Hoạt động buôn bán ngựa và chính sách kinh dinh của nhà Lý ở khu vực Tây Bắc

H O A T D O N G BUON B A N NGUA V A CHINH S A C H<br /> • • •<br /> KINH DINH C U A NHA LY 6 K H U Vl/C T A Y B A C<br /> «<br /> <br /> <br /> PHAM LE HUY*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T r o n g khoang mudi nam trd lai day, het sdc han che. Chinh vi vay, trong khudn<br /> nhieu nha nghien ciiu trong va khd bai viet nay, chiing tdi mudn tap hdp,<br /> ngoai midc, dac biet la cac hoc gia midc phan tich cac ngudn sd lieu lien quan den<br /> ngoai nhu GS. Momoki Shiro, GS. John<br /> 1<br /> hoat ddng budn ban ngiia tai khu viic Tay<br /> Whitmore, GS. L i Tana,... da cong b6' mot Bac td the ky V I I I den giiia the ky XII.<br /> so' cong trinh nghien ciiu lien quan den Thdng qua dd, chung tdi mud'n phac hoa nen<br /> hoat dong kinh te tai Giao Chi - Dai Viet, mot biic tranh rd net hdn ve hoat ddng chinh<br /> chu yeu trong giai doan the ky X-XV (1). tri - kinh te d khu viic nay td thdi thudc<br /> Nhiing cong trinh nghien ciiu nay co y Dudng den thdi Ly, ddng thdi lam rd hdn cac<br /> nghia rat quan trong, giiip chiing ta danh chinh sach cua viidng trieu Ly trong cdng<br /> gia lai vai tro va vi t r i cua Viet Nam trong cudc kinh dinh khu viic Tay Bac.<br /> mang ludi thiidng mai khu viic thdi ky tien Hoat dong budn ban ngiia d k h u viic<br /> can dai. Tay Bac t h d i thuoc Difdng<br /> Ben canh nhiing thanh tiiu da dat diidc, Triidc day, nhieu hoc gia da de cap den<br /> cac nghien ctiu nay ciing dat ra cho chiing sit kien An Nam Dd ho Ly Trac mua ep<br /> ta mot so'van de can tiep tuc lam ro: trau ngiia cua ngiidi Man de chiing minh<br /> - Thd nhdt, hoat ddng thiidng mai thdi sii tdn tai cua hoat ddng budn ban trau<br /> ky Dai Viet diidc xay diing va phat trien ngiia tai An Nam vao giiia the ky IX. Tuy<br /> tren cd sd cac quan he thiidng mai giai nhien, tren thiic te, chiia cd bat cii mot cdng<br /> doan triidc dd nhii the nao? trinh khao ciiu chuyen sau nao ve hoat<br /> - Thd hai, can tiep tuc nghien ciiu sau ddng giao thiidng nay. Van cdn nhieu cau<br /> hdn mia md'i quan he giiia hoat ddng kinh hdi ma chiing ta can giai dap nhii hoat<br /> te' vdi chinh sach kinh dinh cua trieu dinh ddng budn ban thdi Dudng da cd td khi nao,<br /> Dai Viet d cac vung ngoai bien. dien ra tai dau, cd nhiing dd'i tiidng nao<br /> Lien quan den hiidng nghien ciiu thii tham gia, cd quan he nhii the nao vdi<br /> hai, trong khi vung bien gidi phia Bac va nhiing chinh sach sau nay cua nha Ly d<br /> khu viic duyen hai da diidc nghien ciiu mot khu viic Tay Bac.<br /> each kha ky liidng thdng qua cdng trinh Doan ghi chep diidi day cua Man thu se<br /> nghien ciiu cua cac hoc gia Hoang Xuan cung cap cho chung ta mot sd' thdng tin<br /> Han (2), Momoki Shiro,... nhiing hieu biet quan trong de giai quye't nhiing van de neu<br /> cua chiing ta ve khu viic Tay Bac (3) cdn tren:<br /> <br /> ' ThS. Khoa Ddng Phudng hoc - Triidng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQG HN<br /> fjoar ddng buon ban ngua. 31<br /> <br /> Su lieu 1: Man thii, Q.4 (4). lap mdt ddi quan ddn trii goi la "Phdng<br /> m m m, £ % in is fa # ® ^ + ~ a ddng binh" vdi quan sd' khoang 6 nghin<br /> e, m ffli&f t ^ JS, i t ^ H m n a , ngiidi. Quan ddi nha Diidng tai day nhan<br /> S ± * A g « S f f i ^ " * , 4 - A J » J f l a diidc sit hd trd quan sii cua That Oan dong<br /> - lien minh cac bd lac mien mii d vung Lam<br /> H jtfc PM tt,^ ft * H *. Tay Nguyen do t i i triidng Ly Do Ddc chi<br /> Dich nghia: huy. Den nien hieu Dai Trung (847-859),<br /> Sung Ma Man, each Lam Tay Nguyen theo ldi khuyen cua met vien quan dia<br /> thuoc An Nam 12 ngay diidng. Sdng trong phifdng, Dd hd Ly Trac da tau len trieu<br /> dinh nha Diidng xin bai bd quan phdng<br /> khe dong, tuc nuoi trau ngiia. Nhieu nam<br /> ddng. Sau sii kien nay, Ly Do Ddc mot<br /> ciing Han giao dich. T i i nam Dai Trung 8<br /> minh phai dam diidng nhiem vu phdng thu<br /> (854), Kinh liidc sii ha khac tan bao, sai<br /> bien gidi. Trong khi dd, chinh quyen Nam<br /> ngiidi mang mudi den Lam Tay Nguyen<br /> Chieu diing nhieu thu doan de ldi keo vien<br /> mua trau ngiia, mdi con chi cho mot dau<br /> tu triidng nay ve phe minh, nhii ga chau<br /> mudi. Tii dd each tuyet, khdng mang trau<br /> gai ciia Thac Ddng Tiet do sii cho con trai<br /> ngiia den nSa.<br /> cua Ly Do Doc hay phong vien tu triidng<br /> Theo Phan Xiidc, mot vien quan nha nay lam ap nha trong chinh quyen Nam<br /> Dtfdng lam viec tai An Nam vao cudi the ky Chieu. Ben canh sii ldi keo cua Nam Chieu,<br /> IX, hoat ddng mua ban trau ngiia giQa ngiidi nhiing sai lam trong chinh sach dd'i vdi cac<br /> Han va mot bd lac mien mii la Siing Ma Man bo lac mien mii cua Ly Trac nhu da trinh -<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> (5) diln ra tai Lam Tay Nguyen. Theo TV tri bay d tren la nguyen nhan quye't dinh dan<br /> thong gidm (Q. 249), Lam Tay Nguyen la tdi viec Ly Do Dpc nga theo the liic cua Nam<br /> viing phia Tay cua Phong chau (6). Chieu. Den nien hieu Ham Thdng, tham chi<br /> Phong Chau, dac biet la Lam Tay liic liidng That Oan ddng cdn tham gia vao<br /> Nguyen, cd vi t r i rat quan trong trong cupc tan cdng cua Nam Chieu vao phu<br /> chinh sach kinh dinh ciia nha Diidng d An thanh dd hp (9).<br /> Nam. Nd nam tren con diidng giad thdng Van de dat ra la Lam Tay Nguyen - ndi<br /> huyet mach ndi lien vung ddng bang sdng diln ra hoat ddng budn ban ngiia vao thdi<br /> Hdng vdi Van Nam. Ngay sau khi ciidp Dudng nam d dau. Hien nay, chiing ta chi cd<br /> diidc Giao chau tit tay nha Tuy, nam Vu the can cii vao vi t r i cua Phong chau va hai<br /> Due thii 4 (621), nha Diidng da coi Phong chau Chan, Dang de tiidng dinh vi t r i cua<br /> chau la tien ddn nham kiem soat 28 chau Lam Tay Nguyen. Thii nhat, chau t r i Phong<br /> ki mi d khu viic phia Tay (7). Cung vdi sii chau nam d huyen Gia Ninh, each phu<br /> banh triidng the liic ciia Nam Chieu tii cuoi thanh An Nam 145 ly diidng thiiy (Thai<br /> the ky VIII, vai trd cua Phong Chau ngay Binh hoan vu ky, Q.170) (khoang 73 km (10)<br /> cang diidc coi trong. Ngay 20 thang 4 nam ve phia Tay Bac. Quang diidng thuy dd theo<br /> Trinh Nguyen thii 7 (791), Phong Chau Man thii (Q.l) di mat khoang 2 ngay. Cung<br /> diicic thang lam Dd ddc phu, kiem quan 18 theo ghi chep cua Man thii, t i i Phong chau<br /> chau ki mi (8). Cach chau t r i Phong Chau 2 di tiep 2 ngay nQa thi den Dang Chau (11).<br /> ngay diidng la Chan Chau va Dang Chau, Nhii vay, neu can cii vao tdc dp di t i i phii<br /> bien gidi Tay Bac cua An Nam Dd ho phu. thanh An Nam den Phong Chau, Dang<br /> Tai hai chau bien gidi nay, nha Diidng thiet Chau phai d khoang phia Bac tinh Phii Tho<br /> 32 flghien ciru Lich sd. sd 2.2011<br /> <br /> ngay nay. Den thdi Ly xuat hien chau Chan trao ddi trau ngiia, sau dd se quay ve theo<br /> Dang, chac la ke thda hai chau Chan, Dang con diidng bo dai khoang 130 ly nd'i lien<br /> thdi Dudng. Khdm dinh Viet sd thong gidm Phong chau vdi phu thanh An Nam (13).<br /> cUoYig muc (Ciidng muc) cho chau Chan Ben canh hai sac dan dd, chiing tdi cdn tim<br /> Dang thdi Ly la phu Lam Thao thdi Nguyen. thay mot so' t i i lieu chiing minh sii tham<br /> Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi lai xac dinh mdt so' gia cua ngiidi Chan Lap trong hoat ddng<br /> huyen nhu" Yen Lap thudc tran Hiing Hda budn ban nay.<br /> (Lao Cai ngay nay) la chau Dang ddi Ly. Sd lieu 2: An Nam chi lUctc, Q.16, Tap<br /> That Oan ddng cua Lam Tay Nguyen canh<br /> ky.<br /> phdng 2 chau Chan va Dang, vay ciing phai<br /> m M a , m TT z m, $ m U m H<br /> d lan can khu viic dd. Ned can cii vao vi t r i<br /> m # ffl is m mm, % $• n « m A<br /> chau Chan Dang va chau Vi Long - dia ban<br /> *, t. m m $ a &<br /> budn ban ngiia thdi Ly (se trinh bay d ph&n<br /> Dich nghia:<br /> sau), cd the suy doan Lam Tay Nguyen thdi<br /> Diidng la mot khu viic kha rdng ldn, nam cl Xet Diidng thiic, chiic vu cua cac quan:<br /> phia Bac tinh Phii Tho, gan tinh Yen Bai va Dd hd An Nam va Phong chau xet bat<br /> cd the bao gom mot phan cua tinh Tuyen diidng bd, khdng de cho ngiidi midc Chan<br /> Quang ngay nay. Lap den mua vu khi va ngiia.<br /> Can cii vao cac nguon sd lieu da dan b Sd lieu 3: Van uyen anh hoa 0C $a<br /> tren, cd the thay Lam Tay Nguyen - ndi $ ) , Q. 530, Thiidng ce mdn thap bat dao.<br /> dien ra hoat ddng budn ban trau ngiia thdi M m m A rtr m n a M m A *<br /> thudc Diidng cd tinh chat nhu" la khu viic 25 * w m JSJ ,tp st # s m n<br /> bien gidi - vung dem (buffer zone) giQa 2 m m m ^ , \% ffl *u u m m mi, x<br /> the liic ldn la nha Dudng va Nam Chieu. it XT ft m m X, m m ^ m, it m<br /> Day vdn la dia ban sinh sdng cua mot sd' bd ffi z m, is m fa LS, m $ *x n z<br /> lac mien nui, cd quyen tii tri va cd liic liidng m is] c - & m) \t. # & M<br /> quan sii rieng. Den giQa the'ky IX, cac bd ¥ is m a , g n n n, * * n<br /> lac nay da hinh thanh nen mdt lien minh s. m m m z t j & # $J C 2<br /> bo lac (That Oan ddng), dat diidi quyen chi m \tk * ft sa ffl, Hi ffi 35,<br /> huy thdng nhat cua t i i trudng Ly Do Ddc. tb IS, * m ffi * Z, 2 r f f c W . i l<br /> Ca nha Diidng va Nam Chieu deu dung ffl S * >R M Z i t , m St UK ft, ft<br /> nhieu thu doan de du dd, ldi keo cac bd lac & 4 m m, I I M & a » a<br /> nay theo the liic cda minh, song den nda « i s ft * i ffi ffl, ?t % m * ,<br /> cudi the ky IX, do nhiing nguyen nhan da S & - H £ m, 9 tt H M Z P ft,<br /> trinh bay d phan tren, cac bd lac mien nui d # a ft $ a , H ffi >P ft ¥ , 4- E5E<br /> khu viic nay da nga ve phia Nam Chieu, rtr , i a * , m s st # w n , » st n<br /> chd'ng lai nha Diidng. @, TT at » & m, $ a t * st<br /> # a , a & $ BJT, ifi cf a i t . -<br /> Theo Man thu, tham gia vao hoat ddng<br /> budn ban ngiia d Lam Tay Nguyen cd ngiidi Tam dich:<br /> Han va ngiidi Sung Ma Man (12). Ngiidi Phan ve viec ngiidi Chan Lap mua ngiia<br /> Han cd le chd yeu la ngiidi cua phu thanh Ngudi midc Chan Lap den ndi rang: "Mua<br /> do hd. Ho mang mud'i t i i ddng bang den ngiia d Phong Chau". Quan Ngii sd ket tdi An<br /> rjoaf dong buon ban ngira. 33<br /> <br /> Nam Do ho: "Biet viec phai xet bat diidng bo tdi An Nam Dd hd de ngudi Chan Lap den<br /> [ma khong tuan theo]". Khong phuc. Phong Chau mua ngiia, chep trong Van<br /> Ddi, uyen anh hoa, mot trong Td dai thii diidc<br /> bien soan vao thdi Tdng (14).<br /> Thudng nghi, diic co the dong den trdi<br /> cao, khdng ndi xa nao khdng vxfdn den Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi mudn liiu<br /> diidc. Nitdc Thuc Long d ciic Bac cung qui y den nien dai thiic van d tit lieu thii nhat.<br /> goi xiing than, vung Hda Thd d trdi Nam Nhii chiing ta da biet, "thiic" la he thdng<br /> ciing nghieng minh theo giao hda. Chan qui tic cu the diidc ban hanh nham bd sung<br /> Lap sdm cd phong tuc thuan phac, [diic cua ndi dung cho Luat Lenh (Luat Lenh Cach<br /> Trung Qudc] td xiia da nhii tieng sam ddng Thiic). Trong sudt chieu dai lich sd cua<br /> khien [xii ay] phai phu hoa theo, t i i gid trd minh, nha Diidng da tien hanh bien soan,<br /> di se khien theo ve nhii may tu hdi, ha phai chinh sda thiic van mdt each cd he thd'ng<br /> miidn siic due ddng, ma'c cdng khac da. Cho vao cac nien hieu Vu Dufc, Trinh Quan,<br /> nen viec [Chan Lap] di lai d bien chau, mua Vinh Huy, Thiiy Cung, Than Long va Khai<br /> ngiia d dat'Phong, xet can nguyen cua nd, Nguyen (15). Can cd'vao viec sd dung ten<br /> vdn cung chiia cd chuyen gi sai trai, cii cho gpi An Nam Dd hp vd'n chi cd tii nam 679,<br /> phep ma lam, xet thay cd chuyen mdi ngan cd the suy luan Diidng thiic ma Le Tac<br /> lai, chang phai lam nhii the' se diicic an trich dan thudc 1 trong 3 bp thiic bien soan<br /> nhan, khdng phai lo lang hay sao. [Tuy vao cac nien hieu Thiiy Cung, Than Long,<br /> nhien] Chiic trach cua Ngii sd vd'n d chd Khai Nguyen. Mat khac, bp thiic cudi ciing<br /> ngan triidc chuyen xau ma khuyen khich cua nha Diidng diidc hoan thanh nam Khai<br /> dieu tdt, nay nghi ngd ngiidi Chan Lap cd Nguyen 25 (734), nen nien dai mudn nhat<br /> chuyen gian phi nen mdi mudn giang liidi cua thdc van ma Le Tac tham khao la nam<br /> xet bat. Ve chuyen phai tra xet dudng bo, 734. Nhu" vay, viec ngudi Chan Lap den<br /> Dd ho triidc da thiia lenh trieu dinh nhiing Phong Chau mua ngiia it nhat cung da cd<br /> lai khdng tuan theo (?). Neu d bien ciidng, td triidc nam 734.<br /> ngiidi Man sinh chuyen, luan ve tinh khdng<br /> De den Phong Chau mua ngiia, ngiidi<br /> the mien toi diidc. [Tuy nhien] viec [ngiidi<br /> Chan Lap da sd dung con diidng giao thdng<br /> Chan Lap] di lai mua ngiia la chuyen da<br /> cd ndi lien Luc Chan Lap vdi An Nam qua<br /> rdi [ma cung chiia xay ra van de gi], neu<br /> Hoan Chau, diidc Gia Dam - Te tiidng nha<br /> theo ly khd long ma ket toi. Ngii sd hach tdi<br /> Diidng trong nien hieu Trinh Nguyen ghi<br /> cung cd cai ly, Dd hd bien minh cung khdng<br /> lai (16). Theo tai lieu nay, sau khi xuat<br /> cd gi dang hd then. Vay theo ldi to' tdi nhe,<br /> phat, ngiidi Luc Chan Lap di khoang 12<br /> hda hdp ca hai diidng.<br /> ngay thi den sdng La Luan (SI 'fit £L, sdng<br /> Tu lieu thii nhat la mot doan dat van<br /> 1<br /> <br /> Ngan Phd'hien nay?). Sau khi viidt sdng, hp<br /> cua Diidng thdc dUdc Le Tic trich trong An di tiep 2 ngay rdi viidt mii Vu On (M 1m #1,<br /> Nam chi luqc, lenh cho An Nam Dd hd, theo Nghe An chi - dan theo CUcfng muc,<br /> quan lai d Phong Chau va cac chau khac Vu On la mdt ten khac cda mii Vu Thap -<br /> khdng diidc cho ngiidi Chan Lap vao dia nui Vu Quang, huyen Hiidng Sdn, Ha Tinh<br /> hat mua ngiia va vu khi. ngay nay), di them 3 ngay den chau t r i<br /> Tu lieu thii hai la phan quyet cua nha<br /> 1<br /> Hoan chau (17). Con diidng nay theo Thdi<br /> Diidng xung quanh viec Ngii sd dai hach Binh hodn vu ky dai khoang 750 ly<br /> 34 nghien euu Lich sd. sd 2.2011<br /> <br /> (375km) (18). Td Hoan Chau, ho ngiidc len Sd lieu 4 - A: Nguyen Hda qudn huyen<br /> Cdu Chan, Ai chau (Thanh Hoa). dd chi, Q.38, Ai chau.<br /> Lien quan den doan dudng td Thanh (S m i i t s $ s f « i s m, 7X<br /> Hda ngiidc len phia Bac, trudc day, chung<br /> ta da biet den su ton tai cda con dudng<br /> 1<br /> Dich nghia:<br /> thuy xuat phat td Ai chau qua Tac khau (Ai chau) ve phia Tay Bac each An Nam<br /> (Yen Md, Ninh Binh, luc dd van giap ranh Dd ho phu 500 ly, diidng thuy 700 ly.<br /> vdi bien) rdi theo he thdng sdng Day, sdng Sd lieu 4 - B : Thdi binh hodn vu ky,<br /> Hdng ngiidc len phu thanh dd hd (19). Con Q.171, Aichau<br /> diidng thuy nay theo Nguyen hoa quan<br /> M it m. 22 H £ @ " S * ? g d ; S - S .<br /> huyen do chi (Q.38, Ai chau) dai khoang 700<br /> Dich nghia:<br /> ly (350km). Trong Man thu ciing cd mot ghi<br /> chep nhac den viec quan ddi Nam Chieu da (Ai chau) ve phia Ddng Bac each Giao<br /> tiing thd sd dung con diidng thuy nay de chau 500 ly, dudng thuy 700 ly.<br /> diia k i binh tien vao Chan Lap, tuy nhien Sd lieu 4 - C: Man thu, Q.10.<br /> khi den bd bien, ho thay sdng to gid ldn nen 7K M m m, m n m m 5 s m m<br /> da rut quan ve (sd lieu 4-C). Chi tiet nay « m, m & t m £ w m m *<br /> phu hdp vdi tinh chat nguy hiem ndi tieng WL s ts M, * $ m.<br /> cua Tac Khau, Than Phu trong lich sd. Dich nghia:<br /> Tuy nhien, trong bai viet nay, chung tdi Niidc Thuy Chan Lap, Luc Chan Lap<br /> mudn liiu y den sii tdn tai cua mdt con cimg vdi phia Nam cua Man tran tiep giap<br /> dudng khac vao thdi Diidng ma den nay nhau. Giac Man triidc kia tiing thdng linh<br /> chiia thay nha nghien ciiu nao de cap den. ki binh den bd bien, tha'y sdng xanh hung<br /> Theo Nguyen hoa qudn huyen do chi (sd hiem danh thu quan ve.<br /> lieu 4-A) va Thdi Binh hodn vu ky (sd lieu Nhu! vay, muon nha't la td diu the ky<br /> 4-B), ngoai con diidng thuy neu tren cdn VIII, tai mien Tay cua Phong Chau da cd<br /> tdn tai mdt con diidng bd ndi A i chau vdi hoat ddng budn ban trau ngiia het siic sdi<br /> phu thanh dd ho dai 500 ly (khoang 250 ddng giiia nhieu toe ngiidi: ngiidi Han,<br /> km). Chi tiet nha Diidng bat An Nam Dd ho ngiidi Chan Lap, ngiidi Siing Ma Man va cd<br /> va Phong chau "tra bat dudng bd" (ffi ffl S the cdn nhieu sac dan khac niia. Tuy nhien,<br /> S§), khdng cho ngiidi Chan Lap vao mua dudi phap lenh (thiic) ca'm budn ban cua<br /> ngiia, vu khi chep trong An Nam chi luqc nha Diidng dd'i vdi Chan Lap (ma cd le bat<br /> va Vdn uyen anh hoa (da dan d tren) ciing ngudn tif sii tham gia cda Chan Lap trong<br /> gian tiep chiing minh sii tdn tai cua con cudc ndi day cua Mai Thuc Loan vao dau<br /> diidng bd dd. Day cd the la tien than cua nien hieu Khai Nguyen) (20), hoat dong<br /> con dudng "thiidng dao" ndi tieng vao thdi giao thiidng nay da suy yeu mot phan.<br /> ky sau nay. Chiing tdi cho rang td Ai chau Sang the ky IX, hoat ddng budn ban ngiia<br /> (Thanh Hda), ngudi Chan Lap da khdng sd cang gap khd khan do chinh sach vd vet<br /> dung con dudng thuy qua Tac Khau (Yen cua Dd hd Ly Trac cung nhu' anh hiidng td<br /> Md, Ninh Binh) ma theo con diidng thiidng cuoc chien tranh giiia nha Diidng va Nam<br /> dao cd qua tinh Hda Binh hien nay triic Chieu. Theo sd lieu 1, sau khi bi Kinh liidc<br /> tiep vao Phong chau mua ngiia. sii nha Diidng (Ly Trac) ep ddi trau ngiia<br /> rjoar dong budn ban ngua. 35<br /> <br /> vdi gia mdi con chi ddi diidc 1 dau mud'i, t i i M S f I I it) (22). Ten hieu "Ngd<br /> nam Dai Trung thd 8 (854), ngudi Sung Ma Man viidng" va chdc "Giam sat sd d chau<br /> Man khong cdn mang trau ngiia den Lam Chan Dang" gian tiep phan anh viec nha<br /> Tay Nguyen budn ban nda. Khi Cao Bien Tien Le van ke thda vdng bien gidi cua nha<br /> phan cong nham chiem lai phu thanh An Diidng d khu viic Tay Bac. Vai trd cua<br /> Nam, Phong Chau trd thanh bai chien Phong chau tai thdi diem nay van la kiem<br /> trudng, cac toe ngudi theo Nam Chieu bi soat, che ap cac bd lac d khu viic thddng du<br /> quan doi nha Diidng tan sat. va mien nui.<br /> Hoat dong buon ban ngiia d k h u viic Nhin td gdc do cac toe ngiidi sinh sd'ng<br /> Tay Bac thdi Tien Le - L y tai khu viic Tay Bac, cd the coi the ky X la<br /> giai doan tiidng dd'i dn dinh va thuan ldi de<br /> Tren day, chung tdi da thd tim hieu<br /> tdng biidc khdi phuc hoat ddng giao<br /> hoat ddng budn ban ngiia tai khu viic Tay<br /> thiidng, dac biet la vdi khu viic Van Nam,<br /> Bac td dau the ky V I I I deh cudi the ky IX.<br /> Hien nay, chung ta khdng cd.nhieu t i i lieu Trung Quo'c.<br /> lien quan den hoat ddng giao thiidng nay Biidc sang dau the ky XI, vung phia Tay<br /> trong the ky X. Day la giai doan tang Idp Phong chau van nam ngoai quyen thd'ng t r i<br /> hao triidng ban dia tan dung cd hdi the' liic true tiep cua cac chinh quyen ngiidi Viet.<br /> phong kien phUdng B&c suy yeu de tdng Mac dd da cd mdt vai bieu hien mang y<br /> biidc khdi phuc lai nen t i i chu. Trong giai nghia than phuc, vi du vao nam 1006, chau<br /> doan nay, cac thu linh ngiidi Viet phai dd'i Vi Long da dang mot con ngiia trang cd 4<br /> mat vdi nhdng khd khan trong viec xay ciia cho Le Long Dinh (23), song sii phuc<br /> diing chinh quyen non tre, dd'i phd vdi tdng nay la het sdc long leo. Chi 4 nam sau<br /> nhdng yeu sach va sii ddm ngd td cac the' sii kien ndi tren, thang Gieng nam Mau<br /> liic phiidng Bac, ddng thdi lai phai giai Than - Canh Thuy nguyen nien (1008),<br /> quye't nhdng tranh chap ndi bd gida cac the dich than Le Long Dinh cam quan danh 2<br /> liic cat cd dia phiidng, ma tieu bieu la chau Vi Long va Dd Lang, bat ngiidi Man<br /> "Loan 12 sd quan"... Do vay, khdng khd de va ngiia vai tram con (24). Nam Thuan<br /> suy doan rang: trong the ky X, dd'i vdi cac Thien nguyen nien (1010) ddi Ly Thai To,<br /> thu linh ngiidi Viet, viec md rdng tam anh "ngiidi Man sang qua cdt ddng, den ben<br /> hiidng ve phia Tay Bac cung nhii can thiep Kim Hoa va chau V i Long de budn ban.<br /> sau vao hoat ddng giao thiidng d khu viic Vua [Ly Cdng Uan] sai ngddi bat dddc<br /> nay khdng phai la md'i quan tam hang dau. ngiidi Man va hdn 1 van con ngiia" (25).<br /> Dieu nay cd the thay rd khi deh cudi the ky 6 day, chung tdi mud'n liiu y den chi tiet<br /> X, bien gidi cua nha Tien Le van chi den "ngiidi Man sang qua cot ddng" (MAM<br /> Phong Chau. Theo Dgi Viet sit luge (DVSL), fPH tt) trong sii kien nam 1010. Day la chi<br /> nam Hiing Thd'ng 2 (991), Le Hoan da tiet rat quan trong, giup chung ta hieu ro<br /> phong em trai lam Ngii Man viidng d hdn cac dd'i tiidng tham gia hoat ddng budn<br /> Phong chau (21). Bai minh tren md chi cua ban ngiia thdi ky dau nha Ly. Cdt ddng ma<br /> Phung Thanh phu nhan nha Ly, ddng doi Dgi Viet sii ky todn thii (DVSKTT) de cap<br /> cua Ngii Man viidng cho biet vi hoang de den d day han la cot ddng phan dinh ranh<br /> nay cua Le Dai Hanh cdn kiem them chdc gidi An Nam Dd ho phu vdi Nam Chieu.<br /> Chan Dang chau bao sd quan sat sd (M § Theo Man thii (Q.7), thang 10 nam Thien<br /> 36 Rghien cuoi Lich sd. so 2.2011<br /> <br /> Bao thu 8 (749), Dddng Huyen Tong sai Ha thinh vao dau the ky XI. Con sd "hdn mdt<br /> L i Quang thong linh binh ma thap dao tan van con ngiia" (If 7J & fE) cho thay d l u<br /> cong Nam Chieu. Nam Thien Bao 10 (751), the ky XI, da hinh thanh nhiing thiidng<br /> sau khi ha thanh An Ninh, quan doi nha doan cd qui md ldn budn ngiia t d Cdn<br /> Diidng khdi phuc cot dong Ma Vien. Thanh Minh, Trung Qudc sang vdng Tay Bac<br /> An Ninh theo Man thu each Thac Ddng<br /> 1<br /> Viet Nam ngay nay. Cac thiidng doan nay,<br /> Tiet do sd (Con Minh, Van Nam) 1 ngay nhu phan tich ben diidi, nhan diidc sii hau<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> diidng (sd lieu 5-B). Ciing theo Man thu, thuan t d chinh quyen Nam Chieu - Dai<br /> cot ddng nay each Giao Chi 48 ngay diidng Ly.<br /> (sd lieu 5-A). Nhii vay, ngiidi "Man" sang<br /> Sau cac cuoc tan cong nam 1008 va 1010<br /> An Nam budn ngiia la ngiidi Nam Chieu -<br /> cua Le Long Dinh va Ly Cdng Uan, thang<br /> Dai Ly, xuat phat tit khu viic phu can Cdn<br /> 10 nam Thuan Thien 4 (1013), chau Vi<br /> Minh ngay nay.<br /> Long theo ngddi "Man" lam phan (27).<br /> Sd lieu 5-A: Man thu, Q.l. Thang Gieng nam sau (1014), mot ddi quan<br /> & * ttut m % fn - ¥ ix m \% hdng hau (theo BVSKTT cd quan so' len<br /> ¥ , i m ± m tt m « # z m, * £ den "20 van ngiidi") do 2 tiidng "Man" la<br /> fik * m m + A B ig. ffi 15 * ® s Diidng Triidng Hue ( # -R M) (28) va Doan<br /> *$ M $ ffi - 0, * f i ¥ f « Kinh Chi chi huy da dan quan d ben Kim<br /> til. Hoa. Tuy nhien, doi quan nay da bi Diic<br /> Sd lieu 5-B: Mare thu, Q.7.<br /> Thanh Viidng nha Ly danh bai. Theo<br /> BVSL, quan Dai Viet da b i t diidc ngiia<br /> ft $1 + it £ S, ffi 3c m it ¥ ft M nhieu vd sd' ke, mot sd' trong do diidc Ly<br /> m, t « E t t j s $ ? « , # - i t i i§ Cdng Uan gdi sang bieu nha Td'ng.<br /> tt, * J I S V , ft -£ ¥ * X p± m +<br /> A 0 g £ ¥ SP til. Sd lieu 6: An Nam chi lUc/c, Q.12.<br /> Ve dia diem chau Vi Long, Cucfng muc 0 ¥ t i l t 0, & H ± W ffi IB<br /> chua ring: "Nha Dinh, nha Le goi la Vi<br /> Long; nha Ly, nha Tran van theo ten nhii . it, E % A If ^ m n % tt, « * A<br /> the. Khi thudc Minh ddi la Dai Man. Ve<br /> sau, nha Le van de ten ay. Bay gid la dat at ffi m H, m ,1 A +• m, m m.<br /> chau Chiem Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang". Dich nghia:<br /> Chiing tdi hoan toan tan thanh quan diem Ngay 10 thang 7 nam [Thuan Thien] 4,<br /> cua soan gia Cucfng muc. Nhiing nam 60 Cdng Uan thiidng tau: "Man Hac Gia 3 van<br /> cda the ky triidc, tai xa Yen Nguyen, huyen ngiidi td bien gidi ban chau den ddng trai<br /> Chiem Hda, tinh Tuyen Quang, ngiidi ta da ddm ngd ban dao. Than [Ly Cdng Uan]<br /> phat hien diidc tam bia cua chiia Bao Ninh phat ngddi ngiia danh giac tai Mao Lam.<br /> Sung Phuc ( # ^ i? ffi # W), diidc lap Bon giac dai bai. B i t diidc chu tiidng<br /> nam 1107 de ca ngdi ddng ho Ha lam Tri Vi Diidng Binh Hdi va ngiidi ngiia cua Man<br /> Long chau (ftl M ffl M) (26). Lao. Sai sd den cda khuyet, dang 60 con<br /> Nhii vay, sau mot giai doan suy thoai, ngiia bao tin thang tran.<br /> hoat ddng mua ban ngiia tai khu viic Tay Sd lieu 7: Tuc tU tri thong gidm trUdng<br /> Bac da dan dan phuc hdi va trd lai hiing bien, Q.83.<br /> Ijoat dong buon ban ngira. 37<br /> <br /> <br /> $ a 3c ffl $ & tt ft ft ^ ^ da nga theo Nam Chieu, tieu bieu la sU<br /> ^ # ffl, i f t ft 7T, » s ± * » * kien chau V i Long "lam phan" nam 1013.<br /> JK-, i t fit * a 75" * a * Khi Ly Cdng Uan than chinh danh dep, tu<br /> Dich nghia: trUdng Ha An Tuan cung ngUdi ciia minh<br /> Tan Suu, Giao Chau Ly Cong Uan danh da chay vao nui, trong chd vao sii ho trd ve<br /> bai Hac Gia Man tai Phtfcing (29) Lam quan sii tU phia Nam Chieu. Tuy nhien,<br /> chau, chem dau may van ngiidi, bat chu chien t h i n g nam 1014 cua nha Ly trUdc<br /> tiidng la DUdng Triidng Hue, sai sii den Nam Chieu da dap tat hi vong do. Ha An<br /> cong phiidng vat va bao tin thang tran. Tuan bi bat trong cuoc tan cong do Diic<br /> Thanh vUdng va Vu DUc vUdng chi huy 1<br /> Ve lan trieu cong nay, An Nam chi luge<br /> nam sau, bi giai ve kinh thanh xU chem va<br /> va Tuc tU tri thdng gidm trUdng bien ghi ro<br /> beu dau tai chd D6ng thanh Thang Long<br /> doi quan "Man" la "Hac Gia Man" (® 15<br /> (31).<br /> 1). Nhii chiing ta da biet, "Hac Gia Man"<br /> Cd the danh gia hai nam 1014-1015 la<br /> la mot ten goi khac cua Nam Chieu (30).<br /> cot mdc quan trong trong lich sd kinh dinh<br /> Chau Vi Long - ndi tu trUdng Ha An Tuan<br /> khu viic Tay Bac cua Dai Viet. Sau chien<br /> lam phan nam 1013 va ben Kim Hoa - dia<br /> thang cua nha Ly, tam anh hudng cua Nam<br /> diem dong quan ciia Diidng Triidng Hue<br /> Chieu - Dai Ly tai khu viic nay trd nen het<br /> nam 1014 lai chinh la dia ban ngiidi Man<br /> sUc md nhat cho den cuoc phan loan cua<br /> buon ban ngiia nam 1010. Ket noi chudi sii<br /> Than Ldi nam 1040. Tai chau Vi Long, mot<br /> kien nay, chiing ta thay ban chat cua cuoc<br /> trong nhUng dia ban d i l n ra hoat dong<br /> "phan loan" nam 1013 va chien dich quan<br /> budn ban ngiia sdi dong vao dau the ky XI,<br /> sii nam 1014 la sii bat man cua tang Idp<br /> sau khi bat giet tu trUdng "phan loan" Ha<br /> thu linh dia phiidng d chau V i Long cung<br /> An Tuan, nha Ly da thu phuc dUdc tang Idp<br /> nhu phan Ung quan sU cua Nam Chieu ddi<br /> thii linh dia phUdng tai day. Sau nam 1015,<br /> vdi cac cuoc tan cong trudc do ciia nha Tien<br /> trong khi tai chau Dd Kim van tiep tuc xay<br /> Le va nha Ly vao hoat dong mua ban ngiia.<br /> ra mdt sd' vu phan loan vao cac nam 1024<br /> NhU vay, den dau the ky XI, khu viic<br /> va 1036, khdng cdn thay ten chau Vi Long<br /> mien Tay Phong Chau chu yeu van la dia<br /> trong cac muc tieu danh dep cua quan ddi<br /> ban sinh song cua cac toe ngUdi mien nui,<br /> nha Ly. Dac biet, tam bia chua Bao Ninh<br /> ddng thdi la khu viic tranh gianh quyen<br /> Sung Phuc la ngudn t u lieu kim thach van<br /> anh hudng giQa nha Tien Le - nha Ly vdi<br /> qui gia cho chung ta biet nhiing gi xay ra<br /> chinh quyen Nam Chieu. Sii kien Le Long<br /> tai chau Vi Long sau hai nam 1014-1015.<br /> Dinh va Ly Cong Uan tan cong va danh<br /> cUdp cac doan buon ngUa d chau Vi Long Bao Ninh Sung Phuc tU bi la tam bia<br /> cho chiing ta thay: khac vdi cac "trUdng" - viet ve Tri Vi Long chau Ha Di Khanh, van<br /> cac chd cong dUdc thiet lap d bien gidi Viet - bia dUdc lap nam Long Phu Nguyen Hda -<br /> Tdng, Viet - Chiem, den dau thdi Ly, hoat Dinh Hdi (1107). Theo van bia, ddng ho Ha<br /> dong buon ban ngiia 6 viing Tay Bac van cua Ha Di Khanh vd'n phat nguyen d Ung<br /> chUa dUdc dat dudi sU quan ly cua nha chau, den ddi cao td la Ha Dac Trong thi<br /> nUdc. Vao ddu the ky XI, cac bo lac mien thien di sang chau V i Long. Tai chau Vi<br /> nui sinh song d khu viic nay, bi kep giQa Long, ho Ha da dan trd thanh mdt ddng ho<br /> hai the liic nha Ly va Nam Chieu, ban dau cd the hie, quan ly "49 ddng, 15 huyen".<br /> 33 Rghien OJU Lich sir, so 2.2011<br /> <br /> Nhieu kha nang Ha An Tuan - thu linh DVSKTT, nda cudi the ky XI, nha Ly da ga<br /> chau V i Long bi giet nam 1015 cung xuat cdng chua, vdh la con gai ldn cua Phung<br /> than t i i dong ho nay. Tat nhien, vdi noi Can viidng diidc Ly Thanh Tdng nuoi trong<br /> dung chinh la ca ngdi sii phuc vu cua ddng cung, cho chau muc chau Chan Dang ho Le<br /> ho vdi nha Ly, tam bia khdng nhac den (35).<br /> nhan vat nay. Den ddi dng noi cua Ha Di Dac biet, cac hoang nd cua nha Ly diidc<br /> Khanh, nha Ly ga con gai gida cua cdng ga khdng chi cho cac thu lfnh da triidng<br /> chua thd ba cua Ly Thai To ( i f f- A ffl thanh ma cho ca con em cua ho - nhdng thu<br /> Jfe. ^ % H & ± i t ic.) cho dng nay, linh dia phiidng tiidng lai. Theo van bia<br /> dong thdi phong cho chdc Dai lieu ban. chua Bao Ninh Sdng Phuc, nha Ly da ga<br /> Nam Anh Vu Chieu Thang thd 4 (Dinh Ty, cdng chua Kham Thanh khi Ha Di Khanh<br /> 1077), khi mdi 9 tudi, Ha Di Khanh da diidc mdi cd 10 tudi.<br /> dda vao Kinh do Thang Long, theo van bia Chinh nhd chinh sach ngoai giao khdn<br /> thi "dep ddi vdi em gai nha vua" ( i f iS iff kheo nay, nha Ly da nhan diidc sii hd trd<br /> W), nhiing do cdn nhd, Ha Di Khanh lai die ldc cua cac t u triidng mien nui trong<br /> diidc dda ve V i Long. Mua xuan nam sau cudc tan cdng vao Ung chau cung nhii cudc<br /> (Mau Ngo, 1078), Ha Di Khanh quay lai khang chien chd'ng Td'ng sau nay. Chinh<br /> Thang Long, lam le thanh than vdi cdng cha cua Ha Di Khanh, thu linh cua chau Vi<br /> chua Kham Thanh va den mua xuan nam Long da triic tiep elm quan, tham gia tich<br /> Nham Tuat (1082) diia dau ve V i Long ciic vao chien dich bao vay thanh Ung chau<br /> (32). cua Ly Thiidng Kiet, lap diidc nhieu chien<br /> Nhu" vay, cd the thay ben canh sdc manh cdng va diidc nha Ly phong thiidng lam<br /> quan sii, nha Ly da sd dung mdt chinh Hdu Dai Lieu ban, Doan luyen sd (A '¥ ZJ<br /> sach ngoai giao rat kheo leo: ga con gai 5P, a » 3 E m, tt ft m u, m i w m # t&,<br /> trong gia tdc cho cac tu triidng dia phiidng. m. s u f M f t # , * JS m £ * « a , m tm<br /> Chinh sach nay khdng chi diidc ap dung d m.<br /> khu viic Tay Bac ma ca d vung bien gidi Mot diem dang chu y nda trong ndi<br /> phia Bac giap nha Tdng. Can cd vao ghi dung van bia chua Bao Ninh Sung Phuc la<br /> chep cua Tdng sd, chung ta biet diidc chinh Ha Di Khanh khi mdi 9 tudi da diidc diia ve<br /> sach nay da diidc bat dau ngay td thdi Ly Thang Long. Viec nay diidc thiic hien<br /> Thai To, vdi viec ga cdng chua cho thu linh khdng phai theo y nguyen cua ddng ho Ha<br /> Than Thda Quy (33). Ngay 7 thang 3 nam ma la theo chieu du cua Ly Nhan Tdng (P#<br /> Thien Thanh thd 2 (1029), Ly Thai Tdng ga m % ft, m m Mm, & i t u M). Day<br /> cdng chua Binh Diidng cho thd linh Lang cd the la mot hinh thdc rang budc cda nha<br /> chau la Than Thieu Thai. Thang 3 nam Ly vdi cac chau k i mi, theo dd cac td triidng<br /> Thdng Thuy thd 3 (1036), nha Ly ga cdng dia phiidng qui phuc phai diia con em ve<br /> chua Khanh Thanh cho chau muc Phong chau d Thang Long.<br /> chau la Le Thuan Tdng (34). Thang 8 mua Ngoai ra, bai minh tren bia chua Bao<br /> thu cdng nam, tiep tuc ga cdng chua Ninh Sdng Phuc cung giup chung ta danh<br /> Triidng Ninh cho chau muc chau Thiidng gia lai mot sii kien lich sd cua khu viic diidc<br /> Oai la Ha Thien Lam. Theo ghi chep nam ghi chep trong Viet sd luge va Todn thu.<br /> Hoi Tiidng Dai Khanh thd 4 (1113) cua Theo hai bd sd nay, nam 999 (Ky Hdi), Le<br /> fjaat ddng budn ban ngua. 39<br /> <br /> Hoan da than chinh chi huy quan ddi tan muc da chii thich, ma phai la dat dai cua<br /> cdng "Ha Dong", bao gdm 19 ddng (Viet sit ddng ho Ha d khu viic Tay Blc, ma trung<br /> luqc) hoae 49 ddng (Toan thu), pha dUdc cac tam quyen hie n l m d chau Vi Long (Chiem<br /> chau Nhat Tac, Dinh Bien (36). Xung Hda, Tuyen Quang). Ndi each khac, cuoc<br /> quanh ghi chep ndi tren, trUdc day, soan tan cdng nam 999 cua Le Hoan la nhlm<br /> gia CUctng muc cho rang "Ha Dong" la ddng chinh phuc cac khe dong mien nui phia<br /> Ha Man, thudc dat Thach Thanh, Thanh Blc, trong pham vi cac tinh Tuyen Quang,<br /> Hda ngay nay. Quan diem nay sau dd dUdc Cao Bing, Thai Nguyen hien nay. NhU vay,<br /> ke thuja trong ban dich Toan thU cua Nha cd the ndi ngay td nam 999, nha Tien Le da<br /> xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hdi. Mat khac, b i t dau cd nhdng hanh dong quan sU nham<br /> Cuang muc can cU vao Du dia chi cua kiem soat dan khu viic Tay Blc. Chinh<br /> Nguyen Trai lai khang dinh chau Dinh cudc tan cdng nam 999 cua Le Hoan da dan<br /> Bien la dat thudc Cao Blng thdi Le (tinh den sii kien chau Vi Long dang ngUa trang<br /> Cao Bang, Thai Nguyen hien nay). Nhu: cho Le Long Dinh vao nam 1006.<br /> vay, neu theo chu thich cua soan gia Cuang Quay trd lai vdi hoat ddng budn ban<br /> muc, chiing ta phai giai thich r i n g vao nam ngUa, chung ta khdng cd nhieu tu lieu ghi<br /> 999, Le Hoan da td chiic 2 chien dich quan chdp triic tiep ve hoat ddng giao thUdng<br /> sii rieng re, mdt danh xudng Thanh Hda, nay td nda cud'i the ky XI. Mac dd Nam<br /> mot danh len khu viic xung quanh Cao Chieu - ngudn cung hang chu yeu, da that<br /> Bang; sau dd, khi bien soan Viet sii luqc va<br /> bai trong chien dich quan sii nam 1014,<br /> Todn thu, soan gia ciia 2 bd sii nay da tdng<br /> song khdng cd nghia la hoat ddng budn ban<br /> hdp 2 sii kien neu tren vao cung mot ghi<br /> ngiia bi cham ddt. Can cd vao viec cac vua<br /> chep. Tuy nhien, chiing tdi khdng ddng y<br /> nha Ly van tiep tuc gdi ngUa sang bieu nha<br /> vdi each giai thich neu tren.<br /> Td'ng, chung ta cd the phdng doan hoat<br /> Trudc tien, chU "Ha" trong chU "Ha ddng budn ban ngiia van dUdc tiep tuc d<br /> Ddng", cung tUdng tu nhu "Dd Dong", nhieu<br /> khu viic Tay Bac, dudi sU thda nhan va bao<br /> kha nang chi pham vi anh hudng ciia mdt<br /> ho cua nha Ly (38). Chang han, theo Llnh<br /> ddng ho cd the luc, cu the d day la ho Ha.<br /> ngoai dqi dap (Q.2), nam Thieu Hung thd<br /> ThU hai, con sd'"49 ddng" ghi chep trong sii<br /> 26 (1146), trong sd'cd'ng vat cua nha Ly cd 6<br /> kien nam 999 lai trung khdp mot each dang<br /> con ngUa kem yen eddng dang dich than<br /> ngac nhien vdi con so' "49 ddng" quan hat<br /> cho vua Td'ng va 8 con ngUa cd'ng theo le<br /> cua ho Ha chep trong van bia chua Bao<br /> "thUdng tien" (39). "ThUdng tien" cd nghia<br /> Ninh Sung Phuc (37). Hdn nUa, nhu da<br /> trinh bay d phan tren, chau Dinh Bien - la ngUa da dUdc xep vao danh muc trieu<br /> mot trong nhiing muc tieu quan sU nam cd'ng thudng xuyen cda nha Ly.<br /> 999 cd vi t r i dia ly tUdng dUdng vdi khu viic Trong hoat ddng budn ban ngUa, ben<br /> Cao Bang ddi Le; xa Dinh Bien, huyen canh ngUdi Nam Chieu va cac tdc ngUdi<br /> Dinh Hda, Thai Nguyen ngay nay dUdc coi mien nui, chung ta cdn thay sU tham gia<br /> la mot phan cua chau Dinh Bien xUa. Ghep cua mdt so' sic dan khac, dien hinh la ngUdi<br /> ndi tat ca nhQng thdng tin neu tren, chiing Chiem Thanh. Katakura Minoru va L i<br /> tdi cho r i n g dat "Ha Ddng" bi Le Hoan tan Tana da tdng de cap den van de nay trong<br /> cdng nam 999 khdng phai la dat Thach nghien cdu cua minh (40). Chlng han,<br /> Thanh (Thanh Hda) nhu soan gia Cuang Td'ng sd, phan viet ve Chiem Thanh cd<br /> 40 Rahien curu Lich sd. so' 2.2011<br /> <br /> chep: "NgUdi Chiem Thanh hay cudi voi, Sd lieu 9: Kien viem dl lai he nien yeu<br /> hoae di kieu bang vai mem, hoae mua ngiia luc, Q.129.<br /> cua Giao chau" (41). Trong sach Dong Tay ft m T i $ K d ?? £ #<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> dudng khao thdi Minh, soan gia Triidng<br /> Tiep khi viet ve cac san vat cua Giao Chi cd<br /> viet: "Thdi Td'ng, Chiem Thanh hay mua<br /> ngiia t i i Giao Chi, nen biet xii ay cd san vat<br /> la ngiia" (42). Dich nghia:<br /> Sii k i e n Than L o i va chinh sach Nam Binh viidng Ly Can Diic chet.<br /> k i n h d i n h cua nha L y d viing Tay Bac Ngiidi con thd la T r i Chi chay sang Dai Ly,<br /> Tren day, chung tdi da trinh bay ve hoat ddi ho thanh Trieu, xiing hieu la Binh<br /> ddng budn ban ngiia trong giai doan sau viidng. Nghe t i n anh la Diidng Hoan chet,<br /> the ky IX trong md'i tiidng quan vdi cac tranh ngdi vdi Thien To. Dai Ly lay 3000<br /> chinh sach chinh t r i - quan sii cua nha Tien quan giup [Tri Chi]. Diep bao Tri Chi mud'n<br /> Le - Ly d vung bien gidi Tay Bac. Sau nam vao nhap cd'ng. Quang Tay siiy tau viec do<br /> 1014, ve cd ban, nha Ly da loai bd diidc anh len trieu dinh. Chieu, cii kheo leo hiia rdi<br /> hiidng chinh t r i cua Nam Chieu tai khu cho ve, khdng diidc chieu nap de sinh<br /> viic. Tuy nhien, deh nam 1040, Nam Chieu chuyen.<br /> lai tim each can thiep vao khu viic Tay Bac Theo Tong sd, Than Ldi vd'n la con mot<br /> thdng qua cuoc phan loan cua Than Ldi. ngiidi thiep cda vua Ly Nhan Tdng da chay<br /> sang Dai Ly. Tai Dai Ly, Than Ldi lay ten<br /> Theo DVSKTT, nam Thieu Minh thii 3<br /> la Trieu Tri Chi, t i i xiing la Binh viidng<br /> (1140), mot thay phu thuy la Than Ldi t i i<br /> (43). Khi Ly Than Tdng mat, Dai Ly da "sai<br /> xiing la con cua Ly Nhan Tdng da cam dau<br /> Tri Chi trd ve" ( i t M) tranh ngdi vdi Ly<br /> mot cudc phan loan qui md ldn d khu viic<br /> Thien To (Ly Anh Tdng). Nhu GS. Momoki<br /> Tay Bac. Dieu dang liiu y la md'i quan he<br /> da dan (44), theo sach Kien viem dl lai he<br /> gdla Than Ldi va Nam Chieu - Dai Ly diidc<br /> nien yeu luc (sd lieu 9), Dai Ly cdn cd them<br /> ghi chep trong chinh sd Trung Qudc.<br /> 3000 quan giup cho Than Ldi.<br /> Sd lieu 8: Tdng sd, Q.488, Liet truyen<br /> Nham thu hut sii tham gia cua cac tu<br /> 247, Giao Chi - Dai Ly.<br /> triidng mien ndi, Than Ldi da sai ngiidi ndi<br /> ti m w m i ? m A m, m *t & phao la gidi binh thuat de khien ngiidi cac<br /> % m >g t . S I T I , n PS- m n , A<br /> khe ddng khiep sd va khdng dam chd'ng lai.<br /> m mm, % A # #>• ±, * A S , a<br /> Cung theo DVSKTT, dia ban hoat ddng cua<br /> US. ft & t.; * * tft.<br /> Th an Ldi la cac chau thiidng du thudc dia<br /> Dich nghia:<br /> ban 2 tinh Bac Kan va Thai Nguyen hien<br /> Can Ddc cd mot ngiidi thiep, con cua nay. Dd la cac chau Thai Nguyen, Tay<br /> ngiidi thiep dd chay sang Dai Ly, lay ten Ndng, Luc Lenh, Thiidng Nguyen (khoang<br /> Man la Trieu Tri Chi, xiing la Binh viidng. gida huyen Phu Binh, Thai Nguyen va<br /> Nghe tin Diidng Hoan chet, Dai Ly sai ve huyen Bach Thdng, Bac Kan) va Ha Ndng<br /> ciing Thien To tranh ngdi. Tri Chi xin vao (huyen Bach Thdng).<br /> cd'ng nha Td'ng, mudn miidn binh de thu lay Sau khi chien dich tran ap cua tiidng<br /> thien ha. Vua [Td'ng] khdng cho. nha Ly la Liiu Vu Xdng that bai, Than Ldi<br />  t}ont ddng buon ban ngira. 41<br /> <br /> sai ngiidi dat Tuyen Hoa (huyen Dinh Hoa, ai (47). Deh nam 1142, de thu phuc nhan<br /> Thai Nguyen), Cam Hoa (huyen Ngan Sdn, tam, nha Ly tiep tuc mien tdi luu day cho<br /> Na Ri - Blc Kan va mot phan Bach Thong - do dang cua Than Ldi (48).<br /> Thai Nguyen), Vinh Thong danh lay phu Ket luan<br /> Phu Luting (huyen Phu Ludng - Thai<br /> Tren day, chdng tdi da cd' gang tap hdp<br /> Nguyen), uy hiep Thang Long. Tuy nhien,<br /> va phan tich cac t i i lieu lien quan den<br /> den thang 5, quan Ldi bi Thai iiy Do Anh<br /> hoat dong budn ban ngUa tU the ky V I I I<br /> Vu danh bai. De tran ap, ran de dii dang<br /> den giUa the ky X I I cung nhu nhQng chinh<br /> cua Than Ldi, Do Anh Vu da sai chem dau<br /> sach kinh dinh cua nha Ly b khu viic Tay<br /> nhiing ngiidi phan loan beu canh diidng<br /> Bac.<br /> sudt t i i cda quan Binh Lo den song Nam<br /> Han. Cuoc phan loan ket thuc vao khoang Nhu chung tdi da phan tich, hoat ddng<br /> thang 10 nam 1141, khi Than Ldi bi bat tai budn ban ngiia tai khu vUc nay it nha't da<br /> Lang chau, bi dong cui giai ve kinh sii va bi cd tU dau the ky V I I I . Dac trUng thU nha't<br /> chem dau cung 20 ngiidi dong miiu (45). cua hoat ddng giao thUdng nay la tinh lien<br /> vung, cd sU tham gia cua nhieu sac dan,<br /> Cuoc phan loan ciia Than Ldi the hien<br /> tham vong ciia Nam Chieu - Dai Ly trong nhieu tdc ngUdi, khdng chi cua nhQng vung<br /> viec khoi phuc anh hiidng ciia minh b khu giap ranh dia ban mua ban ngiia ma ca<br /> viic Tay Bac Dai Viet. Tuy nhien, cuoc nhQng khu viic ra't xa xdi nhu Chan Lap,<br /> phan loan cua Than Ldi chi thu hut diidc Chiem Thanh. Mot dac trUng nQa cua hoat<br /> sii tham gia ciia cac thu linh mien mii tren ddng budn ban nay la nd dUdc thiic hien<br /> dia ban khu viic tiidng diidng vdi hai tinh tren dia ban sinh sd'ng cua nhieu bo lac<br /> Bac Kan - Thai Nguyen hien nay ma khong mien nui. Mac du ton tai dudi dang cac<br /> nhan diidc sii hiidng ung ciia ngiidi cac chau ki mi, song ve cd ban cac bd lac nay cd<br /> chau Chan Dang, Vi Long, Do Kim. Tham quyeh tii t r i cung nhu liic lUdng quan sii<br /> chi, vao thang Gieng nam 1140, ngay trudc rieng. Sudt tU the ky V I I I den the ky XII,<br /> cuoc phan loan ciia Than Ldi, mot tu day ludn la khu viic mang tinh cha't ngoai<br /> triidng b chau Chan Dang la Le Phap Vien bien - vung dem giQa 2 the' liic ldn (vao thdi<br /> da dang hUdu trdng len trieu dinh nhu la thuoc Dudng la nha Dudng vdi Nam Chieu,<br /> bieu hien ciia sU tdng phuc (46). Dieu nay tQ the' ky X la cac vUdng trieu Dai Viet vdi<br /> la minh chUng cho thdy sU thanh cdng the luc cua Nam Chieu - Dai Ly). Chinh vi<br /> trong chinh sach kinh dinh cua nha Ly b vay, cac hoat ddng giao thUdng d khu vUc<br /> khu viic Tay Bdc. Chinh sach quan sU ran nay cung chiu tac ddng bdi cac chinh sach<br /> de ket hdp vdi ngoai giao mem ddo ciia nha cua cac the liic dd'i lap tren, dien hinh la<br /> Ly tiep tuc dUdc the hien trong viec xii ly cudc chien tranh giQa Dudng va Nam<br /> cac thii Hnh dia phUdng di theo Than Ldi. Chieu vao nda cud'i the' ky IX va cuoc xung<br /> Sau khi bat dUdc thu linh chau Van Nhai dot giQa nha Ly va Nam Chieu - Dai Ly vao<br /> (huyen Vo Nhai, Thai Nguyen) la DUdng dau the' ky XI.<br /> Muc va thu linh ddng Kim Ke la Chu Ai, Nhin tQ gdc do Dai Viet, sau giai doan<br /> nha Ly sai giai hai ngUdi nay ve giam b Bac thudc, cd the ndi Le Hoan la dng vua<br /> chinh huyen phu cua minh, lai sai Dd Anh dau tien da de mat den khu viic Tay Bac<br /> Vu trieu tap tan dang cua Ldi b Binh Lo vdi cuoc tan cdng vao nam 999. Sau mot so<br /> quan, md kho cdng phat mud'i cho bon Muc, cudc danh dep dudi trieu Tien Le, vUdng<br /> 42 Rghien eun Lich stf. so 2.2011<br /> <br /> trieu Ly da dong vai tro rat ldn trong viec tu trddng mien nui hay khoan hdng cho<br /> khdng che, tdng budc kiem soat cac chau nhdng ngudi khong phai la chu mUu trong<br /> mien nui. Su thanh cong cua nha Ly trong cac cuoc ndi day. Viec sdm dn dinh khu vUc<br /> qua trinh kinh dinh khu vUc nay la su ket Tay Bac, kiem soat cac hoat dong giao<br /> hdp gida sdc manh quan sU mang tinh ran thUdng d day la tien de te ldn de nha Ly tap<br /> de, tran ap dd'i vdi cac the lUc cd mUu do ly trung luc lUdng md mang bd cdi ve phia<br /> khai, vdi cac chinh sach ngoai giao kheo Nam cung nhu dd'i phd vdi nha Td'ng d bien<br /> leo, dien hinh la viec ga hoang nd cho cac gidi phia Bac.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Momoki Shiro, Dgi Viet and South China Sea Z *f); Tan DUdng thu: (*) &. l i IS # M Jff<br /> trade from the 10 to the IS" century, Crossroads, 12 ffj (+ I t I r A t I ¥); Thai binh hodn vu<br /> th 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> (1), 1998. Li Tana, A View from the Sea: Perspectivesky: [ * + A f 5 T Idi ? f 8, •• C O O<br /> on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast; John ^-); Thdi binh qudng ky: (Sic) ^ lift ^ S f X f IL<br /> K Whitmore, The Rise of the Coast: Trade, State andtil (4 ¥ * i i , - A 7^ -"*?); rdng su': (j£)ffiK<br /> Culture in Early Dgi Viet, Journal of Southeast AsianSI * J (4 ¥ * A L L ¥); Tuc itf trt<br /> Studies, 37 (1), 2006. £ndng gidm trUdng bien: (5f5) ^ M f t ffeeK ?n i i<br /> (2). Hoang Xuan Han, Ly Thudng Kiet - Lich sii ^ -S £81 (+ ¥ M - A, -fc A. ¥); TV iri fnong<br /> ngoai giao vd tdng gido trieu Ly, La Sdn Yen Ho gidm: (*) sj .1 # S § , (TC) 4H - # f $ F8f ft<br /> Hoang Xuan Han, tap 2, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi, iffi tSJ (4 ¥ A, IT. TS ¥); Van uyen ann<br /> 1998. ftoa: (*) * ^ r*?S34iU (4<br /> (3). Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi su! dung khai TA 7\ ¥).<br /> niem "vung (khu vyc) Tay Bac" de chi khu vyc dia (5). Sach TAdi 6£nn qudng ky chep la "Ditdng<br /> ly nam phia Tay Bac thanh Dai La (thdi thuoc Ma Man" ('M. M. M) ( ¥ )£ ffiJ S t A<br /> Duong) - Kinh thanh Thang Long (thdi ky til chu). A, PS Ss Sii + ) .<br /> (4). Ve cac ban cM Han ma chung toi sii dung, xin (6). ffl ffi £• m e Jt, # a' s ^ x<br /> tham khao them: An Nam chi lUdc: ^ ffl M \ :4c Fft & ** ffl B J ( r«f * i i mi s • ra A , t<br /> i l S K t l S im- i l I I f-; Dai Viet sii ky a S t n 1 f A fl J ) .<br /> toan tha: £ ± i i m iS, I * iff %n * $ \ % te £ SB (7). r s t i ra ^ x § * ffl a t s K ffl<br /> £ 3FJ (X SC ± ¥ * ft X it ffl % m I K I ft •- + A J ( be fn m m sfej # - A , iu* w).<br /> ¥ X m -fe y 9 - fij f f m * £ , - K A A ¥); (8). rtr TT tp t ft, ffl m ffl i , it TC<br /> Song Tdy dUdng khao: (HJ?) ^ | f l B $ t * A r t R ^J < f e ^ *J § t<br /> % J (+ ¥ f - K A - ¥); Dudng hdi yeu: (*) :, : i ffl m 3? w).<br /> T. » S f f g SfJ ¥ £ H - A 5 5 ¥);Zi