S64(246)-2016<br />
<br />
N G 6 N NGff & Bfg S 6 N G<br />
<br />
9<br />
<br />
NGON NGff HQC VA VIET NGff HQC"]<br />
<br />
HIEU THEM VE N H 6 M TlT CHI DCWV VJ<br />
TINH TOAN, DO LlTOWG K H 6 N G CHINH XAC<br />
(Dl/QfC irdC LirONG BANG TAY) TRONG TIANG VlfT<br />
AN INITIAL STUDY ABOUT LEXICAL FIELD OF THE UNCONVENTIONAL UNIT<br />
(ESTIMATED BY HANDS AND ARMS) IN VIETNAMESE<br />
PH4MTH}HA<br />
<br />
(TS;Bjihpc Suph^mHdNfi)<br />
T R A N THI MINH<br />
(NCS; D^i hfc Hamburg, CHLB Svc)<br />
Abstract: The present study investigates the lexical field of hand and arm measuarement.<br />
Simultaneous existence of an unconventional unit (gang tay a span, n/tum, tian, ndm a<br />
[landfill, vdc a double handfiil, etc.) and a standard unit (kilo, cm, feet, etc.) in Vietnamese in<br />
particularly and in many languages in generally let us to have a question about the cultural<br />
features of the lexical system of the unconventional unit. In this paper, twelve lexical words<br />
are described, categorized and analyzed into two systems, length and distance (gang span,<br />
dit handsbreadth, saifiUIspan of the arms) versus weight and amount (ndm, nhiim, tiim a<br />
handful) in comparison with English to understand more about the influence of Vietnamese<br />
agricultural way of life to the language expression.<br />
Key words: lexical; unconventional unit; hand and arm mesuarement.<br />
1. Ngdn ngft hpc tri nhdn dd chi ra rdng,<br />
Ngay t i thdi xa xua con ngudi dd chi ^<br />
pdc ngdn ngft ty nhiSn diu cd nhiing cdch din khdi nifm do ludng ude djnh di do cdc<br />
fliioriengtrong vifc ti chic cdc tdi lifu ngft d?i lupng khdc nhau. Tuy nhifn, bfn c?nh hf<br />
bghia vd rnii ngdn ngft diu ed phdn dnh mft ihing cdc don vi do ludng chinh xdc, khoa<br />
bdeh huih dung vi fliyc t?i khdch quan cia hpc, cd tinh quy ude quic ti, tBng m5i ngdn<br />
fcpng ding van hda- bdn ngtt ddfliudngdupe "^ •=*" ^^ ^ •"'' ^f tiling nhftng tit chi sy<br />
b i Id "md hinh vi flii gidi" hay "bic ttanh "^^ '•""8 trong do ludng, flnh todn. CWnh<br />
y gidi". Mil md htoh nhu till, ngodi cai ^ " ^ ' " ^ 8 ^* ^ " ^ ^ J , ""l ' * * ' ^<br />
. . . J , , ,. ..<br />
,. .,« ,, V dac diem vdn hoa neng cua ting ddn tpc.<br />
,;hung, cai pho qudt, cd cdi neng, cdi ddc flii, „ j . . . . ,,<br />
T ,, „ j . , . ; ^ „<br />
^<br />
J- 1 -=<br />
TO<br />
--r<br />
,<br />
^jj^j pjj^ jjj nguyfn li "di nhdn vi trung"<br />
jing vditilngngdn ngft vd phan^dnh mpt cdch ^ ^^ ^.^ gia Hi Lap c6 (Con ngudi Id<br />
^ gidc, mft cdch nhdn fliic ve flii pdi cia ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^,i ^.jj_ g^^^^^ p^^, ^^^<br />
idn tfe ay, dupe gpi Id "cdch nhhi flii gidi^". fl,j^ (.g„g j^^c- >T,jg6n ng^ ^^^ ^ , j theo<br />
ifrong nghifn ciu ndy, ching tdi budc dau thudc do cua con ngudi v4fliudcdo dd dupe<br />
^pa hiiu "cdch nhm thi gidi" cia ngudi Vift in sdutixmgbdn thdn sy djnh hudng cia ngdn<br />
hong qua nhdm t i chi cdc don vj tinh todn, ngft:". Khdi nifm "thudc do" d ddy mang<br />
jHo ludng khdng chinh xdc (dupe ude lupng nghia rfng, tuy nhifn, chiing tdi chi nghien<br />
Ibang tay) ti»ng tilng Vift.<br />
ciu nd d gdc df do ludng (nghTa den). Vd di<br />
<br />
10<br />
<br />
NGON N G C & Bin S 6 N G<br />
<br />
S6 4 (246)-2016<br />
<br />
Vdi tieng ^ ggo thi cho hai dSt nude M<br />
u6c lugng nhiing sy v$t xung quanh, con<br />
TLgain. da lay chinh nhftng bp ph$n tren co flakda rSi.<br />
nhu: chin, tay, mifng,... dS lim thudc ^ .<br />
Gang: (don vj do) (bing tay) (d$ dii bSng<br />
2. Trong tiSng Vi?t, chiing toi khio sit khoing cich ttoh tCr Sxi ngdn tay nay d£<br />
Auqo 12 tu voi nghia chi don vj tinhtoan,do ngdn tay khic). VI dy:<br />
lu6ng khong chinh xic du<br />
chiing tdi se gpi la nhdm i vi cic tut diing dl<br />
Mdnh vudn nhd ciia bd tdi chi rdng chung<br />
'*xic dinh so lupng, kh6i lupng" (nhu: bSc, vdisdi nhung ding da thu rau c6 xanh tuai.<br />
diim, 6m, nam, tum, xdch, veo) ma chiing tdi D6ng thdi, nhOng tilr niy khdng kit hpp<br />
sg gpi li nhdm 2 trong cic phan tiep theo.<br />
vdi ylu to nio d phia sau, tri trudng hpp liim<br />
2.1. Nghia chi sy tinh toin, do ludng rd b^ ph|in de do nhu: tay, ngdn tay. Vi dy:<br />
khdng chinh xic cua cic tii trong nhdm 1 nay<br />
TiQfH d day chi ddy chimg mdt hai thudc,<br />
cd thi dupe cy thi hda bing cic cau tnic<br />
ngQn cd nhd len ba dSt nedn tam<br />
nghia bilu nifm nhu sau:<br />
(www.scribd.com)<br />
1<br />
dot: (dcm vi do) (bing ngdn tay) (dO dai<br />
Nghia chi Am vi tinh toin, do ludng cua<br />
bing mpt dot ngdn tay). VI dy:<br />
nhfhig tit nay hlu hit khdng phii la nghia glc<br />
<br />
S6 4 (246)-2016<br />
<br />
N G 6 N NGCT & Bin S6NG<br />
<br />
mi diu xuit hipn do dupe chuyen tCr cac tir<br />
mang n ^ a cM b$ phan ciia tay nhu cdnh toy,<br />
dot ngdn toy hay cic tut chi hanh dOng ciia tay<br />
nhu sai toy (dang du5i hit cd). Nhu viy,<br />
chung dupe chuyin nghia theo kieu hoin dy<br />
m$t cich khi chit chg vdi rOsiag li do rit<br />
khich quan. Diy li nh&ng hoin dy tir vyng<br />
bdi nghm ciia ch^g dH dupe sd dyng on dinh<br />
trong ddi sdng. Hon thi, mpt si tii trong so<br />
niy cdn dupe chuyen nghia theo kilu in dy<br />
dl thi hifn cic f nghia khii quit hon. Ching<br />
hgn, khi ngudi ta ndi "/foi nhd cdch nhau chi<br />
hai gang md sao chdng thdy sang chai thi<br />
nay" thi "gang" v§n li don vi do nhung<br />
khdng phii chi khoing cich tCr ngdn tay niy<br />
din ngdn tay kia mi diing dl ndi ring dd li<br />
mOt khoing cich "rit ngin". Nghia in dy niy<br />
c ^ tir gang ca dao ciing di tijoig nhic din:<br />
"Vdc gi sdng rdng mdt gcmg/ Bdc cau ddi<br />
yem cho chdng sang chai".<br />
Nhihig don vi do khoing cich dupe t ^<br />
dung tur nhOng tir chi b$ pb$n vi ho^ ^ n g<br />
cua tay troi^ tieng Vift cd thi coi li nhfhig<br />
don V) khi d|ic bift Bdi vi khi chuyen sang<br />
tilng Anh, cd the thay khdng cd tir tuong<br />
duong nio cd khi ning lam iS nghia ciia<br />
chdng. So sinh: gang dupe dich sai^ tilng<br />
Anh li spcm; mi span trong tilng Anh dupe<br />
giiifliichli "flie width of sthfromone side to<br />
the other".(chilu r0ng cila mOt v$t dupe tfnh<br />
; tir cgnh nay din c^inh kia). Nhu v§y, cd thi<br />
ndi nghia cua tix span rpng horn rit nhieu so<br />
vdi nghia cua tijf gang. Chiing ciing chi<br />
khoing cich khdng xic dinh nhung tit gang<br />
chi rd phuong tifn dung dl ^ cdn span HA<br />
khdng.<br />
Tir ddt vdi nghia chi mpt phin ciia ngdn<br />
tay vi dcm vi do bing b^ ph|to cua ngdn tay<br />
diu khdng xuit hifn trong tilng Anh. Diy li<br />
mpt trudng hpp till hifn s\r khic bift trong<br />
vifc chia cit hifn thyc khich quan cua hai<br />
<br />
11<br />
<br />
dan tpc Anh - Vift Ihdng qua trudng nghia<br />
chi bO p h ^ CO thi i^iidi. Chinh sy Idiie bift<br />
giiia cic ngdn ngt^ trong vifc pham trii hda<br />
hifn th^c khich quan di t ^ ra "biix; tranh<br />
r^dn ngfi vl thi ^di" ciia cic din t$c. Trong<br />
trilt hpc vi ngdn ngii hpc hifn nay, hifn<br />
tupng dupe gpi li 'Tiiic tranh ngdn ngO ve the<br />
gidi" dupe cic nhi nghidn ciiru hilu theo<br />
nhieu cich khic nhau. Laroehe^ cho ring,<br />
^ li toin bp n0i dung khii nifm cua mpt<br />
ngdn ngQ nhit dinh thi hifn toin bf hifn<br />
tiiyc; O'hman Igi cho ring: "Con ngudi hinh<br />
thinh nSn cii nhln cda minh vl thi gidi, ho$c<br />
biic tranh thi gidi cda minh, khdng phii ty<br />
thin mi thdng qua ngdn ngCt."; Tlieo Trier<br />
"MSi ngdn ngii phin chia thyc tgi theo cich<br />
ciia minh, do dd mi tgo ra cii nhin cda minh<br />
dii vdi tiiyc tl vi thilt l|ip n€n nhfing khii<br />
n i ^ ri8ng cua minh" ^ o Hthi Chiu, 1]. Tuy<br />
nhiSn, theo nguydn tic b6 sung cua ngdn ngit<br />
hpc, "hgt nhin" (nhfhig tir trung tim) ciia<br />
"hue tranh ngdn ngfi ve thi ^di" ed IS trung<br />
nhau d cic dan tpc cd nen vSn hoa vi ngdn<br />
ngii khic nhau. Khi khio sit, nghien cdu vl<br />
trudng bp phan ca thi ngudi trong tieng Anh<br />
vi tieng Vift, chung tdi thay, hau het cic tut<br />
chi bO ph|n d hai ngdn ngQ tuong ling vdi<br />
nhau d nghia t^u tidn- nghia chi b$ ph|iL<br />
Dieu niy cui^ hoin toin vdi nguyen li "di<br />
nhan vi trung" t6n tgi trong mpi ngdn ngtt ma<br />
chung ta di dl c|p din d phin diu ciia bio<br />
cio niy. Tuy nhidn, khi xdt chi tilt cic nghia<br />
chuyin cda tir, ching h ^ nhu cic nghia chi<br />
d$ do, nhOng d$c diim khic bift s€ lim nli<br />
bat hon d$c diim vin hda- lli tu duy ciia timg<br />
dint^c.<br />
Trd Igi vdi cic tu chi don v; do khoing<br />
cich khdng chinh xic trong tilng Vift, chiing<br />
ta thiy cd nhiing trudng hpp de lam rd nghia<br />
ciia tir trong tilng Viet khi dich sang tilng<br />
Anh, ngudi ta phii diing din phuong phip tiJr<br />
<br />
12<br />
<br />
N G 6 N NGtr & Bin S 6 N G<br />
<br />
S I 4 (246)-2016<br />
<br />
tl. Ching ban, sai toy dupe chuyin sang mang tinh Idioa hpc. Cdn trong tilng Vift,<br />
thinh arms length h&yfidl span of the arms. vifc tin tgi song song hai hf thing do ludng<br />
Ridng don vi bdn tay (hand), cd thi tgm coi chinh xic vi Ididng chfnh xic cho d ^ ngjiy<br />
tuong
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