History of Economic Analysis part 128

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History of Economic Analysis part 128. At the time of his death in 1950, Joseph Schumpeter-one of the major figures in economics during the first half of the 20th century-was working on his monumental History of Economic Analysis. A complete history of humankind's theoretical efforts to understand economic phenomena from ancient Greece to the present, this book is an important contribution to the history of ideas as well as to economics.

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Nội dung Text: History of Economic Analysis part 128

Subject index 1232 business cycle research, 1163–9. See also Business Cycle Analysis; Business Cycle Theories: Cost Curves, Statistical; Demand Curves, Statistical; Dynamic Analysis; Macroanalysis; Mathematics; Statistics; Supply Curves, Statistical; Tableau économique Economic Analysis, history of, meaning, 3; defined, 12; logical ideals or norms, 17; applied fields, 22–4; idealogical bias in, 34–40; and economic thought, 38–40, 52; progress in, meaning of, 39–40, 46; beginnings in Greece, 53–66; logical vs. historical origins of institutions, 64, 110, 289; ‘Great Gap’ in, A.D. 600–1200, 73–4; ‘Ideal Types,’ 80, 606, 818; absence in 9th through 12th centuries, 84; paucity in 13th century, 90; 16th-century scholastics, 97; utilitarianism and modern-day, 134; separation from unified social science, 142; chance in, 144n; in pamphleteers, 161; 18th century ‘quasi-systems’ in, 196; fundamental problem in, 242; professionalization and specialization of, 380, 1154; facts entering theory as hypotheses, 576–7; laws and principles, 576–7; introspection, 577; common experience, 577; mathematics in, 603; subjective vs. objective theory, 919n. See also Economic Laws; Economic Theory Economic Development, in neo-classical period, 759–60; United States and Germany, 759; Austria, Italy, Japan, Russia, 759; England, 759, 760; ‘Great Depression,’ 760; opposition from social strata harmed by, 763 Economic Development, Theory of, Ricardo’s, see Interest, Rate of; Mill’s, 542, 543, 571, 572, 640–41, 662, 685; Marshall’s, 543, 892–3, 1165; Malthus’ as hitchbound, 566, 570–72 In classical analysis, 570–74: pessimistic type, 570–72, 585–6;
Subject index 1233 optimistic type, 572–3; Marx’s type, 573–4; in neo-classical period, 892–3; Böhm-Bawerk’s second ground for interest in, 929; Cassel’s balanced progress, 966; and dynamic theory, 1161. See also, Marxist System, Stagnation Thesis, Stationary State Economic History, 12 Economic Laws, and natural law, 26n; nature of, 34–5; Malthusian principle as, 257; in classical economists, 537; and principles, 576–7. See also Economic Analysis Economic Man, 99, 156, 452, 887n Economic Sociology, importance in analysis, 20–21, 22; in Aristotle, 58; in Boisguillebert, 216; in Cantillon, 218–19; utilitarianism and, 409; Carlyle’s vision of, 410–11; Dühring’s theory of, 509n Of classical economists, 544–54: laissez-faire capitalism in, 531, 544; institutions assumed, 545–6, 547–8; the state in, 548–50; classes in, 550–54 Veblen’s work as, 795n; Weber and emergence of, 819; in neo-classical period, 870–71, 886–7. See also Classes, Social; Sociology Economic Theory, meanings of, 14–16, 253, 474, 585, 954n, 1141; importance of, 14–20; hostility toward, reasons for, 18–20, 110, 264–5, 537–40; Boisguillebert’s contribution, 215–16; and abstraction, 430n; Longfield’s performance, 465; Senior’s attempt to unify, 484, 575; pivotal position of value theory, 588; mathematics for, 602; new activity in, 753; subordination of, in Germany, 804, 843; Clark’s role in, 918; emergence of common, about 1900, 952; Marshall-Wicksell system, 1142–3; superiority of modern technique, 1145. See also Economic Analysis Economic Thought, 38–40, 52–3 Economics, applied fields of, 22–4; emergence of, 51; emphasis on autonomy of, 535;
Subject index 1234 professionalization of, 1144–5 Economics, Dutch, quasi-systems in 17th century, 197–8; in neo-classical period, 861–2 Economics, English, importance in 18th century, 162; 16th century work, 165–7; cartalist theorists in 17th and 18th centuries, 290–91, 294–9; mercantalists, 195–7; predominance of in classical period, 382–3; centralization of in classical period, 510; economic research in classical and neo-classical periods, 757; Sozialpolitik and theory, 801, 888; economic history and historical economics, 821–4; the Marshallian Age, 829–40; Marxist influence in, 878n Economics, French, importance in 18th century, 162, 174; entrepreneur in, 222; antipopulationism in, 252; and Ricardianism, 479; in classical period, 490–501, 510 In neo-classical period, 840–43: Paris group, 765, 841–43; Simiand and historism, 820; and quantity theory, 1103 Economics, German, 17th-century writings, 198; teaching of public administration, 209–10; lack of Malthusianism, 252; and Ricardianism, 478–9 In classical period, 501–10: Smithian cameralism, 501–2, 503, 549n; decentralization of, 510; entrepreneur in, 555–6 In neo-classical period: liberalism, 765; effect of Sozialpolitik, 802–4; historical school, 807–24; resurgence of theory, 843, 844, 849; Marxist influence, 849, 878; elder statesmen, 850; representatives, 850–55; Marxism in, 879–83; and quantity theory, 1103 In modern period, 1154–6: Weltanschauungswissenschaft, 1155; National Socialist impact on, 1154–5 Economics, Greek, Oeconomicus, 53; Chrematistics, 53; centered about polis, 54–5, 57, 66; Plato in, 54–7; Perfect State, 55–6, 206–7; division of labor, 56; money, 56 Aristotle, 57–65;
Subject index 1235 analysis of, 57–60; origins of state, 59; private property, 59; slavery, 59–60; ‘pure’ economics, 60–65 Economics, History of, 4–6, 381n Economics, Italian, 16th–18th centuries: importance of, 162; contributions of, 176–81; public finance literature, 205; on population, 251; on money, 292–3; utility in value theory, 300–302 In classical period, 510–14: Ricardianism and, 479; decentralization of, 510 In neo-classical period, 855–61: factually oriented, 820; elder statesmen, 856–7 In modern period, 1156–7: under Fascism, 1156–7 Economics, Roman, 66–71 Economics, Russian, in modern period, 1157–9; Stalinist period and German and Italian experience, 1157; research institutes, 1157–8; Kondratieff’s work, 1158 Economics, Scandinavian, in neo-classical period, 862–3 Economics, Scientific, historical continuity of, 6; meaning of, 6–11, 12, 21, 1141; evolution of in pamphleteers, 161; Serra and, 194–5; Quesnay and, 232; neglect of marginal utility in classical period, 463; contributions of Ricardo, 473–5; and policy measures, 540–41; and value judgments, 806; systematic form in 18th century, 1142. See also Economic Analysis; Economic Theory Economics, Spanish, in 18th century, 162; scholastic contributions, 165; lack of Malthusianism in, 252 Economics, United States, to 1790, 198–9 In classical period: small contribution to theory, 514; Carey, 516–18 In neo-classical period, 801, 863–77: scientific tradition in, 801; radicalism,’ 761, 801; Sozialpolitik and, 802; influence of Austrians, 850; economics as profession, 863–4;
Subject index 1236 early personnel, 864; Henry George, an appraisal, 864–5; ‘marginalist school,’ 869–70. See also Institutionalism; Social Science Movement Economics, Universalist, 85n, 412n, 413, 420 Economies, External and Internal, 568, 995n, 1045–8 Elasticity Concepts, discovered by Cournot, 839, 992; in Mill, 992; as partial analysis concepts, 992–4; demand-price, 992–3; income, 993; partial price, 993–4; of substitution, 1142, 1149n Empirical Analysis, Botero’s work, 164–5; Vauban’s work, 164–5; Verri’s work, 178; in labor economics of 18th century, 275; in classical economics, 519–26; Le Play’s work, 490–91, 840; Tooke’s History of Prices, 520–21; Sozialpolitik and German research, 803–4; Tooke’s opposition to bullionist views, 708–9; in England, 1870–85, 829–30; Pantaleoni’s work, 857n; Taussig’s international trade work, 870; population studies, 890–91; of profits, 894–5; in labor economics, 947; Giffen’s work, 1075n; in monetary analysis, 1080; measurement of velocity of money, 1098; to refute quantity theory, 1104 Empiricism, Philosophical, 120–21, 123–6, 446–8, 450, 529n; and Mill, 120, 121, 447, 450, 529n; English, in 18th century, 123–6; in Encyclopédistes, 138; relation to utilitarianism, 407n, 429; and French 19th-century philosophy, 415; in classical period, 446–8 Enclosures, see Agrarian Revolution Encyclicals, Papal, Vix Pervenit, on interest, 102; Aeterni Patris, on Summa Theologica, 74n, 774n; Rerum Novarum, on labor, 765n; Quadragesimo Anno, corporate state in, 765 Encyclopédistes, 118, 137–8, 245 Engel’s Law, see Econometrics Enlightenment (Age of Reason), and scholastic natural law philosophers, 115; complacency of intellectuals, 122–3; Condillac, Hume, and Hartley as epitomizing spirit of, 124–6; overstress on rationality, 126; analytic aesthetics and ethics, 126–30;
Subject index 1237 self-interest, common good, and utilitarianism, 130–34; philosophy of history, 134–7; Encyclopédistes, 118, 137–8, 245; semi-socialists, 139–41; moral philosophy, 141–2; and Quesnay, 229; perfectibility of man, 257; romanticism as revolt against, 419; evolution and progress, 436; Condorcet’s theory of social evolution, 442–3; and Comte’s law of three stages, 444 Entrepreneur, in Cantillon, 222, 555, 646; in scholasticism, 554–5 In classical economics, 554–6, 645–6; St. Simon on, 462; in Smith, 555; in Say, 492, 555, 557, 645–6; in consultant administrators, 555–6; in German economics, 555–6; in Ricardo and Ricardians, 556, 646; in Marx, 556, 646; in non-Ricardians, 556; Mill’s analysis, 556–7; risk-bearing and, 556n, 646, 894, 1049 In neo-classical period, 893–8: Walker on role of, 867, 935; entrepreneur and capitalist distinguished, 893; Jevons’ and Austrians’ neglect of, 893; in Böhm-Bawerk, 893; Walras’ profitless, 893, 1000–1001, 1011, 1049n; Marshall’s earnings of management, 646, 893–4, 935–6, 1000n, 1049; Clark on, 868, 894; functional theories, 895; profits and interest, 896; ‘residual gains’ of, 896–7; depradation theory, 896–8; monopolistic pricing and, 897–8; marginal utility theory and theory of, 920. See also Interest, Theories of; Profits Environmentalism, 434–5 Ephémérides, 226–7 Epicureanism, see Philosophy Equalitarianism, in scholasticism, 121; analytic vs. normative, 121–2; in utilitarianism, 131, 132; in semi-socialism of 18th century, 139; and associationist socialism, 457; in Thompson’s socialism, 479; in law of diminishing marginal utility, 888; in Keynes, 1170–71 Equation of Exchange,
Subject index 1238 In neo-classical period, 1095–1106: a simple aggregative analysis, 1095–6; Fisher’s, 314n, 1096–7; definitions of M, V, P, and T, 1096–7; distinction between and quantity theory, 1099–1106; cash balance and income formulae and, 1108. See also Money, Theories of, Quantity Theory; Money, Velocity of Equilibrium, Economic, in scholasticism, 93, 95, 300; Verri’s conception of, 178; in Smith, 189, 308, 557; in Child, 196; in Boisguillebert, 216; in Isnard, 217, 307; of aggregates, 243; long-run, in Galiani, 301–2; international trade, 369, 609; Thünen’s ‘steady state,’ 467; in Scrope, 489; in Say, 492, 511, 623; in Fuoco, 511; in Mill, 563, 623; in classical period, 590; in Ricardo, 592; concept of, 963–71; determinateness of, 623, 968–71, 1149; defined, 969, 971; static and dynamic, 970, 971; static equilibrium in neo-classical period, 970; stable, unstable, and neutral, 970–71; unique solutions, 970–71; stability conditions, 971, 1149; redundancy of utility in conditions for, 1003; internal economies and, 1047–8; in Keynes, 1174, 1180n. See also Equilibrium, General Economic; Walrasian System Equilibrium, General Economic, in Boisguillebert, 216; Isnard on, 217, 307; tableau économique, 242–3; Galiani and, 301–2; in Gervaise, 374; in Thünen and Cournot, 467; Say’s Law in, 618; in Smith, 308; Edgeworth’s contributions, 831; Marshall as a builder, 483, 836, 920n, 994, 995, 996; Aupetit, 840n; Pareto’s work in, 860–61; Cassel, 862n, 1012n; in neo-classical period, 918–20; Cournot’s recognition of problem, 960;
Subject index 1239 Barone’s theory of socialism, 987; substitution as a route from partial to general analysis, 995; modem work on stability and determinateness, 1149. See also Walrasian System Ethics, 126–30, 772 Euler’s Theorem, the ‘exhaustion theorem’ of Wicksteed, 1033; defined, 1033n; linear homogeneity and exhaustion, 1039–40 Evolutionary State, defined, 964; contrasted with stationary, 964; independence from statics and dynamics, 964–5; in Walras, 1018. See also Stationary State Evolutionism, defined, 435–6, 964; Hegelian, 436–8 Marxist, 391, 438–42, 544, 651, 686, 749–50, 1131: as non-materialistic, 438; theory of social classes, 439–40; economic interpretation of history, 440–42; as a unitary social science, 441; historians’, 442 Intellectual: Condorcet’s and Comte’s, 442–3; Comte’s law of three stages, 443–4; and evolutionary materialism, 772n; ‘historical laws,’ 812; influence on historism, 819 Biological: Darwinian, 444–6, 449, 772–3, 788–92 In St. Simon, 462; in Mill, 542; Croce’s philosophy, 778, 786; sociology as, 786; Hildebrand, 808–9; Marshallian theory of, 1165 Exchange Control, 340–45 Expectations, in Thornton, 720; in Mill, 721n, 747 Extensive Margin, see Diminishing Returns Fabian Socialism, see Radicalism, Bourgeois Factors of Production, produced, 217n, 561n, 633, 901–2, 904; in classical economics, 492, 554, 557–61, 606–7; non-homogeneity of, 899–901; triad of, 557, 560, 561, 901–2; Walras on, 999; limitational, 1030; indivisibilities, 1041–2 Factual Work, see Empirical Analysis Fascism, Plato and, 55–6; Sorel’s sympathies with, 774n;
Subject index 1240 Italian economics under, 1156–7 Federal Reserve System, 695n, 697, 1078, 1121 Feudalism, 74–8, 144–6, 270. See also Roman Catholic Church Filiation of Economic Ideas, meaning of, 6; philosophical explanation of, 32; Greek money theories and those of Middle Ages, 57; Petty-Cantillon-Quesnay, 218, 221; Child-Hume-Turgot, 245; Smith-Malthus-Marshall, 482–3; Cantillon-Turgot-Say-Walras, 492; secular stagnation, Smith—Ricardo—Mill—Keynes—Hansen, 964n; macroanalysis, Quesnay—Ricardo—Böhm—Bawerk—Wicksell—Keynes, 997–8; Juglar-Mitchell, 1124n Fiscal Policy, in scholastics, 96–7; consultant administrators, 202; Vauban on, 204; Gladstonian finance, 402–5; Lauderdale on debt redemption, 487–8; as revealing character of society, 769; in neo-classical period, 769–71, 810. See also Taxation Foreign Exchange, gold standard and specie points, 732; in monetary management schemes, 1078; Keynes on, 1106n; balance of payments theory of, 756, 1106; inflation theory of, 736–7, 1106; purchasing-power parity theory: in Ricardo and Wheatley, 737; in neo-classical period, 1106–7. See also Exchange Control; Gold Mechanism; Gold Standard; International Trade Analysis; Specie Points Free Trade, to 17th century, 342n; and assumption of full employment, 351; North on, 370–71; in 18th century, 370–72; and natural law, 371; and laissez-faire in 18th century, 371–2; English in 19th century, 397–9; in Prussia and German Empire, 397; Cobden and Bright on, 398; as inseparable element of policy, 398; Gladstonian finance and, 403; gold standard and, 405–6; in Ricardo, 473, 625n; Bastiat on, 500; List’s arguments, 505; Carey, 517; in Mill, 521n;
Subject index 1241 and classical international trade theory, 609–11, 615; outlook for in 1870, 766–7; Paris group on, 841. See also Laissez-Faire; Liberalism, Economic; Liberalism, Political; Protectionism General Price Level, difficulties with in classical period, 701, 713 Acceptance in neo-classical period, 1089; Austrians on, 1094 Haberler’s subjective, 1094; Divisia’s objective, 1094; Keynes’s sectional, in Treatise, 1095; in General Theory, 1144 Gluts, General, Malthus’ theory of, 482; controversy over, 538–9, 621–5; and underconsumption thesis, 738–9; and early work on cycle, 740, 741, 742–3. See also Business Cycle Analysis; Business Cycle Theories; Secular Stagnation Thesis Gold Mechanism, in Cantillon, 223, 366; in Hume, 316; in Malynes, 344; nature of, 352n; in later mercantilism, 365–67; in Mill, 710; in classical analysis, 733–38; Ricardo and, 1107 Gold Standard, in 19th-century England, 405–6; ‘automatic,’ defined, 405n; and Resumption Act of 1819, 692–4; change in attitude toward, 694; gold movements as index of business conditions under, 698; banking and currency schools on, 727; classical economists and unfettered, 732; modern objections to, 732; outlook for international, in 1870, 766; last article of liberal credo to go, 770; reluctance to play game of, 771, 1078; economists of neo-classical period on, 1075, 1087; gold-exchange standard, 771, 1075–6, 1077n, 1079; international, at Paris Conference of 1867, 1076; interest rates in, 732, 1077; Wicksell and, 1075. See also, Gold Mechanism; International Trade Analysis Government Regulation, in neo-classical period, 767–8 Gresham’s Law, 297, 343n Gross National Product, see Income Concepts