br /> nhd ndn kha nang ddi mdi ky thuat<br /> la hei site khd khan. Vi vay, dl giai<br /> quydi dugc van dl nay can phai cd<br /> su hd trg ciia Nha nudc mdt each<br /> ed chgn Igc, cd trgng diim. Trong<br /> dd, vide thuc hidn ed hidu qua eac<br /> chuang trinh ke hoach hanh ddng<br /> vd nang cao siic canh tranh ciia<br /> qudc gia, ciia doanh nghidp va eiia De ddy mqnh xudt khdu vcio Hoa Ky, cdc doanh nghiip budc phdi vinyt qua nhimg<br /> san pham la bdi sifc quan trgng. rdo cdn hang cdch dp clung nhimg tiiu chudn nhu ISO 9000. ISO 14000, HACCP...<br /> <br /> So 18/2010<br /> Kinh tS'va Dri bao<br /> 17<br />  NGHIEN CCrU • TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> <br /> bj cdn thidi cho vide tham gia vao hang rao ky thuat thuong mai cac thuat nhdm tao dieu kidn thuan lgi<br /> cac thoa thuan thira nhan ldn nhau thj trudng nhap khdu hang hod eiia dl Hiep hdi tham gia vao cdc td<br /> thuan Igi ban thi Viet Nam can Viet Nam ndi chung va cua Hoa cbiic va Hiep hdi nganh hang qud'c<br /> thuc hidn tdt chuang trinh hai hod Ky ndi ridng. Thanh lap nhiing co te. Hiep hdi phai cd bd mdy dii<br /> tidu chudn, tang cudng tham gia quan chuyen mdn thu thdp thdng manh, cd ngudi lanh dao uy tfn<br /> vao cdc boat ddng tidu chuan hod tin va tu van, chju trach nhidm cung ddi ngii tac nghidp gidi va<br /> qude te, ddng thdi tang cudng thdng bdo vl eac quy pham tidu cung cdn coi trgng tuydn truyin<br /> chap nhan cdc tidu chuan qudc te chuan ky thudt cifng nhu phd bid'n gido due hdi vidn tu gidc eiing<br /> thanh cac tidu chudn qudc gia. cho eac doanh nghidp cac thdng tin tidng ndi, chung hanh ddng trudc<br /> lidn quan, dam bao phat huy uu thd' cdc ddi tae, khdng vi Igi fch trudc<br /> Hang boa cua Viet Nam duge<br /> cua cac eo quan kinh td' thuang mai mat ciia don vj minh ma di ngugc<br /> san xuat ra cd uu thd' vl gia lao<br /> thudng trii tai nudc ngodi, djnh ky lai, anh hudng xau dd'n toan cue.<br /> ddng va nhdn cdng re, day chinh la<br /> thu thdp, chinh ly, cdng bd, nhiing Cac Hiep hdi ndn md thdm ehi<br /> mdt trong nhung lgi the canh tranh<br /> ddng thai mdi nhdi vl hang rao ky nhanh hoac lap cau lac bd dl trao<br /> khi xuat khau hang ra nude ngoai<br /> thuat thuang mai ciia nude ngoai, ddi kinh nghiem gifJa eac doanh<br /> nhung thudng gap phai rao can vl<br /> nghidn ciiu nhiing tac ddng ciia cac nghidp lam an tdi vdi eac doanh<br /> trach nhiem xa hdi theo tieu chuan<br /> ddi tac mau djch ehinh ddi vdi mau nghidp mdi, doanh nghiep lam an<br /> SA 8000 d nhieu thj trudng Idn. Vi<br /> dich nude ta, dp dung nhiing bidn chua cd hieu qua, ddng thdi ciing<br /> vay, Nha nudc mdt mat cdn ndng<br /> phap tfch cue, thdo dd hang rao, ndn tieh cue van ddng cac ngudn<br /> cao nhan thifc eho cdc doanh<br /> md rdng xudt khau. tai trg thdng qua dii an vl h6 trg<br /> nghidp vl triin khai, thue hidn va<br /> phap ly, trg giiip ky thuat, dao tao<br /> dang kf dl dugc cdp ehiing chi SA GfAlPHAPTaPHfAHfePHOi<br /> nhan lire, tid'p can thj trudng tir cac<br /> 8000, mat khae can hd trg tu vdn Cae Hiep hdi phai thanh lap va<br /> hdi doan cae td chiic Phi Chi'nh<br /> phap ludt va didu kidn vat chat dl cung cd bd phdn thdng tin de thu<br /> phii trong va ngoai nude.<br /> cae doanh nghidp cd thi vugt qua thdp thdng tin ed tinh chat chuyen<br /> dugc rao can nay mdt each tdt nhdi. nganh ve cdc thi trudng xudi khau GfAl P H A P TC/PHfA DOANH NGHieP<br /> Trong tinh hinh kinh te' thd' gidi chii yd'u. Vdi mdt thj trudng cd Ban than cdc doanh nghidp se<br /> bid'n ddng ca vl kinh te va chfnh mdt he thd'ng ludt phdp cung nhu phai ddi mat vdi cdc rao can<br /> tri, cac nudc nhap khau ludn ludn cac quy dinh hdi siic phirc tap va thuang mai khi xuai khau hang<br /> cd su thay ddi vd chi'nh sach ehdng cheo nhu Hoa Ky thi van dd hod sang thi trudng Hoa Ky, mud'n<br /> thuong mai cung nhu cac quy djnh khdng nhifng thu thdp cbfnb xac vugt qua dugc nhirng rdo can dd dl<br /> mdi dl ddi phd vdi su bid'n ddng va ddy dii thdng tin ma cdn phai cd tham nhap va md rdng thj phdn thi<br /> ciia tinh hinh thi trudng. Han nifa, dd'i sach vdi nhifng quy djnh dd. trudc hdi cae san phdm phai thoa<br /> xu thd' ngay nay hang rao ky thuat Tuy nhidn hien nay hau hdi eac man ydu cdu ciia Hoa Ky. Cdc<br /> thuong mai dugc sir dung ngay Hiep hdi ciia chiing ta mdi ehi ed doanh nghidp Viet Nam tuy quy<br /> cang phd bid'n va tinh vi, lat leo cac thdng tin vl thj trudng trong md cdn nhd va boat ddng trdn mdt<br /> hon. Vi thd', Nha nude cdn tang nude, eac chi'nh sach thuong mai thi trudng nhd nhung cung phai<br /> cudng he thdng thdng tin vd phap ndi dja chif chua tid'p can dugc cdc chii ddng thuc hidn quan ly chat<br /> luat, nhirng quy djnh yeu cdu ciia thdng tin chuydn sdu phuc vu xudi lugng theo cac tidu chudn qudc tl,<br /> Hoa Ky, bat cif su thay ddi nao khdu ndi chung va ddi phd vdi cac theo ydu edu ve chdi lugng vd sinh<br /> trong chfnh sach ddi vdi hang nhap rao can ndi'l'idng. Chfnh vi vdy, an toan va mdi trudng do phfa ddi<br /> khau dlu phai dugc thu thap va Hiep hdi cdn khac phuc nhirng ban tdc dp dat. Vi vdy, dl md rdng thj<br /> thdng bao kip thdi cho doanh chd' nay nhdm giiip cac thanh vidn trudng va day manh xudi khdu, cae<br /> nghidp, tir dd eac doanh nghiep cd thuan Igi hon khi xuat khau hang doanh nghidp cdn chii ddng xdy<br /> thi de ra nhifng bidn phap ddi phd hoa sang thi trudng nude ngoai ndi dung va triin khai dp dung cac he<br /> nham dn djnh va thiic ddy xuat ehung va thj trudng Hoa Ky ndi thdng quan ly chdi lugng qudc te<br /> khau vao thj trudng nay. Bdn canh ridng. nhu: ISO 9000, HACCR ISO<br /> dd, ciing phai ddu tu vao vide Thdng qua vide tang cudng 14000,... Tuy thudc vao nganh<br /> nghien ciru hang rao ky thuat nghi san xudt, kinh doanh ma<br /> ngudn nhan lire cd trinh do cao vd<br /> thuong mai trong mau djch ddi doanh nghidp cd thi lira chgn cho<br /> phap luat qudc te va kinh doanh<br /> ngoai, theo doi kip thdi tinh hinh minh he thd'ng quan ly chdi lugng<br /> qudc te, ddu tu co sd vdt chat ky<br /> <br /> So 18/2010<br /> Kinh tS'va Dri b^o<br />  NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DOI<br /> <br /> <br /> phii hgp nhdt. Ddng thdi cac doanh qud'c td' cho cdng tac dao tao ddu sd doanh nghidp cua Viet Nam<br /> nghidp cung can hudng sir quan tu cho ddi ngu chuydn vidn ky kinh doanh thanh edng trdn thi<br /> tdm ciia minh dd'n cae tidu chudn thuat, nhimg chuydn gia gidi... Dl trudng nude ngoai la phai xdy<br /> nhu tidu chuan vd lao ddng va dat dugc hidu qua eao, can cir can dung cho dugc hinh anh vd vj thd'<br /> trach nhidm xa hdi SA 8000... bd dao tao tai cbfnb nudc ngodi la cua doanh nghiep. Uy tfn va<br /> Mac dii nhieu san pham hang thj trudng xudi khdu ciia doanh thuang hidu cd thi dugc coi la vu<br /> hoa ciia doanh nghidp Viet Nam nghidp ma eu thi d day la Hoa Ky khf canh tranh va la tai san vd hinb<br /> da xudt khau dugc vao thj trudng hoac tham gia lidn doanh lien kdi ciia doanh nghiep. Vide xay dung<br /> thd' gidi nhung nang lire canh tranh vdi eac doanh nghiep Hoa Ky dl thuang hieu khdng chi thiic day<br /> vdn thdp hon nhidu so vdi cdc tranh tbii hgc tap dugc kinh tieu thu san pham eiia doanh<br /> doanh nghidp Trung qudc va Thdi nghidm quan ly . nghidp ma eon tao dung uy tfn bd<br /> Lan Cling xudt khau mat hang Ngoai sir hd trg thdng tin eiia mat cho qud'c gia. Mud'n xdy dung<br /> tuang tu. Viet Nam mudn ddy cdc CO quan chifc nang, cae doanh dugc hinh anh va vj the ciia hang<br /> manh xuai khau hang hod thi van nghidp cdn chii ddng trong viec hod trdn thj trudng Hoa Ky thi<br /> dd nang cao nang lire canh tranh tid'p can cae ngudn thdng tin qua doanh nghiep phai ddu tu thfch<br /> cua doanh nghidp la uu tidn hang cac phuang tidn thdng tin dai dang cho vide xdy dung kd' hoaeh<br /> ddu. Trudc hdi la chid'n lugc kinh ehiing, he thdng tuydn truyen qud'c va td ehiic triin khai boat ddng<br /> doanh va chid'n lugc vl san pham te, cae td chiic trong nudc va qud'c xiic tid'n xudt khdu. Tid'n hanh<br /> ciia doanh nghidp, can khai thae td', cae ban hang. Doanh nghidp tuydn truyen quang cdo hang boa<br /> cd hieu qua cac lgi the so sdnh Viet Nam nen thdng qua cac edng bdng nhilu hinh thiie, tich cue<br /> qud'c gia trong lira chgn san pham ty tu van ndm day du thdng tin vl tham gfa cae hdf chg, triin lam<br /> kinh doanh, chii trgng khdu tid'p so lugng, chdt lugng tirng mat qud'c td' dugc td chifc trong nude va<br /> can va ddi mdi trinh do khoa hgc hang Cling nhu ydu cdu, thi hidu, nudc ngoai. Xay dung trang web<br /> edng nghd. Ddu tu eho nghidn eiiu, cac quy djnh ve kilm djch hang trdn mang nhdm quang ba hinh<br /> triin khai va phat trien san phdm hod, dang ky chat lugng, thuong anh ciia doanh nghiep. Tranh thii<br /> mdi, hidn dai hod khau thidi ke' san hidu, nhan mac trudc khi ban hang su tai trg ciia Nha nudc bdng vide<br /> phdm, chgn lua he thdng quan ly vao thj trudng Hoa Ky. Bdn canh tham gia vao cac doan ciia Chfnh<br /> chai lucmg tidn tid'n trdn thd' gidi dd, can phai tim bilu nhifng thj phu va cac Bd vd xiic tid'n thuang<br /> phii hgp vdi doanh nghidp dl nang trudng "Hdn ddi" va cac td chifc mai, chii ddng chudn bj tham gia<br /> cao chai lugng san phdm, nang cao khdc ma Hoa Ky tham gia. Hgp trung bay gidi thidu hang boa va<br /> nang suat lao ddng, giam chi phi ddng xudi nhap khau ndn chi tidi, thidi lap ede ddu md'i giao djch ban<br /> san xudt. rd rang, cu thi tir phdm chat, quy hang tai trung tam thuo'ng mai<br /> cdch dd'n thdi ban giao nhan va du Viet Nam d nudc ngoai.<br /> Mud'n thanh cdng trdn thuang<br /> kid'n dung sai dl ngan ngira sai<br /> trudiig ma dac bidt la thj trudng Dl cac doanh nghiep cd thi<br /> lech va tranh chap ed thd xay ra.<br /> khd tfnh ddi hdi phai cd cae nha thanh cdng tren thj trudng Hoa Ky<br /> Cdc doanh nghiep cd quy md nhd,<br /> quan trj doanh nghiep gidi, cd tu thi khdng thi chi cd su nd luc tir<br /> pham vi ve mat hang va thj trudng<br /> duy chid'n lugc dung ddn va cd kha mdt phia Nha nudc, Hiep hdi<br /> cdn ban chd', ed thi sit dung cac<br /> nang xir ly tdi nhiing tinh hudng ngdnh hang hay cac doanh nghidp<br /> phuang phap nghidn cifu thj<br /> bat thudng ciia thi trudng. Da phdn ma ddi hdi cdn cd sir kdi hgp ddng<br /> trudng thdng qua eac phuang phap<br /> ddi ngu can bd quan trj doanh bd cac bidn phdp vT md tir phfa<br /> phdn tfch thd'ng kd kinh te tir cae<br /> nghidp Viet Nam eon thidu bilu Nha nude, cac bidn phap vi md tir<br /> ngudn tai lieu ed thi thu thdp dugc<br /> bidi vd thj trudng cung nhu luat phfa ban than doanh nghidp va sir<br /> qua Internet. Ddng thdi cd thd kdi<br /> phap nudc ngoai dac bidt la dd'i vdi hd trg ddc lue tir phfa cac Hiep hdi<br /> hgp sir dung cae edng tdc vidn d<br /> Hoa Ky - mdt qud'c gia cd be nganh hang. Nhifng nd luc ciia ban<br /> nudc ngoai (trong eo quan kinh td'<br /> thdng phap luat hdt siic phife tap, than doanh nghidp ciing vdi nhiing<br /> thuang vu ciia Viet Nam) hoac<br /> do vay can nang cao trinh do cho hd trg ciia Nha nude va Hiep hdi<br /> thud chuydn gia tu va'n trong hiep<br /> ddi ngu can bd quan trj doanh nganh hang se giiip khdng djnh vj<br /> hdi nganh hang ma doanh nghidp<br /> nghidp. Ddng thdi, ciing cdn phai trf eiia hang boa Viet Nam tren<br /> tham gia....<br /> tranh thii cac ngudn hd trg tai con dudng chinh phuc thi trudng<br /> chfnh eiia Nha nudc va eac td ehiic Kinh nghidm thuc tidn ciia mdt Hoa Ky. •<br /> <br /> So 18/2010<br /> Kinh t^ v a Dri bao<br /> 19<br />