Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Văn học: Thi pháp thơ Nguyễn Bính trước 1945

TRCTdNQ 001 HOC VO TRUING TOflN

KHOA KHOA HOC CO BAN

CHUYEN NGANH VAN HOC

THI PHAP THO NGUYEN BINH

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

Sinn vien thux hien:

Giang vien hirong dan:

VO THI BICH NHI

NGUYEN HOA BANG

Ofii HOC VOIR

TRlTOfC 1945

Hau Giang, thdng 06 nam 2012

Ldl CAM ON

Toi xin chan thanh cam on Ban Giam Hieu, can bo, nhan vien truang Dai hoc V6

Truang Toan, Khoa su pham, thu vien dai hoc Vo Truang Toan va thu vien thanh pho

Can Tha da tao dieu kien thuan loi de toi hoan thanh khoa luan.

Tran trong cam an cac thay giao, co giao da gianh nhieu tarn huyet, het long giang

day, giup toi va cac sinh vien khac co dugc nhung kien thuc qui bao va nhung phuang

phap, ky nang can thiet trong cong tac chuyen mon sau nay.

Dae biet, toi xin bay to long biet an sau sac Tien si Nguyen Hoa Bang da huong

dan tan tinh, giup toi hoan thanh luan van nay.

Hdu giang, ngay... thdng... nam Toi xin chan thanh biet an!

Vo Thi Bich Nhi

LOI CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan rang luan van nay la do chinh toi thuc hien, cac so lieu thu

thap va ket qua phan tich trong luan van la trung thuc, de tai khong trung vai bat cu de

tai nghien cuu khoa hoc nao.

Sinh vien thu*c hien (Ky va ghi ro ho ten)

Vo Thi Bich Nhi

PHIEU DANH GIA KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP (Giang vien hw&ng dan)

1. GlANG VIEN HlTdNG DAN: NGUYEN HOA BANG 2. SINH VIEN THUC HIEN: VO THI BICH NHI

MSSV:0856010032

KHOA: 1

3. TEN DE TAI:

THI PHAP THO NGUYEN BINH TRIT6C 1945

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HIT6nG DAN

1. Danh gia chung qua trinh lam luan van tot nghiep:

1.1. Chuyen can: 1.2. Thai do:

1.3. Khac:

2. Danh gia luan van:

2.1. Dat van de (theo 5 buac):

2.2. Noi dung chinh:

2.3. Chu thich, thu muc:

in

2.4. Hinh thuc trinh bay:

2.4.1. Dung lugng (trang): 2.4.2. Khuon kho:

2.4.3. In an: 2.4.4. Trinh bay: 2.4.5. Chinh ta, ngu phap:

3. Danh gia, xep loai: Danh gia:

Xep loai:

nam 2012

thdhg ngay Giang vien huong dan (Ki va ghi ro ho ten)

IV

MUC LUC

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Trang

LCftCAMON

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LCJI CAM DOAN

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NHAN XET CUA GlAO VIEN HUtfNG DAN

Hi

MUC LUC

iv

MCJDAU

v

1. Li do chon de tai

1

2. Muc dich nghien cuu

1

3. Lich su van de

2

4. Pham vi nghien cuu

5

5. Phuang phap nghien cuu

6

CHlTONG 1: LI LUAN CHUNG VE THI PHAP VA THI PHAP HOC

VAI NET VE NHA THO NGUYEN BINH

7

1.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap va thi phap hoc

7

1.1.1. Khai niem ve thi phap va thi phap hoc

7

1.1.2. Cac khai niem khac nhau ve thi phap vathi phap hoc

7

1.1.3.Pham vi cua thi phap hoc

11

1.1.4. Doi tugng cua thi phap hoc

13

13

1.1.5. Phuang phap cua thi phap hoc

1.2. Vai net ve nha the Nguyen Binh

14

1.2.1. Cuoc dai

14

1.2.2. Quan niem tha Nguyen Binh

18

1.2.3. Con duang tha Nguyen Binh

20

CHlTONG 2: THI PHAP NHAN VAT, KHONG GIAN, THC>I GIAN

NGHETHUAT

24

2.1. Thi phap nhan vat

24

2.1.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap nhan vat

24

2.1.1.1. Nhan vat va quan niem nghe thuat ve con nguai

24

2.1.1.2. Nghien cuu thi phap nhan vat

24

2.1.2. Thi phap nhan vat trong tha Nguyen Binh

24

2.1.2.1. Con nguai lang que trong tha Nguyen Binh

24

v

2.1.2.2. Con nguai yeu thuang trong tha Nguyen Binh

29

2.1.2.3. Con nguai tinh cam trong tha Nguyen Binh

32

2.1.2.4. Con nguai cua ca dao, dan ca trong tha Nguyen Binh 35

2.2.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap thai gian nghe thuat

37

2.2.1.1.Khai niem thai gian nghe thuat

37

2.2.1.2. Tarn quan trong cua thai gian nghe thuat

37

2.2.1.3. Cau true va bieu hien thai gian nghe thuat

37

2.2. Thi phap thM gian nghe thuat 37

2.2.2.1. Thai gian tarn tuang trong tha Nguyen Binh

38

2.2.2.2. Thai gian van dong trong tha Nguyen Binh

40

2.3. Thi phap khong gian nghe thuat

42

2.3.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap khong gian nghe thuat

42

2.3.1.1. Khai niem ve khong gian nghe thuat

42

2.3.1.2. Cau true va bieu hien cua khong gian nghe thuat

42

2.3.1.3. Tinh chat va chuc nang cua khong gian nghe thuat

43

2.3.2. Thi phap khong gian nghe thuat trong tha Nguyen Binh

43

2.3.2.1. Khong gian lang que trong tha Nguyen Binh

43

2.3.2.2. Khong gian co tich, huyen thoai trong tha Nguyen Binh

CHlTONG 3: THI PHAP KET CAU, THE LOAI, NGON NGtT

45 50

3.1. Thi phap ket cau

50

3.1.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap ket cau

50

3.1.1.1. Khai niem ve thi phap ket cau

50

3.1.1.2. Cac phuang dien cua thi phap ket cau

50

3.1.2. Thi phap ket cau trong tha Nguyen Binh

50

3.1.2.1. Ket cau doi trong tha Nguyen Binh

50

3.1.2.2. Ket cau su kien trong tha Nguyen Binh

52

3.1.2.3. Ket cau tarn trang trong tha Nguyen Binh

52

3.1.2.4. Ket cau trung diep trong tha Nguyen Binh

53

3.1.2.5. Diem each tan trong the luc bat tha Nguyen Binh

54

3.2. Thi phap the loai

56

3.2.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap the loai

56

3.2.1.1. Cac quan niem ve thi phap the loai

56

56

3.2.1.2. Badong noi dung cua thi phap the loai hien nay

56

3.2.2. Thi phap the loai trong tha Nguyen Binh

v i

2.2.2. Thi phap thai gian nghe thuat trong tha Nguyen Binh 38

3.2.2.1. The luc bat va the tha co khuon hinh on dinh

56

3.2.2.2. The tai dai tu trong tha Nguyen Binh

59

3.3.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap ngon ngu

60

3.3.1.1. Khai niem ve ngon tu nghe thuat

60

3.3.1.2. Dae trung ngon tu nghe thuat

61

3.3.2. Thi phap ngon ngu trong tha Nguyen Binh

62

3.3.2.1. Ngon ngu tha gian di

62

3.3. Thi phap ngon ngu* 60

KET LUAN

70

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

72

vn

3.3.2.2. Ngon ngu tha giau mau sac dan gian 64

Thi phap tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

MODAU

1. Ly do chon de tai

Gop cho phong trao Tha mai bay tap tha, mot so truyen tha va kich tha, Nguyen Binh xung dang la mot nha tha tieu bieu cho phong trao Tha Mai noi rieng

va tha ca Viet Nam hien dai noi chung. Nguyen Binh da tim toi va tao cho minh

mot gigng tha gian di, gan gui vai dan gian dung nhu Hoai Thanh da danh gia: "Tha Nguyen Binh co cdi ve moc mac cua nhung cau hdt dong que" [24, tr 46]. Va noi nhu nha nghien cuu Van Tarn: 'Nha tha Nguyen Binh nhu la mot chu buam...da

xdm nhap roi bay luan tren motvung van hoa dan gian dac biet cua dan toe: ca dao

dan ca, va da hap thu duac mot luang huang nhuy dang ke.."[9, tr 401].

Vai su nghiep sang tac phong phu, mang tinh tu tuang va tham my cao, Nguyen Binh cung vai Xuan Dieu, Chi Lan Vien, Huy Can, Han Mac Tu dugc danh gia la " nhung nha tha vao bac nhdt nhi trong phong trao Tha MoF [9, tr 10]. Su xu4t hien cua Nguyen Binh da gop phan lam nen thang lgi cua phong trao Tha Mai. Nhung van tha dong noi chua chan tinh que cua ong dua ta ve vai coi nguon

va tao cho Nguyen Binh guang mat rieng trong nen tha ca Viet Nam hien dai.

TiSp noi machjha Jruyen thdng cua Nguyen Du, Nguyen Khuyen, Ho Xuan Huong,...NguyIn Binh da gop phan lam phong phu, da dang ngon ngu tieng Viet, nang cao van hoa dan gian, tao sue song mai va dua the luc bat dat den do hoan

thien.

Nhung van tha Nguyen Binh giau chat tru tinh dan gian, ngot ngao nhu ca dao.

Nhung van tha "chdn que", tham dam "hon que", "tinh que" cua ong van dang co mat trong cuoc sdng horn nay. Nguyen Binh dugc mgi nguai goi bang nhung cai ten

het sue than thuong: "nhd tha chan que", "thi si cua dong que", "thi si cua yeu

thuang".. .Han nua, tha Nguyen Binh dugc dua vao giang day trong chuong trinh phd thong va dai hgc. Nam 200i)Js[guyen-B4nh duge-4ruy tang Giai thuong Ho_Ohi Minh \h VanJip_£ - Nghejhuat. Do la su ghi nhan cua Nha nuac doi vai ong - mot h6n tha dan toe, nguai da song ca dai cho que huang, vi nhung xom lang than

thuang cua nuac Viet.

Tu nhung le tren, chung toi chgn van de "Thi phap tha Nguyen Binh trw&c 1945 " de lam dh tai luan van tot nghiep vai mong muon gop phan vao viec nghien cuu tha Nguyen Binh va khing dinh nhung dong gop cua tha ong doi vai tha ca dan

toe.

2.Muc tieu nghien ciiru

Kham pha nhung dac trung, dac diem thi phap tha Nguyen Binh, gop phan

khang dinh vi tri va sue song cua tha Nguyen Binh trong nen tha ca dan toe.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

1

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thi phap tha Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Qua do nguai \\k tich luy dugc nhieu kinh nghiem, ky nang va phuang phap de nghien cuu mot van &h khoa hoc; cung c6 nhung kien thuc da dugc hoc phuc vu cho cong tac chuyen mon sau nay.

3.Lich su* van de

Trong hang tram nha tha cua phong trao Tha mai, Nguyen Binh la mot trong nhung thi nhan dugc nguai doc m6n mo nhat. Vao nhung nam 30 cua the ky truoc, ngay khi "trinh lang" bai tha "Co hdi ma", Nguyln Binh da dugc nhung nguai yeu tha va cac nha yeu tha va ca cac nha nghien cuu, phe binh tha quan tarn.

Khac^vm_MluyaihJiugng each tan triet de di dau la cac tac gia nhu Xuan Dieu, Nguyln VT, Phan Khoi va khong bi anh huong cua tha Duong. Tha Nguyen Binh co cai phong vi que huong dam da, moi bai tha, moi cau tha nhu mot khuc hat tinh que dam tham thilt tha, ggi len, lay dong phan sau tham, thieng lieng nhat trong tarn hdn wh mot mien que. No khong phai la horn nay, nhung lai la que huong cua Viet Nam ngan dai, mai mai con luu lai trong long moi nguai.

Triro'c Cach mang thang Tam co nhung bai viet ve Nguyen Binh - nha tha va tha Nguyln Binh cua nhieu nha phe binh nhu: Mot Ian di cua To Hoai, Bong giai nhan cua Yen Lan, Ha Bac hdi dang cua Vu Hoang Chuong,...Pham Manh Phan trong bai viet "Huang co nhan cua Nguyen Binh, dang tren bao Tri Tan, (so 54,

nam 1942) da nhan xet: " Doc Huang co nhan, ta thdy thi si Nguyen Binh la nguai

da cam, manh hdn trong trio cua tudi thanh nien da sam tha theo luong gid di dn

ma nen cau tuyet dieu" [9, tr 225]. Nhung tham dinh hay nhat ggi dung cai "chdn que" cua tha Nguyln Binh la bai giai thieu Nguyln Binh cua Hoai Thanh trong Thi nhan Viet Nam. Khang dinh sue s6ng manh me cua hon tha Nguyen Binh giua xa ho Au hoa, Hoai Thanh viet: "Nguai nha que cua Nguyen Binh van ngang nhien song nhu thuang...Nguyen Binh con give duac ban chat nha que nhieu lam. Va tha Nguyen Binh da danh thuc nguai nha que van dn ndu trong long ta". Hoai Thanh

da phat hien mot dieu qui vo ngan trong tha Nguyen Binh: "Hon xua cua ddt nuac" [24, tr 343]. Bay tap tha cua Nguyln Binh ra dai vao thai ay da khang dinh vi tri vung chic cua mot trong nhung thi nhan tieu bieu lam, nen "mot thai dai trong thi

ca .

Trong khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954), do hoan canh cua dai song khang chien, viec nghien cuu van hoc noi chung va tha Nguyen Binh noi rieng con rat han che. Tuy nhien, nguai ta van tran trgng, chep chuyen tay nhau nhung van

tha xua cua ong. Nam 1951, nha xuat ban Huong Son lien tiep cho tai ban hai tap

Huang co nhan va May Tan.

Trong giai doan 1955 - 1975, 6- mien BSc viec nghien cuu va giai thieu Tha Mai trong do co tha Nguyen Binh it dugc chu trgng. The nhung a mien Nam tha

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

2

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thi phap thaNguyen Binh truoc 1945 Nguyen Binh dugc tai ban, dugc gioi thieu trong giao trinh The he 132 cua Dai hoc Van khoa Sai Gon, dugc nhan xet, tham dinh trong mot so chuyen luan ve tho tien

chien.

Nguyen Tin Long va Nguyin Huu Trong da dua Nguyen Binh vao trong Viet

Nam thi nhan tien chien vai tu each la mot trong nhung tac gia tieu bieu.

Sau nam 1975, nhit la khi dat nuac doi moi la giai doan doi moi van hgc nen

viec nghien cuu Tho Moi va rieng trong tho Nguyen Binh dugc chu trgng.

Tai que huong cua nha tha, nhung nguai yeu tho Nguyin Binh nhat la Do Dinh Thg, D6 Huy Vinh va nha van Kim Nggc Dieu da danh thai gian suu tarn, tuyln chgn, khao cuu di san van chuong do so cua ong (tho, kich, truyen v.v...).

Nam 1976, Hoi Van hgc nghe thuat Ha Nam Ninh xuat ban tap tho Buc thu nha. Nam 1980, Nha xuat ban Van hgc gioi thieu voi ban dgc tap tho Dem sao sang cua Nguyin Binh. Nam 1985, Vien Van hgc va Hgi Van hgc nghe thuat Ha Nam Ninh ket hop ra bo sach Nha van Ha Nam Ninh, trong do nhung trang viet vl than the, sir nghiep cua Nguyin Binh dugc vilt cong phu va tarn huyet.

Nam 1976, Nha xuit ban Van hgc va Hgi Van hgc nghe thuat Ha Nam Ninh hop tac an hanh Tuyen tap Nguyin Binh. Tuyen tap dugc in voi s6 lugng Ion, 40.500 cudn va da ban hit trong khoang thoi gian ngan.

Cung thoi nay nhilu tuyen tho khac cua ong dugc gioi thieu, phat hanh nhu Nguyin Binh (Nha xuit ban Van hgc, 1986), Tha tinh Nguyen Binh, Cdy dan ty bd (Nha xuit ban Van hoa thong tin Ha Nam Ninh, 1987), Chdn que (Nha xuat ban Dai hgc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, 1991),...Qua Giai thoai Nguyen Binh, do Vu Tu Nam suu tarn va ra mat ban dgc vao nam 1991, chan dung Nguyin Binh trong doi tho va doi thuong dugc khac hga sang ro them.

Tho Nguyen Binh dugc nhac toi trong nhieu chuyen luan ve van chuong va dac biet dugc chgn phan tich, binh luan trong nhieu chuyen luan ve thi ca, tieu bieu nhu: Phong trao Tho Moi cua Phan Cu De (Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc xa hgi, 1966), Bon muai nam van hoc (Nha xuat ban tac pham moi, 1986), Ngon ngu tho cua Nguyen Phan Canh (Nha xuit ban Dai hgc va Giao due chuyen nghiep, 1987), Van hoc Viet Nam 1930 - 1945 cua Phan Cu De - Ha Minh Due - Nguyen Hoanh Khung (Nha xuit ban Dai hgc va Giao due chuyen nghiep, 1988), Binh tho va each binh tha cua Le Tri Viln (Nha xuit ban Giao due Nghla Binh, 1988), Tha Moi - nhung budc thang tram cua Le Dinh Ky (Nha xuit ban thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, 1989), Ban ve tho cua Hoang Minh Chau (Nha xuit ban Van hgc, 1990), Tha va lai binh cua Vu Quin Phuang (Nha xuit ban Giao due, 1990), Van tha Viet Nam duai anh sang ngon ngu cua Mai Nggc Chu (Nha xuit ban Dai hgc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, 1991), Tha lang man Viet Nam - cac tac gia tieu biiu cua Le Bao (Nha xuat ban SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi 3 GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Hgi Nha van, 1982), nhin lai mot cugc each mang trong thi ca do Ha Minh Due va

Huy Can chu bien (Nha xuat ban Giao due, 1993), Tho Moi - binh minh tho Viet

Nam hien dai cua Nguyen Quoc Tuy (Nha xuat ban van hgc, 1995), tu duy tha va tu

duy tho Viet Nam hien dai cua Nguyen Ba Thanh (Nha xuat ban van hgc, 1995)

v .v . . .

Ngoai ra, co nhieu bai nghien cuu, hoi uc, ky niem ve Nguyen Binh va tho

vao nam 1986, 1996, ky niem 20 nam va 30 nam ngay mat cua Nguyen Binh. Trong

do co nhung bai viet dang chu y ( nhu : Doc lai tho Nguyin Binh, Dong gop cua tho

Nguyen Binh cua cac nha tha, nha nghien cuu dang tren cac bao, tap chi, nhat la

(Hoang Hai Nguyen); mot net tho Nguyin Binh, Nha tho cua tinh qui, chdn qui,

Nguyin Binh, Co hdi mo (Vu Quan Phuang); su co mat cua tho Nguyin Binh

hdn qui (To Hoai); La buoc sang ngang, xin dem nude mat lam mua give chang,

Mot bai tho xuan cua Nguyin Binh (Hoang Nhu Mai); Nguyin Binh - tha cua

truyin thong, ciia thi he (Le Dinh Ky); Nguyin Binh nha tho cua ndng thdn Viet

Nam (Tran Huu Ta); Nguyin Binh voi mua xuan (Le Tien Dung); Nguyin Binh voi

tinh yeu qui huong (Bang Giang); Nguyin Binh nha tho chdn qui (Ton Phuang

Lan); Nguyin Binh, duang vi chdn qui (Do Lai Thuy)...

Nhan ky niem 30 nam ngay mat Nguyen Binh, Nguyen Xuan Sanh co bai Ban

Dac biet vao nam 1991, Nha xuat ban tong hop Khanh Hoa da tong hop mot

each co he thong nhung bai viet ve Nguyen Binh - Tham Tarn - Vu Dinh Lien.

Nam 1992, Nha xuat ban Hoi Nha van cho ra mat cong trinh Nguyin Binh - thi si

tha cua von dan gian - Nguyin Binh.

cua thuong yiu do Hoai Viet suu tarn va bien soan; Nam 1994, Nha xuat ban Van

hgc an hanh quyen Nguyin Binh - Tho va doi do Hoang Xuan tuyen chgn. Nam

2001, Nha xuat ban Giao due xuat ban quyen Nguyin Binh tac gia va tac pham do

Ha Minh Due va Doan Due Phuang tuyen chgn va giai thieu. Nam 2002, Nha xuat

ban Van hoc an hanh quyen Nguyin Binh (Tha truoc 1945) tac pham va du luan.

Day la nhirng cong trinh gioi thieu ve Nguyen Binh va tho Nguyen Binh kha day du

qua nhung bai tho dugc chgn lgc, qua nhung bai viet cong phu cua nhung tac gia khac nhau. Gan day co them tac pham Nguyin Binh va toi cua Bui Hanh Cin. Ha Minh Due gioi thieu ban dgc tac pham Nguyin Binh - thi si cua dong qui.

van cua sinh vien, hoc vien nhieu truang Dai hoc, cao dang khap ba mien dat nuac.

Tho Nguyen Binh cung tro thanh de tai quen thuoc trong nhieu khoa luan, luan

danh gia cao.

Nguyen Binh danh dugc mot vi tri xung dang trong Tit diin Van hoc va dugc

dat ra tu rat som. Qua cac thoi ky lich su khac nhau, tho Nguyen Binh tuy co

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

4

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Co the nhan xet mot each khai quat la viec nghien cuu tho Nguyen Binh dugc

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

"nhung buac thdng tram" song viec cam thu danh gia tho ong it co su khac biet hay

nhieu goc do nghien cuu, so chieu khac nhau cac nha nghien cuu, phe binh tho dieu

nhan manh va khang dinh ban sac dan toe, net dep "chdn qui" trong tho Nguyen

mau thuan gay gat, khong tao ra nhung cuoc but chien, tranh luan cang thang. Tu

Binh, cung nhu dong gop cua ong trong nen tho ca Viet Nam hien dai.

viet gan day cac tac gia chu y nhieu hon den sir ket hop doc dao giua "cdi Mai" va

Tho Nguyen Binh vua dan toe, vua hien dai, nhan ra dieu do, trong nhung bai

thuat tho Nguyen Binh. Do Lai Thuy trong bai Duong ve "chdn qui" cua Nguyen

Binh da nhan xet: "Nguyin Binh khongphdi la nguai "ddo bi ngan ". Ong chi la la

"ve dep chdn qui ", giua tinh dan toe va tinh hien dai the hien a ca noi dung va nghe

ke qua giang, nguai lai do qua lai gitta hai ba ndng thdn va thanh thi, Dong va Tdy

tren khuc song budi giao thai" [17, tr 350]. "Tho Nguyin Binh khong phdi ban khai

hoan ca cua cdi moi, hay khuc bi ca cua cdi cu... Trong tho ong, cu, moi cung hien

diin, cung ton tai trong mot su tuong tranh khong ngimg" [17, tr 364 - 365].

Doan Huong trong bai viet Nguyin Binh - thi si nha qui cung da chi ra nhieu

each tan quan trgng ve thi phap tho Nguyen Binh. Theo tac gia:

"Thiphap tho Nguyin Binh khong dung lai a tha ca ddn gian, ong khong thu nhd

lai thanh nhung ban sao trong tho minh ca dao ddn ca" ma 'Nguyin Binh da phdt

triin thi phap tho cua ong di chuyin tai nhung vdn di phuc tap hon, trim tuong

hon trong cdm xuc (...) biiu hien nhung vdn di cua mot nha Tho Moi..."[\7, tr

158]. Co le vl thi ma "a thi ky nay Nguyin Binh la mot nhd tho da thanh cong Ion

khi dem thiphap cua tho ca ddn gian vao trong thi ca hien dai" [17, tr 161].

Nhung net dac sac trong tha ong dugc soi rgi duai nhieu goc do: dac sac ve noi

dung, each tan sang tao ve nghe thuat, ve hinh thuc the hien, cam xuc dat dao, chan

chua tinh que v.v...Nhin chung, chua co y kien nao nghien cuu ve mat thi phap no

chi dung lai o nhan dinh khai quat, ggi ma huang tiep can. Do vay, luan van co

gang dua ra cai nhin tuong doi toan dien ve tho Nguyen Binh nghien ve mat thi

Tu gan 70 nam nay, cac the he nghien cuu da dua ra nhieu kien giai co gia tri.

sung, tham khao.

4.Pham vi nghien cim

phap. Nhung y kien ciia cac nha nghien cuu noi tren se dugc luan van ke thua, bo

cho den khi ong qua doi. Tuy nhien, do thai gian va dieu kien co han ve tu lieu nen

Luan van nghien cuu thi phap tha Nguyen Binh tu khi ong buac len thi dan

sang tac sung sue nhat cua doi tho Nguyen Binh.

truoc het luan van tim hieu tho Nguyen Binh truoc each mang thang Tarn, giai doan

Rieng phan tho Nguyen Binh sang tac sau Cach mang thang Tarn, chung toi chi

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

5

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

khao sat nhirng bai tho chgn lgc dua vao Tuyen tap Nguyin Binh.

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Ngoai ra, a mot so phan ngudi viet khao sat them nhung tac pham cua cac tac

gia cung thoi (nhu Xuan Dieu, Han Mac Tu, Che Lan Vien, Huy Can v.v...) de so

huong den.

5.Phiro*ng phap nghien cu*u

De thuc hien de tai nay, chung toi su dung cac phuang phap sau:

Chung toi su dung phuang phap he thong, de nhin nhan van de dac ra trong he

thong quan niem nghe thuat, quan diem tham my, he thong nhan vat, khong gian,

thoi gian, ngon ngu, he thong the loai, he thong ket cau v.v...

Ngoai ra, chung toi ket hop su dung cac thao tac phan tich, chung minh, binh

giang theo loi dien dich va quy nap de lam ro van de nghien cuu.

Chung toi con su dung phuang phap so sanh de so sanh tho Nguyin Binh voi tho

cua mot so nha tho cung thoi nham lam noi bat net dac sac trong tho ong.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

6

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

sanh, doi chieu va co cai nhin tong quat hon nham lam ro van de luan van muon

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Chuong 1

LI LUAN CHUNG VE THI PHAP VA THI PHAP HOC

VAI NET VE NHA THO NGUYEN BINH

1.1. LI LUAN CHUNG VE THI PHAP VA THI PHAP HOC

1.1.1. Khai niem thi phap va thi phap hoc

ki qua, khoa hgc ve thi phap co luc thang luc tram, nhung cung nhu nhieu khai niem

Thi phap la doi tuong nghien cuu cua thi phap hgc. Trong ngot hai muoi bon the

khac trong he thong khai niem khoa hgc, khai niem cua thi phap khong ngung dugc

chinh ly, bo sung. Hien nay co rat nhieu dinh nghia khac nhau ve thi phap. Ve mot

nghien cuu ve thi phap hgc thi cung co bay nhieu each hieu ve khai niem thi phap.

Muc dich chinh cua de tai nay khong phai la ban ve ly thuyet thi phap nen chung

toi khong dat ra cho minh cong viec di sau nghien cuu lich su cua thi phap hgc hay so

sanh doi chieu quan niem nay vai quan niem kia. Voi yeu cau van dung ly thuyet thi

phap hgc vao viec thiet ke cau hoi trong day hgc tac pham tho tru tinh trung dai Viet

phuong dien va mot goc do nao do, co the noi, trong thuc te co bao nhieu ngudi

quan niem ca nhan, do la mot quan niem gan voi chan ly, nhu quan diem cua

Khrapchenco. M.B. Theo tac gia, "Niu nhu khong doi hdi mot dinh nghia tron ven,

Nam, chung toi chi chgn mot trong so nhung dinh nghia khac nhau hien co ma theo

bao trum duac tat ca thi theo toi, cd thi xdc dinh thiphap hoc nhu la mot mdn khoa

hoc nghien cuu tat cd cac phuong thuc, phuong tien thi hien cuoc song bang hinh

tuong" [16,tr.247].

Theo Tie dien thuat ngu van hoc, thiphap hoc la khoa hoc nghien cuu thiphap,

tuc he thong cac phuong thuc, phuong tien, thu phap bieu hien doi song bang hinh tuong

nghe thuat trong sang tac van hgc. Muc dich cua thi phap hgc la chia tach va he thong

hoa cac yeu to cua van ban nghe thuat tham gia vao sir tao thanh the gioi nghe thuat, an

1.1.2. Cac y kien khac nhau ve thi phap va thi phap hoc

Tran Dinh Su trong Thi phap van hoc trung dai Viet Nam, trii4JhipJiLh^lli0Jig-cac

ngu^eJijlojigh^-lliuat^hijphoi sir tao thanh cua motJh|thongJO^t1ih^^^^s^s^^^ ^ ouajio. Thi phap khong phai la nguyen tac co truoc, nam ben ngoai, ma la nguyen tac ben

trong, von co ciia sang tao nghe thuat, hinh thanh cung voi nghe thuat. No la my hoc noi tai

ciia sang tac nghe thuat nhat dinh, mang mot quan niem nhat dinh doi vai cuoc dai, con

nguai va ban than nghe thuat. Thi phap bieu hien tren cac cap do: tac pham, the loai, ngon

ngu, tac gia va bao trum la ca nen van hgc. Thi phap hgc la khoa hgc nghien cuu ve thi

phap. No bao gom may bo phan sau:

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

7

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

tuong tham my, chieu sau phan anh cua sang tac nghe thuat [10,tr.206].

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

- Ly luan ve thi phap ciiamot giai doan van hgc lich su cu the. O day se bao gom ly

luan ve thi phap von co ciia giai doan van hgc, dugc tac gia ciia chung thua nhan.

- He thong cac nguyen tac nghe thuat the hien trong ban than sang tac ciia giai

doan van hgc dugc xet. He thong nay do ton tai tiem tang trong sang tac nen can dugc

mieu ta ra, dong thoi no cung khong trung khit voi thi phap hgc ly thuyet ciia giai

doan van hgc ay.

- Ly luan thi phap ciia nguai nghien cuu dung de mieu ta mot each he thong

thi phap tiem tang trong thuc te van hgc va ly giai mai doi voi ly luan thi phap da co

Ba bo phan ciia thi phap nay lien he voi nhau trong mot moi quan he het sue

khang khit. Ly luan thi phap lich su la sieu ngon ngu thanh van ciia thi phap van hgc

mot thoi. Ly luan thi phap hgc hien dai dung de mieu ta ly luan thi phap lan thi phap

hgc ciia mot giai doan. Chinh vi nhu vay, thi phap hgc hien dai co mot y nghia quan

trong lich su.

trong, bao trum. Thieu mot quan niem thi phap hgc hien dai sang to khong the tien

hanh phan tich mieu ta he thong thi phap van hgc dugc [21,tr.4].

cac nguyen tac nghe thuat tham nhuan y thuc chii the ciia tac gia. Thi phap hgc hien

Trong Thi phap truyen Kieu, Tran Dinh Su nhan manh: Thi phap la he thong

thuat a day khong chi la sir lira chgn nhung yeu to tu tuong, tinh cam, phuong tien de

det nen mot tac pham nghe thuat nhat dinh, ma con la sir thong nhat nhung cai da

dugc chgn lira vao mot the thong nhat huu co, hoan chinh. Khong co sir thong nhat

dai bao gom phong each nghe thuat nhu mot bo phan ciia no. Phong each hgc nghe

to tao nen sir thong nhat ay khong gi quan trgng hon la quan niem nghe thuat.

Tinh sang tao ciia bat ky tac pham nao deu bat dau tu sang tao trong quan niem,

tren mgi cap do va giua cac cap do voi nhau thi khong the co dugc phong each. Yeu

the co dugc mot sang tao that sir mai trong nghe thuat. Tinh he thong ciia nghe thuat

bat ke tac gia co y thuc dugc dieu do hay khong. Thieu mot quan niem moi thi khong

nghe thuat tuong ung tren cac cap do. Di tim quan niem nghe thuat va he thong bien

phap nghe thuat tuong ung von co trong mot tac pham la thuc chat ciia viec nghien cuu

thi phap tac pham. Nghien cuu thi phap van hoc khac han voi viec phe binh thien ve

the hien o cho mgi quan niem moi ve the gioi va con ngudi doi hoi nhirng bien phap

binh luan, binh giang theo loi cam thu chii quan thjnh hanh. No phai tan dung nhieu

dugc chii y thich dang. Nhung khai niem, thuat ngu moi cung dugc van dung.

thao tac kl thuat de phan tich, chung giai. Do vay cac thao tac ngu hgc, tu sir hgc cung

Nghien cuu thi phap tac pham thi phai bam sat vao van ban tac pham. Muon

chii the, kham pha y thuc ciia chii the trong tac pham, xem no nhu mot he thong bieu

hien cu the, bao gom cai nhin, diem nhin, hinh thuc mang quan niem. Ly luan van

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

8

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

hieu tac pham nhu mot sang tao toan ven thi phai nhin tac pham nhu mot sang tao ciia

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

hgc ngay nay da cho biet yeu to hinh thuc nao ciia tac pham van hgc cung deu mang

tinh noi dung. Nhung nhung yiu to hinh thuc d cdp thdp nhu van, thanh dieu, ngdt

nhip... thi tinh noi dung thuong mo nhat, khd xdc dinh. Hinh thuc cdng a bdc cao thi

tinh noi dung cdng ro ret [20;tr.6].

-Do Due Hieu trong Doi m&i phe binh van hoc quan niem: Thi phap la

bieu hien bang ngon tu nghe thuat, de tim hieu cac y nghia bieu hien hoac chim an

phuong phap tiep can, tuc la nghien cuu, phe binh tac pham van hgc tu cac hinh thuc

ciia tac pham: y nghia my hgc, triet hgc, dao due hgc, lich su, xa hgi hgc... Cap do

thoai, thoi gian, khong gian, cii phap...) yeu cau dgc tac pham nhu mot chinh the, a

nghien cuu thi phap hgc cac hinh thuc nghe thuat (ket cau, am dieu, nhip cau, doi

do cac yeu to ngon tu lien ket chat che voi nhau, hop thanh mot he thong de bieu dat

Diem xuat phat ciia thi phap la sir coi tac pham van hgc la van ban ngon tu. Neu my

hgc la ly luan cac nghe thuat, thi thiphap la my hoc cua vdn hoc, la ly luan van hoc,

vay thi phap gan chat voi ngon ngu hgc va my hgc. Thi phap hay ly luan van hgc

(Theo dinh nghia ciia Vacga - Varga) truoc het nghien cuu cac phuong thuc nghe

y tuong, tinh cam, tu duy, nhan sinh quan..., tuc la cai dep ciia the gioi, con nguai.

thuat, mieu ta cac dac trung the loai van hgc, tu do moi tim toi cac tang lop y nghia r~ an giau ciia tac pham [11 ;tr. 10-11].

________^

—

-Nguyen Thi Du Khanh trong PI^M^plM^MM^ g°c a? thi phap khang dinh: Theo chiing toi, co the xac lip IJill|ni li|a||Mmienl thi phap tu chinh noi dung ngu nghia ciia no.

--—-—!___JL_ \

*-—-— Chu thi of day dung de chi toan bo van hgc noi chung chi khong phai chi rieng

ve tho. Thi la each noi da thanh quen, mang noi dung lich su, ghi dau an ciia ca mot

thoi ky lich su kha dai, khi ma mgi loai hinh van hgc tu anh hung ca, truyen, kich,

tieu thuyet... deu dugc dien dat bang tho. Con phap la phuong phap, la phep tac. Vay

thiphap la phuong phap, la phep tac lam van, lam tho... Co the noi ngay a day, phep

tac can ban nhat ciia no la sang tao, hu cau nghe thuat, tat nhien khong phai la xuyen

hap dan... Du cac quan diem ly luan co khac nhau, co le thuoc vao nhung thien kien

tac, lam meo mo doi song ma la de the hien doi song mot each nghe thuat lung linh,

la, ngay tu buoi so khai, cac nha nghe si vo danh da khong chiu bang long vai viec

xa hoi, giai cap, chinh tri nhu the nao thi van khong the khong thua nhan mot thuc te

phuc tu nhien bang nhung sang tao bay bong ciia minh.

mo phong, sao chep tu nhien ma luon luon khat vgng kham pha, chiem linh va chinh

tao ra bao nhieu hinh thuc da dang phong phu khac nhau, nhung du co bien doi phat

Va tu buoi binh minh ciia lich su cho den ngay nay, van hgc nhan loai da sang

trien nhu the nao thi ban chat ciia sir sang tao nghe thuat bao gia cung la qua trinh chii

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

9

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

quan hoa trong sir cam nhan va ly giai doi song, gan lien voi qua trinh sang tao ra

Thiphap tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

nhung he thong hinh tuong nghe thuat, voi nhirng phong each ca nhan hay thoi dai

khac biet. Nghe thuat - thuc su la nghe thuat dich thuc - bao gia cung la khat vgng giai

bay nhirng xuc dong manh liet, nhung suy tu sau sac - mang dam net tinh chii quan ciia

chii the sang tao trong noi dung tu tuong va hinh thuc bieu hien de tao nen mot the gioi

thu hai, the gioi co the co, the gioi khao khat, the gioi giong that... chii khong phai la

phep phan anh gian don. O day co moi tuong quan giua noi dung phan anh va su phan

anh, tu tuong va nghe thuat, ca nhan va thoi dai... dien ra trong mot tien trinh nghe

thuat mang tinh dac thu: no vua la hoat dong ciia y thuc va vo thuc, vua la ket qua ciia

quan sat thuc te va tuong tuong bay bong; vua la san pham cua trang thai hung phan

xuat than, dot ngot vua co the la ket qua ciia mot qua trinh nung nau thai nghen dai

dang, mang nang de dau; no cung co the la ket qua ciia nhung Mng luc thien bam

nhung cung vua la san pham ciia lao dong miet mai; vua la ket qua ciia nhung dam me

say dam, hanh phiic, kho dau... va cuoi cung la de tao thanh tac pham: mot van ban

ngon tu... Tom lai thiphap la toan bo qua trinh sang tao ra tac pham bang nghe thuat

ngon tu, bang hang loat nhung thao tac nghe thuat phuc tap, bat dau tu viec thai nghen

nuoi duong cam hung cho den viec chgn lira gigng dieu, the van, the tho...

Di tim thi phap ciia mot tac gia, tac pham,... chii yeu khong phai xem tac pham,

tac gia noi cai gi, ma chu yeu la xem tac gia noi nhu the nao, bang mot hinh thuc nghe

thuat ra sao. Le duong nhien, nghe thuat tac pham bao gid cung gan lien voi noi dung

trong su thong nhat von co. Tuy nhien, su thong nhat nay, khong lam can trd viec nghien

cuu nhung hien tuong thuoc ve hinh thuc va qui luat mang tinh hinh thuc ciia no.

Noi torn lai, noi den thiphap chu yeu la noi den qua trinh sang tao nhung hinh

thuc nghe thuat cua tac pham, la noi den nhungphuong thuc, phuang tien, nhung

thao tac nghe thuat cua nha nghe si ngon tu [13,tr.7-8-9-10].

- Doi voi cac nha nghien cuu nude ngoai (Theo tai lieu Chuyen de: Tie he

luan ciia thi phap hoc nghien cieu tac gia tac pham (2006) (De cuong huang dan

hgc chuyen de cho lop cao hgc Ly luan va phuong phap day hgc Ngu van DHCT -

Nam 1923, nha nghien cuu ngu van Nga V. Girmunski da dinh nghia: "Thi

Khoa 2, TS. Nguyen Hoa Bang):

phap hoc la khoa hoc nghien cuu van chuong voi tu cdch la mot nghe thudt". Nam

1929, M. Bakhtin tuyen bo nhiem vu ciia ong la "khdmphd nha nghe si Ddstdievski

bieu: "Doi tuong cua thiphap hoc, truoc hit, phdi trd lai cau hdi: "Cdigi biin mot

trong sang tac ciia Ddstdievski". Nam 1960, nha nghien cuu R. Giaicopxon phat

thong diip bang lai thanh mot tac pham nghe thudt? ". Nam 1975, nha nghien cuu thi

phap TS. Todorov dinh nghia: "Thiphap la cac qui tac chung ma nguai ta su dung

di sang tac ra cac tac pham vdn chuong cu the. Noi cu thi hon Id nghiin cuu tinh

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

10

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

van chuong, chat van chuong cua chinh ban than van chuomg". Nam 1963,

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Vinogradov xac dinh: "Thi phap la khoa hgc nghien cuu cac hinh thuc, dang thuc,

cac phuong tien, phuong thuc to chuc tac pham sang tac bang ngon tu, cac kieu cau

tnic, cac the loai tac pham nham nam bat... khong chi cac hien tuong ciia ngon tu

van chuong, ma con ban than cac phuong dien hinh tugng khac nhau nhat ciia co cau

tac pham van chuong va sang tac van chuong dan gian" [l,tr.l].

Noi torn lai, de hieu thau dau khai niem thi phap khong phai la chuyen de. Du

lira chgn dinh nghia nao thi trong qua trinh lam viec cung phai luon trung thanh, nhat

quan voi noi dung ciia dinh nghia do va hon the nua, phai xem xet no dudi mot quan

diem bien chiing. Trong bai Mot so vdn di thiphdp hoc ly thuyit, Tran Dinh Su cung

da hon mot lan nhac lai y "hinh thuc mang tinh noi dung" [19,tr.9]. Con Chu Xuan

Dien thi khang dinh: "Thi phap khong don thuan la nhirng yeu to hinh thuc, can het sue

coi trgng y nghia noi dung ciia thi phap van hgc" [6,tr.l9]. Du cho co quan niem rgng

hep khac nhau nhu the nao ve thi phap, cac hgc gia deu gap nhau d sir khang dinh:

nghiin cuu thiphdp vdn hoc la nhan manh ban chat nghe thudt ciia tac pham, la xem

tacpham van hoc nhu la mot chinh thi thong nhat giua cac thanh to, cac cdp do nghe

thudt. Nghien cuu thi phap chinh la nham chi ra cai hay, cai ban chat nghe thuat ciia tac

pham. Nghien cuu thi phap cung chinh la nham chi ra cai ly do ton tai ciia hinh thuc .

Nhung y kien tren day het sue quy bau, giup chiing toi hieu sau them ban chat ciia

khai niem thi phap de van dung no mot each diing dan.

Theo Tu diin thudt ngu van hoc, thi xet ve each tiep can, thi phap hgc co ba

pham vi nghien cuu: thi^)hdpJwcMaij2uang (con ggi la thiphdp hoc ly thuyit, thiphdp

1.1.3. Pham vi cua thi phap hoc

hochi thong hda hay thiphdp hoc vimo) tuc la ly luan van hgc, tin phap hoc chuyen biet

(hay con ggi la thiphdp hoc mieu td vi mo) va thiphap hoc lich su.

Thi phap, hoc dai orxang lai dugc chia thanh ba bg phan tuong ling voi ba

phuong dien ciia van ban: ngu am, tu vungj^a hinh tuong. Muc dich ciia thi phap hgc

dai cuong la xay dung mot he thong trgn ven cac thu phap (tuc cac yeu to tac dong

tham my), bao quat ca ba pham vi tren, tu cac bien phap ngu am cho toi cac hinh

tuong, mdtip, cot truyen. Phuong dien thi phap hinh tuong it dugc nghien cuu hon ca,

vi mot thoi gian dai ngudi ta cho rang the gioi nghe thuat khong khac gi so vdi the

gidi thuc tai, do do, den nay linh vuc nay van chua cd mot sir he thong hda dugc chap

ThLphap van hoc chuyenbiet tien hanh viec miiutd tat ca cac phuong dien

noi tren ciia sang tac van hgc nham xay dung "mo hinh" - he thong ca biet ciia cac

thudc tinh tac dong tham my ciia tac pham. Van de chinh d day la kit cau, tuc la

tuong quan ciia tat ca cac yeu to ndi tren trong chinh the nghe thuat.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

H

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

nhan pho bien ve cac phuong tien nghe thuat.

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Cac khai niem cudi cung ma su phan tich cac phuong tien nghe thuat se dan den

la hinh tuong thi gioi (vdi dac diem co ban ciia no la khonggian nghe thudt, thai gian

nghe thuat) va hinh tuong tac gia. Tac dong qua lai ciia hai khai niem nay tao nen diem

nhin nghe thudt cd tac dung quy dinh tat ca mgi dieu co ban ciia cau tnic tac pham.

Thi phap van hgc chuyen biet cd the miiu ta tac pham van hgc ca biet, cung

hoac mot thoi dai van hgc.

Thrphap hoc lich su nghien cuii^yJilnhga ciia cac bien phap nghe thuat cung

nhu he thong cac bien phap ay bang phuong phap so sanh lich su nham vach ra cac

dac diem chung ciia cac he thong van hgc thudc cac nen van hda khac nhau, xac dinh

cdi ngudn ciia chiing ciing nhu cac qui luat chung ciia y thuc van hgc nhan loai. Van

de chinh ciia thi phap hgc lich su la phat sinh, phat trien ciia the loai trong y nghia

rdng nhat ciia tu, do la ranh gioi phan chia pham vi van hgc va ngoai van hgc vdi tat

nhu cum tac pham trong sang tac ciia mot nha van, cua mot the loai, mot trao luu

Thi phap hgc dai cuong trung vdi bd phan ly luan van hoc nghien cuu cau true

sang tac van hgc. Thi phap hgc chuyen biet va thi phap hgc lich su cung cap buc

tranh da dang va phat trien, tien hda ciia cac mo hinh va phuong tien nghe thuat.

Cung vdi budc di ciia lich su, ddi tuong nghien cuu cua thi phap hgc tung

budc dugc bd sung theo thoi gian.

Cd ngudi quan diem thi phap la sir tong hop cac thanh to (hoac cac cap do) ciia

hinh thuc nghe thuat ciia tac pham ngon tu: cot truyen, ket cau, cac hien tugng ngon ngu

nghe thuat, nhip va van. Con ddi vdi ngudi hieu theo nghia rdng, thi phap khong chi cd

nhirng thanh to ke tren ma con bao gom ca nhirng van de loai hinh, the tai, nhung nguyen

tac va phuong phap phan anh thuc tai va cac pham tru: khong gian nghe thuat, thdi gian

nghe thuat, quan niem nghe thuat ciia tac gia ve the gioi va con ngudi.

Tom lai, thi phap hgc khong nhung lam ro ban chat nghe thuat ciia van chuong ma con chi ra cai ly ciia hinh thuc nghe thuat. (3 nude ta, trong khoang mot phan tu the ky (tinh tu sau nam 1954 den nam 1797), thuat ngu thi phap rat it khi dugc su

dung. Neu phai tim mot tu dong nghia vdi thi phap thuc rat khd. Bdi nhu da phan

tich, khai niem hinh thuc nghe thuat mdi chi dien ta dugc cai hay, cai dep ciia ngon tu

tac pham ma chua bao ham dugc cai nghia va cai ly ciia hinh thuc van chuong, ciia

cac bien phap nghe thuat.

ca sir ddi thay lich su ciia chiing.

Thi phap la mot ton tai khach quan, la cai cd trudc, no xuat hien tu khi loai

thi phap, la cai cd sau.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

12

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

ngudi biet sang tao nghe thuat mot each tu giac. Thi phap hgc la khoa nghien cuu ve

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Thi phap hoc ciing nhu bat ky mot nganh khoa hgc nao khac, muon ton tai phai

1.1.4. Doi tirong cua thi phap hoc

thda man hai dieu kien co ban: cd mot ddi tugng can nghien cuu va cd phuong phap

rieng nghien cuu ve ddi tuong.

- Cap do ddi tuong chung, tuc cap do phuong dien, linh vice ciia tac phdm van

Cd hai cap do ddi tuong: ddi tugng chung va ddi tugng dac trung.

chuong ma nguai nghiin cim huong din. Vdi y nghia nay, Le Nggc Tra xac dinh:

"Ddi tuong nghiin cuu dau tiin ciia thi phap hoc la cdc yeu to va cau true ciia tac

phdm van hoc". Trong tac pham van chuong, cac lop yeu to can nghien cuu: "Lop

ba la "kit cau tdc phdm".bd phan va toan the, giua cai chung va cai rieng, giua cai

yiu to thu nhdt la rj.gnn.tit nghe thudt", "Lop thu hai la thi_gid,i nghe thudt", Idp thu

ddc dao va cai lap lai.

Do Due Hieu trong Ddi mdi phi binh van hoc, xac dinh: "Thiphap la phuong

phap tiip can, tire la nghiin cim, phi binh tdcphdm van hoc tiecdc hinh thuc biiu hien

bang ngon tu nghe thudt, di tim hiiuy nghia my hoc, triit hoc, dao dice hoc, lich sic, xa

hdi hoc (...) Yiu cau doc tdcphdm van chuong nhu mot chinh thi".

Le Nggc Tra trong Li luan va van hoc xac dinh: "Mot mat phdi phan tich hi

thong hda tat cd cdc yiu to ciia van ban nghe thudt da tham gia thi hien y thuc nghe

thudt ciia nha van va tao nin dn tuong tham my a ngudi doc (...) mat khac, trong

nhung yiu cau hit sice quan trong ciia viec nghiin cim thi phap Id khdm phd con

duong di tuy thuc nghe thudt cua nhd van tao ra tdcphdm, chi ra xem tu tuong, y do

cua nhd van da duac to chicc nhu thi nao, bang cdch nao, qua trinh ay diin ra nhu

thi nao va chinh thi nghe thudt da hinh thanh ra sao (...). O day, khai niem thiphap

gan gui vdi khai niem phong cdch".

Cd the khang dinh thi phap hoc la each tiep can van chuong mot each khoa hgc

trong tat ca nhirng each tiep can van chuong ma nhan loai cd den nay. Bdi, cdch tiip

can do ddi hdi xem van chuong nhu mot chinh thi, mot hi thong va cau thanh nin hi

thong chinh thi do la mot loat cdc thanh to tuong tdc vdi nhau mot cdch cd quy ludt.

ndi dung lich su sau sac. Do do, nguyen tac lich su la rat can thiet trong nghien cuu

thi phap.

- Phuong phap lich sic: La mot san pham ciia ddi song xa hdi, van chuong cd

1.1.5. phirong phap cua thi phap hoc

Cac dieu kien lich su xa hdi gdp phan ly giai tinh quy luat ciia thi phap.

phap hgc. Xet d gdc do la mot bd phan ciia khoa hgc nghien cuu van hgc, thi phap

Cung vdi ddi tuong, phuong phap se la dieu kien xac dinh sir ton tai ciia thi

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

hgc cung phai su tyngj^s^hvum^^^ van

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

dimgxasJo^phiiaji^phapjigMenxuu van hgc d tat ca cac cap dd:^ap dgjriitjigc, cap^ddxac phuong phipchung, cap do phuong-phap chuyejuiganh.

Phuong phap dac thu ciia thi phap hgc gom:

- Pkuwig-phdpJiLJhQng\ Van chuong la mot he thong cac chinh the. Chinh

chuong dan tdc. Do do phuong phap he thong dac biet quan trgng trong nghien cuu

thi phap. Phuong phap he thong ddi hdi nghien cuu van hgc tu nhung mdi quan he cd

tinh quy luat, do la mdi quan he giua bd phan va toan the, giua cai chung va cai rieng,

the tac pham, chinh the tac gia, chinh the trao luu, chinh the ket cau, chinh the van

Dd Due Hieu trong Ddi mdi phi binh van hoc, xac dinh: "Thi phdp la phuong

giua cai ddc dao va cai lap lai.

phdp tiip can, ticc la nghiin cim, phi binh tdcphdm van hoc tic cdc hinh thuc biiu hien

bang ngon ticnghe thudt, di tim hiiuy nghia my hoc, triit hoc, dao due hoc, lich sic, xa

hdi hoc (...) Yeu cdu doc tdcphdm van chuong nhu mot chinh thi".

Le Nggc Tra trong Li luan va van hoc xac dinh: "Mot mat phdi phan tich hi

thong hda tat cd cdc yiu to ciia van ban nghe thudt da tham gia thi hien y thuc nghe

thudt ciia nha van va tao nin dn tuong tham my a nguai doc (...) mat khac, trong

nhung yeu cdu hit sice quan trong ciia viec nghiin cim thi phdp la khdm phd con

duong di tuy thuc nghe thudt ciia nha vdn tao ra tdcphdm, chi ra xem tu tuong, y do

ciia nha vdn da duac to chicc nhu thi nao, bang cdch nao, qud trinh dy diin ra nhu

thi nao va chinh thi nghe thudt da hinh thanh ra sao (...). Oday, khai niem thiphdp

Cd the khang dinh thi phap hgc la each tiep can van chuong mot each khoa hgc

trong tat ca nhirng each tiep can van chuong ma nhan loai cd den nay. Bdi, cdch tiip

gan gui vdi khai niem phong cdch".

can do ddi hdi xem van chuong nhu mot chinh thi, mot hi thong va cdu thanh nen hi

thong chinh thi do la mot loot cdc thanh to tuong tdc vdi nhaumotcdch cd quy luat.

Bhuang phdp-lich-su: La mot san pham ciia ddi song xa hdi, van chuong cd

ndi dung lich sir sau sac. Do do, nguyen tac ljch su la rat can thiet trong nghien cuu

thi phap. Cac dieu kien ljch su xa hdi gdp phan ly giai tinh quy luat cua thi phap.

1.2. VAI NET VE NHA THO NGUYEN BINH

1.2.1. Cuoc doi

Nguyen Binh thud nhd ten la Nguyen Trgng Binh. Nha tho ra ddi vao mot

ngay cudi xuan nam Mau ngg (1918) tai xdm Tram, Thdn Thien Vinh, xa Dong

Ddi, huyen Vu Ban, tinh Nam Dinh, trong mot gia dinh nha nho ngheo. Nguyen

sa siit nen Nguyen Binh dugc dua ve vdi gia dinh ben ngoai d thdn Van. Que me,

thdn Van khong chi la noi nudi duong Nguyen Binh ma con nudi dudng hdn tha

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Binh dugc cha kem cap, day chu nho tu nhd, nhung cudc song gia dinh ngay cang

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

dao. Nguyen Binh dugc cau day nhieu ve van chuong chu nghia nhung cung dugc

cau ke cho nghe nhieu ve sir the tinh ddi. Nguyen Binh da cd may man la sdm tiep

Nguyen Binh. Tai day, Nguyen Binh dugc cau rudt la Bui Trinh Khiem day dd chu

thu dugc ngudn sang tinh than dep de, thanh cao.

Vao cudi nam 1932, Nguyen Binh phai gia biet tudi tho, gia biet ngdi nha va

kiem song. Dd la khi Tnic Duong do thanh chung vao loai gioi nen dugc nhan day

hgc d trudng tu thuc Ha Dong. Tnic Duong day tieng Phap nen truyen dat van

manh vudn cd anh trang que...de theo anh ca Tnic Duong ra Ha Ndi. Ha Dong

Nam 1937, bai tho Cd hdi mo xuat hien tren thi dan va dugc du luan chii y,

day cung la thdi diem Nguyen Trgng Binh ky ten la Nguyen Binh va bat dau theo

dudi nghiep van chuong.

chuong Phap cho Nguyen Binh.

thdi ay, "mot thdn lit thu sau phong too", thich di day do va cd nhu cau ma phai di,

thuong la nhung chuyen giang ho vat, mot cuoc tau xudng tinh Bac, mot chuyen ve

tinh Dong, tat vao nha mot ngudi ban hay lan ldc d mot quan trg nao dam ba ngay

rdi ve. Nguyen Binh giao du rdng, tinh tinh moc mac, de men nen cd nhieu ban be.

Nhirng nam 1937 - 1942 danh dau budc ngoac ldn lao nhat cung la diem

sang nhat trong tho Ngyen Binh truoc Cach mang thang Tam. Day la nhung nam

Nguyen Binh chua het cai bd ngd tu que ra tinh, di den nhieu noi, tam hdn tre dat

dao cam xuc, suy tu ve ldi song, sir xa each tao ra mot hoai niem day dut, mot diem

nhin nghe thuat dac biet vdi que huong, do do day cung la khoang thdi gian Nguyen

Binh lam tho hay, bde Id ro nhat dac diem "huarng dong gid ndi", cai ban sac "chdn

Nguyen Binh cung mang nang nghiep ddi nhu phan dong cac nha van, thi si

que".

The nhung, cuoc song ngay cang trd nen nghet thd: "thiiu que huong ,thiiu

chdn trdi, ba vo dung giua ngd ba duong... do la tam trang chung ciia cdc van nghe

si thdi do ...Di tam quin di nhung khd dau truoc mat, nhung vdn vat hang ngay, vl

chen cam manh do phdi giang ho " [9, tr 88].

Nam. Trong tho ong cd gigng xdt xa bi phan ve nhung nam thang phieu luu tren

budc duong vd dinh ay.

Nam 1943, cung vdi To Hoai, Vu Trgng Can, Nguyen Binh vd Hue rdi vao

Hdi oil Trdi dat vd cung rdng

Nao biit tim ddu mot mdi nha?

(Dent miea dat khdeh)

Bd dat que nhung lai nhd dat que da diet, di dau Nguyen Binh cung thui thiii

mot ndi budn. Giua cudc ddi dien dao, con ngudi chdng quen, quay lung qua vdi,

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

tim dau nhirng gia tri cao dep, tim dau cai mien que nhu mong udc. That vgng e

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

nhirng ngudi than thiet, vdi nhirng ky niem em dem da qua noi thdn da, vdi nhung

phong tuc thuan hau, nhung thu vui d lang que, vdi nhirng dem hdi dong vui.

Con duong truoc mat mit mung, nem mui tuc luy dang cay, thay va ludng

truoc dugc ma van cu "dem hinh hdi trd no do com".

che, va mdi lan gap ndi bat dac chi nha tho cang khac khoai nhd cd huong, nhd

xudng My Tho va song nhirng ngay dong cam cdng khd vdi Bao Dinh Giang. Nam

1944, Nguyen Binh di sau xudng mien cue Nam ciia To quoc, rdi dung chan d Ha

Tien theo ldi mdi ciia thi si Dong Ho, sir hua hen gap go nu si Mdng Tuyet...Noi

nao dat chan den cung quyen luyen, cai vdn hieu biet cang them day, them rdng,

nhung van tho que huong cd chut duyen tham ay da tao cho Nguyen Binh mot vi tri

d vung que mdi nay.

Nam 1944, Nguyen Binh cung mot so van nghe si tim gap dong chi Nguyen

Oanh (ten that la Doan Quang Hoai), cung que vdi Nguyen Binh, la Bi thu Thanh

liy Sai Gdn hoat dong bi mat thdi do va den dugc vdi each mang.

Sudt cudc khang chien chdng Phap, Nguyen Binh hoat ddng d Nam Bd. Nha

tho hang hai tham gia mgi cdng tac each mang. Nam 1946-1947, dng dugc giao phu

trach Hdi Van nghe Cuu quoc tinh Rach Gia, cd thdi gian lam phd Chii nhiem Tong

bd Viet Minh tinh Rach Gia.

Rdi Rach Gia Nguyen Binh trd ve Ddng Thap Mudi, lam viec d Ban Van

nghe khu Tam. Nam Bd sap xep lai cac chien khu, thanh hai lien khu mien Ddng va

mien Tay.

Tu nam 1948 - 1951, Nguyen Binh cdng tac d lien khu mien Tay. Thdi ki

nay Nguyen Binh sang tac deu dan, kip thdi ddng vien tinh than khang chien ciia

chien si, ddng bao. Nam 1952, Nguyen Binh ve U Minh song trong nha mot ba ma

cd cd con gai ten Hong Chau da tot nghiep thanh chung, dang theo hgc tu tai. Hong

Chau trd thanh vg Nguyen Binh tu do va cd vdi nha tha hai con gai: Hdng Cdu va

Huong Mai.

Nam 1953, Nguyen Binh trd lai Ddng Thap Mudi, nam 1954, Nguyen Binh

Nguyen Binh di sau xudng phia Nam, den Ba Tri, tim den nha cu Dd Chieu,

Duong va cdng tac tai Hdi Nha van Viet Nam. Con ngudi ay trd ve nhung mot nua

trai tim van gui lai mien Nam - noi ay cd ngudi vg hien va hai con gai ciia nha tho,

lai budn thuong lai nhirng den nhd nhung, khac khoai.

tap ket ra Bac, len ben Sam Son (Thanh Hda), sau do ve Ha Ndi, d nha anh ca Tnic

nhan phuc tap bao chi ra dugc ba so. Nam 1958, Nguyen Binh trd ve que cu. Tu

Nam 1956, Nguyen Binh lam chii but bao Tram hoa, nhung do nhieu nguyen

nhung ben trong lai cd biet bao suy tu, uu phien.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

nam 1958 -1962, Nguyen Binh song mot quang ddi be ngoai cd ve kha binh lang

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Van hda thong tin Nam Ha. Nguyen Binh cd mot gia dinh mdi d Nam Dinh. Du

cuoc song hang ngay khd khan, vat va nhung Nguyen Binh van khong ngung sang

Mot buoi chieu cudi xuan nam 1964, Nguyen Binh ve nhan cdng tac tai Ty

sat tinh hinh chinh tri d dia phuong va ca nude.

tac, gdp phan tich cue vao sir trudng thanh ciia phong trao van nghe que nha, bam

ve xa Nhan Nghia, huyen Ly Nhan song vdi thdn que va sang tac khong ngung.

Cudi nam ay, anh em Ty Van hda Nam Ha nhdn nhip chuan bi so bao tet ddn

xuan Binh Ngg (1966), cung la dip ky niem 200 nam ngay sinh Nguyen Du. Vdn

coi vi Tien Dien la vi to su, Nguyen Binh lam viec sdi ndi, hao hung khac thuong.

Ong viet Bai tho qui huang ca nggi dat nude minh cd nen tho, nen nhac, kho tang

van hgc dan gian do so,...Tinh yeu thi si gid day la tinh yeu dat nude, yeu nen van

Nam 1965, giac My leo than chien tranh. Nguyen Binh theo co quan so tan

hien, yeu ddng bao, dan tdc:

Qui huong toi cd ca dao tuc ngu

Ong trang iron thuong xudng moi nhd choi

Mot dia mudi ciing man tinh chdng vo

Mot day trdu cung nhac chuyen lica

Qui huong toi cd hdt xde, hdt dum

Cd hoi xuan liin tiip nhung dim ch lo

#gl HOC VO TRtfOHG TOPN THU VIEN

Cd Nguyin Trdi, cd Binh Ngd dai cao

Cd Nguyin Du va cd mot Truyen Kiiu. Nguyen Binh thudc Truyen Kiiu tu dau chi cudi va mong minh dugc "la hoc trd nhd cua Nguyen Du". Horn duyet bao tet, Nguyen Binh khde, tuoi, tay thu mot tap

giay mdng, khoe vdi ban be: trong mot dem da viet dugc bai tap Kieu tang cu tien

Dien nhung khong dua ai xem, cho luc hdi ddng du mat , mdi dd trang viet ra,

... Cao thorn lan dd truoc den

gigng ngam nga:

La nhiiu vang dd, phdi tim trang hoa

Tram nam trong cdi ngudi ta

Mot thiin tuyit but, goi la di sau...

(Kinh giei cu Nguyen Du v&i truyen Kieu)

Ca hdi ddng duyet bai bao so horn ay cung lang di (ldi Chu Van). "Rang hay

thi that la hay", nhung "Nghe ngam dang nudt cay thi nao". De tang cu Tien Dien

ma nhu tong ket chin cudc ddi tai hoa nhung long dong, lan dan ciia nha tho.

nay mot cau cung khong sua.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Nguyen Binh nghe chi cudi tru. Cac ong me tin! Cu hay la dugc rdi. Toi xin nop bai

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Tile rang Nguyin Binh da mat dot ngdt vao ngay 20/01/1966 (ngay cudi cung nam At Ty), khi dng chua kip sang tuoi 49. Cuoc ddi Nguyen Binh da khep lai nhung nhung van tho dam tinh que huong ciia "thi si ddng qui" van con do trong nhung ang tho dugc gin giu tran trgng nhu nhirng thi pham cd chan gia tri va dugc

nhung ngudi yeu tho cac the he ddn nhan, men md.

1.2.2. Quan niem the Nguyen Binh

So vdi cac nha tho truoc Cach mang thang Tam, Nguyen Binh la mot dinh cao rieng biet. Nguyin Binh mang den cho tho mdi cai huong vi dam da ciia lang que. Chang qua chut nao khi ndi: neu thieu di Nguyen Binh, Tho Mdi se thieu di

mot phong vi rieng, mat di mot khuynh huong tho thuan Viet.

Trong lang Tho Mdi, hau nhu moi nha tho deu cd con duong rieng de tu bieu

hien cai tdi ciia minh. Hdn tho The Lu rdng md vdi Cdy dan muon dieu, that ran rdi,

manh liet vdi Nhd rung, that bay bong vdi Tiing sdo thiin thai. Luu Trgng Lu mo

mang vdi Tiing thu, bang khuang vdi Ndng mdi va lang budn vdi Mot mua ddng. Huy Thong cd gigng tho that hung trang trong Con voi gia, Tiing dich song O. Ldi ciia Nguyin Nhugc Phap that trong sang, dang yeu vdi Chita Huong...Dat biet Xuan Dieu da mang tdi "mot ngudn song rat rao chua tung thdy d chdn nude non

lang le nay" (Hoai Thanh); nhung bai Giuc gia, Vdi vdng, Tho duyen cho thay ngudi tho ay say dam biet bao vdi tinh yeu, tha thiet ndng nan biet bao vdi sir song,

vdi cuoc ddi...Giua nhung cai tdi tru tinh ddc dao ay khang dinh dugc minh khdng phai la chuyen di dang. The nhung, La budesang ngang, Tam hon tdi, Huong cd nhan,... Nguyin Binh lam cho ca thi dan va ban dgc phai ngd ngang.

Nguyin Binh vLeVA^44ng-quj^ ve nhungjsmuigudi thdn da bang each viet va cajjahirLciia ngudi trong cuoc. Ong ke cho chiing ta nghe ve cd hang xdm bac phan, vi nhung canh ddi Id budc sang ngang, ve nhirng cd gai que tam hdn trong trang ndiJdlP cua "nhu cdy lua trdng", tijilx^yihi^ajil^^

thLsLsong-lang thang4€hdng-4inhJimmg, vcLoieni-Vui va ndi dau dan tdc...bang tiing ndi chan thanh va thuong cam ciia trai tim nen dugc nhieu ngudi ddn nhan, xe chia. Nguyen Binh luon nghl: "Tho phdi mang tinh chdn that, cang chdn that cdng

tot", "toan bd tha tdi tic truoc tdi nay, va chdc chdn sau nay cung vay se mai mai

trung thuc vdi long minh" [23, tr 10]. Ve dieu nay cd lan nha tho ndi vdi Hoang

Tan:

"Khi tdi ha but. Nha ndng d canh nhd tdi

Cdch nhau cdi gidu mdng toi xanh rdn\

Thi dung la su that y nhu vay. Cd hang xdm dy hang ngay mang to vdng ra hong ngoai mdi hien, cd khdng bao gid cudi, mat luc nao cung "budn dam dam ". Cdi ngoai canh dy gay xuc cdm trong tho tdi, con phan suy luan tinh cdm, y nghi chdn

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

that ciia minh ra sao thi cu viec diim xuyit thim that vao, miin lam sao cho that

nhuyin...Toan bo tho tdi tic truoc din nay va chac chan sau nay cung vay se mai

mdi trung thuc vdi long minh" [23, tr 10 - 11]. Chinh vi vay, nhung van tho chan

that, xuat phat tu trai tim Nguyen Binh dugc ngudi dgc ddn nhan bang ca trai tim

hg. Dieu nay ciing rat phu hop vdi quy luat ciia muon ddi. Nguyen Binh cho biet:

"Tdi chii truang tha Viet phdi viit cho ngudi Viet, do do ngon tu ddn tdc la mot

diim rat quan trong. Diiu cot loi Id phdi gian di, gian di khdng ddng nghia vdi tam

thuong" [23, tr 10].

Xuat phat tu quan niem nhu vay Nguyen Binh viet Chan que:

Hoa chanh no giua vudn chanh

Thay u minh vdi chung minh chdn qui

Horn qua em di tinh vi

Huong ddng gid ndi bay di it nhiiu

Binh. Nguyen Binh viet:

Chan que la tieng long, cung chinh la tuyen ngon nghe thuat tho Nguyen

Hoa chanh no giua vudn chanh

Thay u minh vdi chung minh chdn qui

hdm qua, nhu thud truoc de tu do khang dinh nhirng gia tri tot dep ciia dan tdc, ciia

Nguyen Binh muon tim ve vdi cdi ngudn, muon "give nguyin que mua" nhu

que huong, chdng lai sir tha hda, bien chat, xu hudng ngoai lai dien ra kha phd bien

ngay.

Khdng phai bay gid, d thdi dai nay mdi cd ngudi ndi ve nhung net "chdn

trong xa hdi thdi ay lam thay ddi quan niem sdng, thi hieu va nep tham my hang

qui". Truoc Nguyen Binh may the ky, con gi hdn hau hon, chan que hon tap tho

Quoc dm thi tap ciia Nguyen Trai, tho ciia Nguyen Khuyen, Tu Xuong, Hd Xuan

mang hinh anh que huong vdi nhung mom sdng, ben do, gieng nude, goc da, nhirng

phong tuc tap quan ngudi Viet Nam minh day thdi. Cung thdi Nguyen Binh xuat

Huong...Cac nha tho nay rat thudc dat que, ngudi lang que, cung cd nhung van tho

Nguyen Binh khdng phai la ngudi dau tien xuat sac nhat ve de tai nay, nhung lang

hien cd Doan Van Cu, Bang Ba Lan, Anh Tho, Nam Tran...Cdng bang ma ndi,

ciia "hdm qua" luc "em di tinh vi, huong ddng gid ndi bay di it nhiiu".. .day la net

quy, cd tu trong tam hdn Nguyen Binh. Vdi mot tai nang bam sinh ciia mot gigng

que trong tho Nguyen Binh la "thdi truoc", gai que trong trong tho Nguyen Binh la

tho "chdn que" tudn chay tu nhien khdng can ggt giua, Nguyen Binh cd nhung cau

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

tho "gidng hit ca dao" nhung van that la Tho Mdi:

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Giing thoi nude ngdp nude tran

Ba gian day cd ba gian ndng chiiu

(Qua nha)

Nguyen Binh trd ve, khang dinh sir ben vung goc re ciia tam hdn dan tdc tu ngudi

Ve vdi lang que, tim den hoi thd quen thudc cua van hgc truyen thong la

dan que Viet Nam va su trudng ton ciia nghe thuat truyen thong.

chat, Nguyen Binh la mot ngudi rat "Chdn qui", cung la cai "hdn xua ciia dat

Cd the ndi, "Chdn qui" tuyen ngon nghe thuat tho Nguyen Binh. Tu trong ban

nude" d nhieu ngudi khac. Dieu do phan nao li giai vi sao tho Nguyen Binh gian di,

1.2.3. Con dircrng tho* Nguyen Binh

mdc mac va rat gan vdi dan tdc d ca ndi dung truyen dat va hinh thuc bieu hien.

Nguyen Binh budc len thi dan vdi ve khiem ton "ngudi nha que" nhung

Vdi mot tai tho bam sinh tu be, vua thudc mat chu da dgc ra tho, nam 13 tudi

nhanh chdng chiem dugc tinh cam ciia dgc gia.

dugc nhieu ngudi biet den, cung la mot trong nhirng bai tho dau tien: bai Cd hdi

Nguyen Binh da lam dugc nhieu bai tho hay. Bai tho dugc dang dau tien, sau nay

mo\

Nam 19 tudi, Nguyen Binh gui tap tho Tam hdn toi du thi va nhan giai khuyen khich ciia Tu Luc Van Doan. Nguyen Binh thuc sir ndi tieng khi to Tiiu thuyit thu nam lien tiep trong ba ki dang ba doan ciia bai tho dai La bu&c sang

ngang. Tu do, khdng cd so bao nao khdng cd tho Nguyen Binh. L& bu&c sang

ngang trd thanh ten ciia mot tap tho Nguyen Binh sau nay (1940).

gay an tugng hon la tap Huang co nhan. Nguyen Binh di thuong Tin rdi vao vinh,

viet Xuan tha huang, bai tho day cam khai ve tho phii hao huyen, so kiep long

dong. Trong nhung ngay dung chan d cd do, Nguyen Binh viet mot loat bai: Thu

Nam 1941, Nguyen Binh gioi thieu ban dgc tap tho Mot nghin cua so nhung

rai tieng canh, Vai net Hue, Hoa v&i ruau, Giai mua &Hue, Tuu trudng, Lua dd,

Xdm Ngu

vien vdi bao ndi xdt xa, chua chat ve the sir xoay van, ve van menh non sdng.

Nam 1942, Nguyen Binh cho ra ddi tap tho: Ngudi con gai d lau hoa, Mudi

hai ben nude, May Tan. Day cung la nam cd mot su kien dang nhd: vd kich tho

Bong giai nhan ciia Nguyen Binh viet cung Yen Lan (tuc Xuan Khai) dugc dung

va bieu dien d nha hat ldn Ha Ndi, Hai Phong va Hue.

Cd the ndi, ngay tu khi budc chan vao lang tho, Nguyen Binh da the hien mot

phong each tho ddc dao va la mot cay but sung sue nhat thdi bay gid. Chi trong

vdng ba nam, tu nam 1940 den nam 1942 Nguyen Binh da ra mat ban dgc khap ba

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

mien Bac - Trung - Nam bay tap tho: L& budc sang ngang, Tam hon tdi, Mot

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

nghin cua so, Huong co nhan, Mudi hai ben nude, Ngudi con gai d lau hoa vd

May Tan.

Tho luon la ngudi ban ddng hanh trong sudt cuoc ddi chim ndi giang ho ciia Nguyin Binh. Tu nam 1943 den nam Cach mang thang Tam, tham thia du vi dang cay ciia than the long dong, tam tu Nguyen Binh cd biet bao niem khac khoai ve ddi

minh, ve cuoc ddi chung: "Mot thdn lan ddn noi trdi xa - Nam nghe mua roi trin

mdi nha - Gid bat vao thu day tiing Id - Ddi tan, mdng dep, tiic xuan qua" (Dem

mira dat khach). Cang day dut, budn dau thi nhan cang cd them nhieu thi hung nen

Binh gui vao nhung trang tho trang tho ndi niem ban khoan, khac khoai ciia minh

da viet dugc kha nhieu: kich tho Nguyen Trai, truyen tho Co gai Ba Tu...Nguyen

ve nhung dieu mat thay tai nghe tren khap cac neo duong luu lac: Xuan tha huang,

Ai khanh hanh, Anh ve que cii, Mat nhung, Di giua kinh thanh, Trdi bao nhieu

\

r

r

nui song roi va mot so bai tho ddi dap vdi Ton nu Hoang Tran.

Tren hanh trinh sang tac, 1944 la nam ngdi but Nguyen Binh chuyen manh sang

truyen tho va van xudi. Nguyen Binh viet truyen Thach Xuang Bo, truyen Khong

dat cam dui, truyen tho Cay dan ty bd (Ty bd truyen). Theo Dd Dinh Thg, truyen

Khdng dat cam dui da dugc giai nhat cudc thi truyen ngan ciia to Thanh nien Ddng

Phap, mot to bao cd uy tin d Sai Gdn luc bay gid. Dac biet, cung trong nam nay,

truyen tho Cay dan ty bd, dai 1.550 cau ciia Nguyen Binh dugc giai nhat Nam

Xuyen d Sai Gdn.

Truoc thuc trang dat nude, san chut long mdc mac, thiet tha ciia ngudi lam tho

vdi dan tdc, sudt cudc khang chien chdng Phap (1946 - 1954) Nguyen Binh gan bd

vdi Nam Bd men yeu. Nguyen Binh cho ra mat Tap tha yeu nude sau khi vao chien

khu 2 thang. Khi ve lam viec d Ban Van nghe khu Tam, Nguyen Binh sang tac tap

tho Sdng bien cd. Trong rat nhieu sang tac ciia Nguyen Binh thdi ky nay, cd bai tho

mang am dieu hao hung, dugc truyen di nhanh chdng (ngay sau khi ra ddi dugc

nhac si Nguyen Huu Tri phd thanh nhac), do la bai tho Tieu doan 307.

Nam 1953, trd lai Ddng Thap Mudi, nha tho lien tuc cho ra ddi cac tap tho:

Ong lao mdi guam, Trang kia da dung ngang dau, Nhieng ddng tam huyet,

Mieng Bang ra ddi.

Nam 1954, Nguyin Binh tap ket ra Bac, trd lai que xua nhung long thi nhan luon khac khoai, sdng vdi tam tu "ngay Bac dim Nam". Nguyen Binh lam tha vach

tran tdi ac My - Diem, phan anh tinh than dau tranh bat khuat ciia ddng bao mien

Nam, ca nggi que huong mien Bac dang ddi mdi, nhung viet nhieu va hay hon ca la

tinh cam thuong nhd mien Nam. Nam 1955, Nguyen Binh sang tac lien tiep ba tap

tha: Dong Thdp Mudi, Trd ve ta, Gui ngudi va mien Nam. Tat ca nhung anh hdi

quang ciia qua khu, nhu hoai niem da diet ve mot mien dat da gan bd vdi mot thdi

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

tudi tre that lang man day nhiet quyet, day hanh phuc ciia nha tho - do la Nam Bd

than thuong.

Nam 1958, ve sdng d que nha, Nguyen Binh viet dugc hai truyen tho kha dai

Tieng trong dem xuan (2.000 cau), Trong bong cd bay ("1026 cau) va cho ra mat

tap tho Nude gieng thoi. Hai tap tho Tinh nghia doi ta (1960) va Dem sao sdng

(1962) dugc viet vdi tam trang chii dao la khat vgng thong nhat dat nude.

sue manh, nha tho say me lam tho tuyen truyen, lam tho ndi ve san xuat, ve chien

thang. Luc do khdng biet tu dau dua ra mot bai Chinh phu tan thdi, bai tho thac ldi

mot ngudi vg bd ddi than thd canh vg chdng chia biet, day nhung ldi liy mi, tieu

cue. Nguyen Binh viet ngay bai tho Biec thu nhd, ciing thac ldi vg mot chien si gui

cho chdng, ldi tha thiet, diu dang, tran day nhd thuong nhung rat kien nghi, quyet

tam lam trdn nhiem vu "ba dam dang" de tao hau phuong vung chac cho ngudi linh

noi tien tuyen vung long, cam chac tay siing. Bai tho Nguyen Binh dugc lan truyen

rdng rai, cung tu do biet tam bai Chinhphu tan thai.

Nam 1965, giac my cho may bay nem bom, danh pha mien Bac, Nguyen Binh

cung don vi so tan,ve sdng vdi thdn que, vdi duong lang xdm ngo. Nha tho lai hda

minh vdi nhirng con ngudi noi thdn xdm, lam tho ve hg, dgc cho hg nghe va ngay

ngay di qua con sdng Chau noi cd cd lai do khdng bao gid lay tien "bac nhd tho".

Cudi nam ay, Nguyen Binh viet bai tho dai - Bai tha que huang, bao hieu sir

khdi sac trd lai (con ngudi tho) Nguyen Binh d giai doan "chdn qui". Sau do khdng

lau, nha tho thuc trang mot dem viet bai Tap Kieu tang cu Tien Dien, day cung la

bai tho cudi cung ciia Nguyen Binh - bai Kinh gui cu Nguyen Du vdi truyen Kieu.

Huong ve ngay thong nhat Bac Nam, Nguyen Binh nhu dugc tiep them ngudn

Nhin tong quan, truoc Cach mang thang Tam Nguyen Binh la nha tho ndi tieng,

gdp cho phong trao Tho Mdi bay tap tho:

- Tam hdn tdi (1940)

- La budc sang ngang (1940)

- Huong cd nhan (1941)

- Ngudi con gai d lau hoa (1942)

- Mudi hai bin nude (1942)

- May Tan (1942)

Sau each mang thang Tam Nguyen Binh tham gia each mang, trd thanh nha van

chien si. Tha dng hudng ve ddi sdng each mang ciia dan tdc. Cac tac pham chinh:

- Mot nghIn cua ^d (1941)

Ong lao mdi guom (1947)

-

Sdng bien cd (1947)

- Trd ve ta (1955)

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

- Gui ngudi va miin Nam (1955)

- Dim sao sdng (1962)

- Ddng Thdp Mudi (1955)

Ngoai ra, Nguyen Binh con sang tac d mot sd truyen tho, kich tho, cheo va mot

- Bong giai nhan - kich tho (1942)

sd tac pham van xudi. Tac pham tieu bieu:

- Khdng nhan sac - truyen (1942)

Trong bong cd bay - truyen tho (1957)

Tiing trong dim xuan - tho (1958)

Lam tho, viet truyen, viet cheo rdi kich tho...nhung Nguyen Binh cd duyen vdi

tho hon ca va that sir bdc Id tai nang d linh vuc nay.

Nguyen Binh mot cudc ddi thi si vdi hai chang duong tho. Hai chang duong

que huong, dat nude. Mach tha ciia Nguyen Binh dugc tha ca truyen thdng khoi

nhung van la mot tai nang, mot tam hdn tho trong sang, giau cam xuc gan bd vdi

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

ngudn, nudi dudng nen dam da ban sac dan tdc va cd gia tri.

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Chirang 2 THI PHAP NHAN VAT, KHONG GIAN, TH&I GIAN NGHE THUAT

2.1. THI PHAP NHAN VAT

2.1.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap nhan vat

2.1.1.1. Nhan vat vd quan niem nghe thuat ve con ngudi

So vdi con ngudi that, nhan vat cd mdi tuong ddng nhat dinh nao day ma lam

ngudi dgc lam tudng rang nhdn vat va con ngicdi la mot. Con ngudi la ket cau vat chat

do tu nhien sinh ra, nhan vat la ket cau tinh than do con ngudi tao dung nen. Nhan vat

dugc sang tao theo qui luat ciia nghe thuat. No la mot khdi tinh than bao gom tinh cam,

tu tudng, quan diem, quan niem, nhan thuc... tham my. Tom lai la the gioi tinh than -

tham my ciia ngudi sang tac.

Khdi tinh than tham my nay dugc md ta la sir bat chudc con ngudi thuc ngoai

ddi, dugc mieu ta thanh mot con ngudi; nhung mat khac, bao gid no ciing dugc mieu

ta theo each hinh dung, cam nhan ciia nha van. Tuc la, theo quan niem ciia nha van.

Dudi ngdi but ciia nha van, nhan vat dugc hien ra nhu mot quan niem ve con ngudi,

mot each ly giai, mot each bieu hien ve con ngudi, mot each cat nghia ve con

ngudi... tham dam thi hieu tham my, ly tudng tham my. Con ngudi trong nghe thuat

do la mot pham tru tham my. Kham pha nhan vat tu gdc dd thi phap la tim ra tai nang

sang tao nen nhirng gia tri tham my ddc dao - nhung nhan vat ciia nha van. Cd the

phan biet sir khac nhau giua phan tich nhan vat va nghien cuu thi phap nhan vat la

khai thac gia tri tham my ciia hinh tugng nhan vat, con nghien cuu thi phap lai tim

hieu bang con duong nao, ly do nao ma nghe si lam cho nhan vat cd dugc gia tri tham

my.

2.1.1.2. Nghien cuu thiphdp nhdn vat

2.1.2. Thi phap nhan vat trong tho Nguyen Binh

Thdn que trong tho Nguyen Binh la cai gi do duong nhu bat bien trong khdng

gian va thdi gian, do do hinh anh ngudi que duong thdi cung mang nhirng net dien

hinh, tieu bieu cho ngudi que ciia mgi thai. Con ngudi trong tho Nguyen Binh la

2.1.2.1. Con nguai lang que trong tha Nguyen Binh

con ngudi ciia lang que, chat phac, de gan, de men cudc sdng tuy cd co cue, nhgc

thanh binh va tho Nguyen Binh da dien ta dieu do:

nhan nhung ngudi que van luon ao udc, khat khao mot cudc sdng vui tuoi, no am,

Day cd mua xuan da din rdi

Tieng nhd md cua ddn vui tuoi

Tung cd em be so mdu do

Ddi md hong lin nhi nhdnh cudi

(Tha xuan)

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Khung trdi tudi tho ludn gan bd vdi nhirng hinh anh, nhung ky niem dang yeu,

vung dai, ngu khd:

Hai dica thuong nhdn buoi vdng nha

Ngudi ta bat truoc chi ngudi ta

Ra vudn nhat nhung hoa cam rung

Vi bd day ndi cat nude hoa

(Hoa vdi ruau)

Hinh anh hgc trd khi den lop, luc tan trudng ciing cd nhirng net ngd nghlnh nen

tho:

Cd hai em be hoc trd

Xem con kiin gid di do Id tre

(Tien vd Id)

Hinh anh ngudi me la hinh anh than thuong, quen thudc va hinh anh ngudi me

cung la hinh anh cua que huong. So vdi nhirng nha tho cung thdi nhu Luu Trgng Lu, Te Hanh, Doan Van Cu...cd nhieu bai tho cam ddng ve me thi Nguyin Binh viet ve me nhieu hon cd le vi ndi dau mat me tu nhd, mot sir bu dap tam ly sdm

thiet thdi tinh thuong yeu ciia me.

Ngudi me trong tho Nguyen Binh hien len that gian di, chan thuc. Day la nhirng

ngudi me que nhan hau, chiu thuong, chiu khd ludn vi nhung ngudi than yeu chu tat

mgi viec:

Tit din me tdi vat vd nhiiu

Me tdi lo lieu du tram chiiu

(Tet cua me)

Me sam mgi thu can thiet cho con gai di lay chdng, luc dua tien con qua cua

budng me roi nude mat, sau tham xdt thuong. Me khdng biet con gai minh di lay

chdng cd dugc hanh phuc hay khd cue. Tam long me that cao ca:

Con a! Dim nay minh me khdc

Dim dim minh me lai dua thoi

(Long me)

Ndi thuong con da diet, ndi dau ddn vd han khi tien con di tran ai xa:

Cd lan tdi thay mot bd me

Dua tiin con di trdn di xa

Tdu chay lau rdi ba vdn dung

Lung con do bong xudng san ga

(Nhung bong ngudi tren san ga)

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Mot ba me lung da cdng sue da can lam cho chiing ta cang chua xdt, bang

khuang ca cudc ddi vi con cai den luc tudi gia chi mot than, mot minh mgi budn vui

am lanh chi rieng:

Xdm tay bd lao lung cdng

Cd hai cd gai cd chdng cd hai

Gid thu tha ngan than ddi

Bd dem do ret phai ngoai cua thua

(Khdng di)

Trai tim thi si con chat chua biet bao dau xdt cam thuong cho ngudi me gap

canh trd treu cho duyen sd. Me ndi vdi con nhung ldi nghe nhu dut rudt:

Mai mot... con ai! Me lay chdng

Chung con coi me cd nhu khdng

Khuya rdi day nhi? Con di nghi

Gid bac dim nay lanh ngdpphong

(Budc di budc niea)

Hinh anh ngudi me la hinh anh tieu bieu cho con ngudi

lang que trong tho

Nguyen Binh.

Hinh anh cd thdn nu chan tam, det vai tudi dang trang trdn, cd chain chi, can cu

duyen dang ben khung cui - con thoi di ve giua nhung sgi to giang mac nhu la hinh

anh cu the hda cho nhung nhd nhung trong long cd gai:

Gieo thoi, gieo thoi, lai gieo thoi

Nhd nhd, mong mong mai mai rdi

Thoi a lam sao thoi lai cic

Di vi giang mac di triu tdi?

(Nhd)

Hinh anh cd gai que ta bat gap nhieu trong tho Nguyen Binh. Khi tren ddng liia:

Ndng di trong nang vd trong gid

Huong liia tham thorn vudng budc chdn

(Ta trang)

Khi thi d nuong dau, khi chan tam, khi det lua, luc hong to,.. .va hinh anh cd hai

mo thap thoang trong rung mo rat dep va rat:

Cd hdi mo oil

Chdng trd ldi nhau lay mot ldi

Cic lang rdi di, rdi khudt bong

Rung mo hiu hat Id mo roi...

(Co hdi ma)

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Hinh anh cd gai duong thi noi thdn que lan dau lam duyen, lam dang nen e le,

ngai ngung:

Nhd thud hoi xuan danh trong cheo

Xin minh gidy do danh mdi son

(Trd ve que cii)

Ndng dep md ndng lai cd duyin

Trai thdn tham Hie, Hie tham khen

Thay ho nhin minh, nang then qud

Niu bd vi di...thdo ddi khuyin.

(Doi khuyen bac)

Nhirng ldi hat treu dua, nhirng tieng cudi trong treo ciia cac cd lam cho the gidi tha

Nhung cd gai thdn que thuong diu dang, kin dao nhung vui dua chang kem ai.

Nguyen Binh tuai tre, ham sdng va yeu ddi hon:

Cd mot dan con gai chua chdng

Rii nhau cat cd d ven song

Ddng da ddng danh dua nhau hdt

Gheo khdeh qua do mot bon ddng

(Chieu que)

cui vdi tam hdn cd ngay tho, thanh khiet. Nhung trai tim ciia tudi thanh xuan lam

sao tranh khdi nhirng nhip dap rdn ra ciia tinh yeu ddi liia, long cd khac khoai mdi

Trong bai Mua xuan la hinh anh cd gai sdng trong gia dinh ne nep vdi nghe canh

tinh tham lang vdi ngudi con trai lang ben. Mua xuan tdi, ggi khdng khi vui choi

hdi he noi lang que, noi hen ho ddi lua yeu nhau.

Bica dy mica xuan phai phdi bay

Hoa xoan lap lap rung voi day

Hdi cheo lang Dang di ngang ngd

Me bao: "Thdn Doai hdt tdi nay"

Long thay giang to mot mdi tinh

Em ngicng tay lai giua thoi xinh

Hinh nhu hai md em bung do

Cd le em nghidin anh

Bon bin hang xdm da len den

Em ngica ban tay truoc mdi hiin

Mua chdm ban tay tieng chdm lanh

Thi nao anh dy chd sang xem...

(Mua xuan)

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

Cd tham nghl tlii nao anh ay cung sang xem va xin phep me vdi vang di, trong long cd hao hue va tran day hy vgng, long cd chdng chat them mong nhd, tiii hdn

the nhung cd gai que chung tinh van ap li, hi vgng gap ngudi minh yeu.

Bai tho Chdn qui dau chi la sir khd tam, ghen bong, ghen gid ciia mot anh trai

lang truoc su thay ddi ciia ngudi yeu ma con la su nhin xa trong rdng ve nep sdng,

ve le sdng:

Hdm qua em di tinh vi

Doi em d mai con di dau lang.

(Chan que)

Chang trai dgi ngudi yeu trong su hdi hop. Anh dung d noi dau tien xac dinh dia gidi ciia mot lang que la con de dau lang. Nhung khi ngudi yeu ve tdi noi thi

chang trai nhin thay su doi thay ciia ngudi yeu nen ngd ngang, "khan nhung", "quan

linh", "do cdi khuy bdm". Chang trai thay ngudi yeu minh trd nen xa la, duong nhu

khdng con la cd thdn nu duyen dang ma anh thuong men:

Ndi ra so mat long em

Van em em hay giic nguyin qui mua

Nhu hdm em di li chua

Cic an mac thi cho vica long anh

(Chan que)

Chang trai muon ngudi minh yeu trd ve ne nep ciia thdn que, ggi lai trong cd nilm hanh phuc la mot cd thdn nu duyen dang vdi each ndi het sue nhe nhang va

tinh te.

Ndi ra sg mit long nhung chang trai khdng the khdng ndi, dau phai do sir bao

thu hay tinh ich ky, ma xuit phat tu mot triet ly sau xa, mot chan ly ciia cudc ddi.

Hoa chanh nd giua vudn chanh

Thay u minh vdi chung minh chdn qui

(Chan que)

Hoa chanh la loai hoa mdc mac, trong trang, huong thorn rat dam va rat ben, chi nen nd d vudn chanh quen thudc ciia nd. Cung gidng nhu lang que tram lang va co kinh thi tam ao tu than mdi phu hap vdi cd thdn nu, tao cho hg ve dep kin dao va dang yeu. Hai chu "chung minh", ca anh va em, hai dua chiing minh, tu trong ban

chat trong cdi ngudn goc re, vdn la ngudi "chdn qui".

Nguyin Binh am hieu nhung ngudi que, lo lang cho hg truoc lang sdng xd bd,

hon tap ciia cudc ddi bdi chinh dng ciing la ngudi rat chan que.

Con ngudi lang que trong tho Nguyin Binh vdi tam hdn mdc mac, trong sang, dep de, man ma ciia ngudi que Viet Nam - nhirng net dep truyen thdng ma cho den

bay gid van khdng it ngudi luu giu.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh truoc 1945

2.1.2.2. Con ngudi yeu thuang trong tha Nguyen Binh

Nguyen Binh tu xem minh "la thi si ciia yiu thuang", nha tho tung cho rang

nang mua la benh ciia trdi dat cd bao gid het nang het mua, va vi vay sudi ngudn

Tinh yeu cd bao nhieu cung bac thi con ngudi tinh yeu cung cd bay nhieu sac

thai va "thi si cua yiu thuang" ciia chiing ta dien ta that mdc mac, sau sac, tinh te

nhirng rung ddng sau xa tham kin. Con ngudi tinh yeu dugc Nguyen Binh the hien

trong tho minh qua nhieu cung bac, trang thai khac nhau. Thud con ngay tho thi

yeu duong trong long nha tho cung chua bao gid can.

"chang biit yiu nhau di lam gll", den luc thuc sir yeu rdi thi then thung, e ap, dam

say, nhd mong, tuong tu, cho dgi, gian ddi, hdn ghen, de rdi ngam ngui, sau tiii,

nudi tiec, xdt xa.

Con ngudi tinh yeu yeu chan thanh, say dam trong tho Nguyen Binh la con

ngudi ludn the hien mot khat vgng tinh :

Aiyiu nhu tdi yiu nang

Hop nhau lai, hop thanh long cho xinh

Chung nhau dung mot trudng dinh

Tha riing mot vi thdn linh la Nang

(Long yeu duang)

Tuong tu la mot tam trang thuong thay ciia ngudi dang yeu, va con ngudi tinh yeu trong tho Nguyin Binh cung the can benh tuong tu dugc Nguyen Binh dien ta qua nhiiu khia canh, nhieu cung bac khac nhau trong nhieu bai tho: Tuong tu, Hoa cd may, Co hdi mo, Khdng ngu v.v...

Tuong tu thuc may dim rdi

Biit cho ai, hdi ai ngudi biit cho

Gid mua la binh ciia gidi

Tuong tu la binh cua tdiyiu ndng

(Tuang tu)

Trong tho Nguyin Binh trang thai tuong tu mang mot sac thai mot tinh yeu don phuong. Nd gidng nhu mot qui luat tu nhien ciia trdi dat, nd la mot chung benh lam

cho ngudi ta dau khd, xdt xa.

Con ngudi thiiy chung son sat cung dugc Nguyen Binh the hien kha sau sac. Yeu ngudi khac con hon ca chinh ban than minh, ngay ca khi bi ddi lira, phu bac, ke

tinh si ay van muon la mot ngudi chung tinh:

Em vi khep canh budng the lai

Chiu khdyin vui, sdng doi cho...

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Anh viit chung tinh lin gdi chiec

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Mot nghln ddng li mot nghln dim.

(Em ve)

Tinh yeu thi ludn gan vdi khat vgng hanh phiic, ngudi khi yeu ludn mong lay

dugc ngudi minh yeu va sdng mot cudc sdng am em.

Nhu chuyen Tuong Nhu vd Trdc Thi

Dua nhau vi d dat Lam Cung

Vudn cam trang xda hoa cam rung

Tdi vdi em Nhi kit va chdng

(Hoa vdi ruau)

La ngudi dan que nen hg ludn cd nhung udc mo gian di, don so "Mot gian nha

phuc:

nhd di vi cd nhau" {Thai trudc), den mot niem vui nhd be nhung tran day hanh

Sdm nay hai vo chdng son dy

Da mom cho nhau nhung tiing long

(Vudn xuan)

De khang dinh sir chung tinh son sat, yeu la yeu den trgn ddi, khdng thay long

ddi da du hoan canh cd each ngan. Nha tho muon chuyen tinh Nguu Lang va Chuc

Nu de khang dinh dieu do:

Ddi ta cd tdi gl dau

Cd sao chim chang bat cdu cho qua

Cd chang tdi vdi trdi gia

Chang qua la tdi ddi ta chung tinh

VI cha chang dodi duyin minh

Anh danh sdng di chung tinh vdi em

(Chuc Nit Nguu Lang)

Con ngudi chat phac, gian dj pha chut e ap, hdn nhien trong sang, con ngudi ay

rat chan tinh :

Long thay giang ta mot mdi tinh

Em ngicng tay lai giua thoi xinh

Hinh nhu hai md em bung do

Cd le la em nghi din anh

(Mua xuan)

Nhirng xao xuyen rung ddng ban dau nhe nhang, mong manh nhu to giang,

nhung

rdi cu ldn dan len, cd "ngicng thoi laF va bde Id tren "hai md bung do", va cudi

cung la mot sir thua nhan "cd le la em nghi din anh". Chung mot tam trang yeu

duong rut re, e ap con cd cac bai: My Nuang, Dan tdi, Tinh tdi, Qua nha,...Con

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

ngudi dam bdc Id, bay td tinh yeu vdi nhau nhung khi the hien tinh cam, hg van giu

nguyen ve e de, chat phac:

Tinh tdi md giica mua thu

Tinh em lang lang kin nhu budng tam

(Dim cudi cung)

Mot hdm thay cd cudi cudi

Tdiyiu yiu qud nhung hai mat long

Biit dau rdi chdphdi long:

"Long minh khdi dua phdi long minh day!"

(Qua nha)

Ngudi yeu ldi hen vay ma cd gai van vdi ldi le nhe nhang:

Anh a! Mua xuan da can ngay

Bao gid em mdi gap anh day?

(Mua xuan)

Dau ddn tot cung khi ngudi yeu "bd thuyin, bd bin", sang ngang, chdn tinh yeu

vao tan day long, khdng nang ldi hay trach mdc ai.

Em da sang ngang vdi mot ngudi

Anh con gidng cdi nica hay thdi?

Dim qua mo thay hai con budm

Khep canh tinh chung d giica trdi

(Hit budm vdng)

Con ngudi yeu say dam, thiet tha nhung cung day ap nhung lo au, khac khoai,

nhung eo le, bat hanh:

- Tudng rang bin, ngd rdng lau

Lica dau sang dot chdy cdu to duyin

(Toi con nhd lam)

- Tam hdn tdi Id mot binh ruou nhd

Rot lan lan giot mai xudng nang Oanh

Khdng xua tay, nang vdn cic vd tinh

Hdt ly ruou hdn tdi qua cua sd

(Tua de mot thiin tinh su)

- ... Trudng huyen gid day xay kiiu khac

Ma din hdm nay anh mdi biit

Tinh ta nhu chuyen budm xua thdi

(Truang huyen)

Con ngudi cao thugng da cudi nhat khi biet rang ngudi yeu se di lay chdng, ndi

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

dau cu dan vat, giay vd tam can nhung am tham chiu dung nhirng cay cue ciia ddi:

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Cao tay ndng chin ruou hong

Micngem, em sap lay chdng xuan nay

(Ruou xuan)

Tinh yeu con din den bi kich con ngudi tinh yeu cung cd the trd thanh con ngudi ciia bi kich, bdi le yeu ma khdng dugc dap lai, yeu nhau rdi phu nhau vi

nghich canh, sir chia ly each trd, ndi mong nhd, dgi cho...

- Than di, nang sap lay chdng

Sap mangphdo do ruou hong tiin tdi

(L& duyen)

- Nhung rdi ngudi khdeh tinh xuan dy

Di biit khdng vi vdi bin sdng

Dd may lan xuan trdi chdy mai

May lan cd gai mdn mdi trong...

Vd rdi:

Bd thuyin, bd bin, bd ddng trong

Cd ldi do kia di lay chdng

Vang bong cd em tu dao dy

Di budn cho nhirng khdeh sang sdng

(Co ldi do)

- Vdng! Chinh la cd dy chua yiu ai

Lan ddu dan do kiiu con trai

Tdi vi thu cd ba ddng lai

Dot hit cho cd khdi then ldi

(Vang)

Nhung khat vgng tinh yeu manh liet ciia nhung chang trai cd gai d lang que da

dugc Nguyen Binh the hien trong nhung trang tho minh. Do la tieng ndi chan that

ciia long minh, tieng ndi ndng nang ciia con tim, khao khat yeu va dugc yeu. Nha

tho da tao nen nhung van tho da diet, dam da. Nhung dau chi cd yeu , dugc yeu va

khao khat ma tinh yeu con nhieu cung bac cam xiic khac lam con ngudi tinh yeu cd

luc lo au, khac khoai, cho mong, dau khd va bi kich.

2.1.2.3. Con ngudi tinh cam trong tha Nguyen Binh Nguyin Binh am hieu tinh cam truyen thdng ciia dan tdc cung gidng nhu am hilu thdn que va ngudi dan d lang que vay. Con ngudi tinh cam trong tho Nguyen

Binh the

hien qua tinh me con, tinh chi em, tinh yeu, tinh vg chdng .v.v...

Ngudi me xuit hien trong tho Nguyen Binh la ngudi me ca ddi vat va, mong den ngay con khdn ldn, yen be gia that. Ngay con gai di lay chdng me lo au long rdi

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

nhu to vd, nhung nha tho khdng de cho me Id ve ma de cho me tuoi tinh ndi vdi

con, vdi mgi ngudi:

Gai Ion ai khdngphdi lay chdng

Can gi ma khdc, nin di khdng!

Nin di, mac do ra chao ho

Ro quy con tdi! Cdc chi trdngl

(Long me)

Con ngudi hi sinh hay hinh anh ngudi me ggi cho ngudi dgc bao cam xiic. Mot

trong ngay di lay chdng. Me hieu tam ly con gai minh nen gigng ludn kien quyet

van ndi cung de con yen long ra di.

ngudi me tao tan, hi sinh cho con cai. Me khdng de cho con gai minh thua kem ai

nhung cd each giao due rieng "Bd biit ddng viin con gai chain chi lam viec, ba

Ngudi me trong bai Mua xuan la ngudi me tuy khdng nghiem khac vdi con

cung det vdi vdi con gai va ciing biit tao diiu kien cho con gai vui choi". Me la

ngudi thau hieu va ludn an lii con minh.

Trong bai Budc di budc nua la tinh cam ciia ngudi me gda chdng vdi ndi dang

cay rieng. Sd phan bat budc phai nhu the. Ndi dau ciia ngudi me nay la ndi dau cua

ke cung duong, tuyet vgng.

Gan vdi tinh cam me danh cho con la tinh cam con danh cho me. Con ngudi

hieu thao cham lo het long cho cha me luc tudi gia, bdng xe, nhirng cd gai tudi dang

xuan khdng dam nghi den hanh phuc rieng tu ciia minh de lam trdn bdn phan. Trong

bai Long nao dam tudng Nguyen Binh da mieu ta ngudi chi khdng dam mo tudng

den hanh phuc cho rieng minh, chi la ngudi hieu thao chi muon "trdn dao con, trdn

nghia chi" :

Lay ai nudi me, day em tho?

Anh cd thuong em hay cd cho

Chua trdn dao con, trdn nghia chi

Long nao dam tudng din duyen to

(Long nao dam tudng)

Tam trang dau khd, dan vat vi khdng cham lo cho me, cho ngudi than da lam

cho cd gai trong bai La budc sang ngang rat budn:

Em oi! Em d lai nha

Vudn dau em ddn, me gid em thuong

Me gia mot nang hai suong

Chi di mot budc tram duong xdt xa

(L& budc sang ngang)

me, lang que:

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Du di dau, d dau, lam gi thi trong long ngudi ra di van ludn nhd mong ve cha

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Nhd thuang thay me khdn cung

Lay thay lay me thdu long cho con

(Thugui thay me)

Trong mot so bai tho ddi luc nha tho ndi ve sir ray rue ciia ngudi con, mai vui

thu giang h6, de me cha mong nhd dem ngay sdng trong canh quanh que, cd don.

Tinh cam chi em giu Nguyin Binh va chi Tnic - Ngudi chi nhu la cho dua tinh

thin thuong dugc nha tho nhac din vdi taT casir yeu thuong, triu men:

Nam xua chi chua cd chdng

Chi dan tam do len hong cho tdi

Nam nay chi lay chdng rdi

Mdi kygid lanh khdng ngudi dan khan

(Gid Lanh)

Con ngudi thuy chung trong tinh cam vg chdng dugc Nguyen Binh ndi nhieu

trong tho minh. Con ngudi dam am, nghia tinh:

- Sdng giang chia nica vudn che

Mot gian nhd nhd di vi cd nhau

(Thdi trudc)

- Sdng giang trdi chiiu hai hang

Bin anh doc sdeh bin nang quay to

(Ty bd truyen)

Con ngudi thuy chung ay ludn cd udc mo binh di ciia ngudi dan que:

Vo tdi det vdi cho nhanh

Quay to cho nhen di lanh do tdi

Sang nam ra d riing rdi

Va tdi det lua, tdi ngdi lam tho

(Nha cd thdn nit)

Dgc tho Nguyin Binh ta bat gap nhieu hinh anh ve con ngudi chiu thuong, chiu

khd, chat chiu, tao tan lo cho chdng con, lam trdn bdn phan vg hien, dau thao:

- VI tam tdiphdi chay dau

Vi chdng tdiphdi dau hao bdc gay...

Mot quan la sau tram ddng

Chat chiu thdng thdng cho chdng di thi

(Thai trudc)

- Trudc la phung duong song thdn

Sau la sua tiii ndng khan hau chdng

Mong sao tron nghia dd vdng

Lay chdng thi gdnh gian san nhd chdng

(Ty bd truyen)

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thi phdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Xuan nay trong dy ra sao nhi

Ngd cii hoa mai nd may canh?

Cho lang me cd diphiin tit

Vo cd may con tdm do lanh?

Du xa each hai mien Nam - Bac, vg chdng xa nhau, nhung hg van ludn nhd ve

nhau vdi long thuy chung, son sat:

(Xuan nhd mien Nam)

Sao dac trdi sao sdng sudt dim

Sao dim chung sdng chang chia miin

Trdi con cd bica sao quin mdc

Tdi chang dim nao chang nhd em

(Dem sao sdng)

- Em dang dac nhd anh nghln dam

Hinh anh in giica tdm long son

Dd mdn nhung da chang mdn

Cho them khan khit vudng trdn mai sau

(Thu tet)

Trong tinh cam vg chdng ngoai con ngudi thuy chung, son sat con cd con ngudi cao thugng. Dilu nay the hien ro trong bai Gidi giang, trudc khi nham mat ve cdi vlnh hang ngudi chdng nhan nhii:

Ma con tre lam mdi hai muai

O vay sao cho trot mot ddi

Tang tdc ba nam cho phdi phep

Miin sao thiin ha khdi chi cudi.

(Gioi gidng)

Cd mot cai gi do rat Nguyin Binh. Nha tho cd cai nhin mdi ve que huang dat nude minh, tinh cam gia dinh trong tho ong tham thiet, thieng lieng gan vdi nhung khat khao vl mot cudc song hanh phuc, tuoi dep ciia ngudi "chdn qui". Tinh mau tu thieng lieng, Tinh yeu chan thanh, tinh vg chdng son sat, thuy chung, Tinh chi em tham thilt, cam ddng, tat ca deu dugc Nguyen Binh dien ta rat sinh ddng, rat truyln thdng va cung rat dan tdc trong tho dng.

2.1.2.4. Con ngudi cua ca dao, dan ca cd truyen Trong tho Nguyin Binh ta thuong bat gap hinh anh cd lai do, cd hai dau,cd hang xdm, do la nhung cd gai ndng thdn la nghe canh cui, trdng dau, nudi tam, det

lua:

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Em la con gai trong khung cui

Det lua quanh nam vdi me gid

Long tre con nhu cdy lua trang

Me gia chua bdn cha lang xa

(Mua xuan)

Tam trang, cam xiic, tinh cam ciia con ngudi trong tho Nguyen Binh cd nhung

net gidng va khac vdi tam trang, cam xiic, tinh cam ciia nhan vat trong ca dao, dan

ca co truyen. Trong tho Nguyen Binh la con ngudi tu phan tich, tu nghe ngdng, tu

nhan thuc, trai nghiem nhung cam xiic, nhung tam trang ciia chinh minh :

Long thay giang to mot mdi tinh

Em ngicng thoi lai giua tay xinh

Hinh nhu hai md em bung do

Cd le la em nghi din anh.

(Mua xuan)

Tam trang cd gai ndng thdn cd vudn dau, cd me gia trong ngay cudi ciia minh d

bai Lo budc sang ngang cd phai la tam trang chung ciia cd gai thdi do va ca thdi

xua trudc do di lay chdng. Dd cdn la nhung anh khda, anh lai do, anh trai lang, quan

trang,..,mdi ngudi mot dang ve, mot tam tu.

Cung nhu ca dao, dan ca cd truyen con ngudi trong tho Nguyen Binh la nhung

chang trai ndng thdn trong bai Tuong tu la ldi ddc thoai ve mdi tinh don phuang

ciia minh that tha thiet: "Thdn Doai", "Thdn Ddng", "Mot ngudi chin nhd mudi

mong mot ngudi". Cau ddc thoai ndi ve mdi tinh don phuong ciia anh ma sao nd da

diet, tha thiet va ham y trach mdc. Ddc thoai ma dudng nhu dang ndi vdi chinh

minh.

Nhung cau tho Nguyen Binh viet ve canh sac lang que, ddng que Bac Bd thi khd

ai theo kip va sanh vdi nhung cau ca dao, dan ca hay nhat:

- Mua xuan la cd mot mua xanh

Gidi d tren cao, Id d canh

Lua d ddng tdi va lua d

Ddng nang va lua d ddng anh

(Mua xuan xanh)

- Trua he trdi da nang chang chang

Tu hii vica kiu, vdi da vdng

Hoa gao tan di cho sac do

Nhdp vao sac do ciia hoa xoan.

(Cudi thdng ba)

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Hdn anh nhu hoa cd may

Mot chiiu gid cd bam day do em

(Hoa cd may)

Nhan vat tru tinh dac biet trong tho Nguyen Binh chinh la cai tdi tru tinh

Nguyen Binh. Nguyen Binh cd mot hdn tho dan gian. Tieng dan tho ciia dng cat len

rung ddng sau xa va tham thia ve tinh cam ddi vdi lang que, ddi vdi thay, me, ddi

2.2. THI PHAP THCft GIAN NGHE THUAT

2.2.1. Li luan chung ve thoi gian nghe thuat

vdi chi. Tinh yeu ddi liia d tho dng that trong treo, hdn hau nhu ca dao, dan ca.

2.2.1.1. Khdi niem ve thai gian nghe thuat

Thdi gian nghe thuat la mot pham tru ciia nghe thuat. Trong triet hgc, thdi gian la

hinh thuc ton tai ciia vat chat. Tac pham nghe thuat cung ton tai trong thdi gian vat

chat. Nhung thdi gian vat chat khach quan chua phai la thdi gian nghe thuat. Thdi

gian nghe thuat la thdi gian ma ta cd the cam nhan dugc trong tac pham nghe thuat

vdi trudng do, nhip dd va cac chieu. Thdi gian nghe thuat la mot loai hinh nghe thuat,

san pham ciia su sang tao ciia tac gia bang phuong tien nghe thuat nham gay hieu ling

cam xiic tham my cho ngudi thuong thuc.

Thdi gian nghe thuat la pham tru dac trung ciia van hgc. Bdi van hgc la nghe

thuat thdi gian. "Thdi gian nghe thuat la ddi tugng, la chii the, la cdng cu mieu ta, la

sir tu y thuc va cam giac ve sir van ddng va thay ddi ciia the gidi... ciia van hgc".

2.2.1.2. Tdm quan trong cua thai gian nghe thuat ddi vdi sdng tdc

hgc khdng cdn gian don la cai dung chua cac qua trinh ddi sdng ma la mot nhan td

ddc lap tham gia vao hanh ddng nghe thuat, la mot trong nhung phuong tien huu hieu

nhat de td chuc ndi dung ciia nghe thuat.

Thdi gian trong van

- Thdi gian tran thuat: La thdi gian van ddng theo ddng van ddng tuyen tinh,

mot chieu ciia van ban ngdn tu. Van chuong dien dat cac sir vat, hien tugng theo trat

tu thdi gian ciia ldi ndi lien tuc tu cau dau den cau cudi, khdng the dao ngugc. Thdi

gian tran thuat la thai gian ciia ngudi ke, ciia sir ke. Nd cd dac diem: mot thdi gian

2.2.1.3. Cau true va bieu hien ciia thai gian nghe thuat

-Thai gian dugc tran thuat: La thai gian ciia sir kien dugc ndi tdi. Thai gian

huu han, cd tdc do va nhip do rieng, khdng the dao ngugc, ludn mang thdi hien tai.

dugc tran thuat bao gdm: thdi gian sir kien (tuc chudi lien tuc ciia cac su kien trong

quan he lien tuc trudc sau nhan qua); thdi gian nhan vat (bao gdm thdi gian tieu su va

- Mdi quan he giua thdi gian tran thuat va thdi gian dugc tran thuat: Sir sap

thai gian dugc nem trai qua tam hdn nhan vat).

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

xep, phdi tri ciia thai gian dugc tran thuat va thai gian tran thuat mdi tao ra thdi gian

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945 nghe thuat dich thuc. Moi quan he nay dugc biiu hien qua cac tuong quan sau day: tuong quan su kien trong thdi gian tran thuat; tuong quan giua thdi gian tran thuat va

- Cac binh dien thdi gian: Thdi gianhien tai ddng vai trd chii dao, bdi do la thdi gian ciia cam nhan. Hdi tudng la quay ve vdi qua khu, cung cd nghia la sdng vdi cai hien tai ciia qua khu. Mo udc vl tuong lai la sdng vdi cai hien tai ciia tuong lai. Thdi gian qua khu la hoi uc, hdi tudng ciia con ngudi, la dku tich, phe tich ciia sir vat hien tugng. Thdi gian tuong lai la mo udc, du kien. Ngoai ra, cdn cd thdi gian vlnh vien tuan hoan, khdng qua khu, khdng tuong lai, chi cd mot sirkeo dai bat bien.

- Dd do thdi gian: Thi hien muc do ythuc vl thdi gian. Con ngudi bat dau biit do thdi gian theo ngay, rdi theo mua, theo nam va ve sau la thdi dai, ki nguyen... Do

do thdi gian la mot dai lugng udc le mang tinh quan niem.

2.2.2. Thoi gian nghe thuat trong tho Nguyen Binh

thdi gian nhan vat.

2.2.2.1. Thdi gian tdm tudng trong tha Nguyen Binh

Thdi gian trong thi gidi nghe thuat tho Nguyen Binh cung in dam sac thai dan gian ciia tho catruyln thong. Noi xdm lang dan da tam hdn con ngudi khdng bi rang budc bdi nhung tinh toan chi ly, kl ca ve thdi gian- chiu anh hudng sau sac dilu do. Thdi gian nghe thuat trong tho Nguyin Binh thuong la thdi gian ciia tam tudng, khdng phu thudc vao the gidi ben ngoai cdng thuc thdi gian, each tinh thai gian hoan toan udc le. Nguyin Binh raT hay dung nhung tu: thud ay, thud trudc, nam xua, nam ay, ngay xua, cai ngay, bua ay... chiing ludn lam trang ngu tao hoan canh va tinh thi dl gan tam trang vao do. Chinh sir udc le trong xac dinh thdi gian do vua khai quat hda dugc hoan canh vua vlnh cuu hda dugc thdi diem sir viec, de dugc chap nhan trong tu duy ngudi binh dan d mgi thdi. Dd la thdi gian dugc khac

sau trong ky uc:

- Bua dy mua xuan phai phdi bay

(Mua xuan)

Cdi ngay cd chua cd chdng

(Qua nha)

- Tic ngay cd chua thanh hdn

Tic ngay anh khda hay cdn han vi

(Quan trang)

Bua ay la bua nao chiing ta khdng biit chi biet Nguyen Binh da dua khung canh thien nhien ciia mot dem xuan de ggi md cho cau chuyen. Chi biet ay la buoi trdi d4t day thi xuan. Ca trdi mua bui va Idp Idp hoa xoan deu phoi phdi day thi. Du cam luyen ai lam niic xuan tam bao nhieu thi duong nhu cung hdi hop, phap phong bdy nhieu. Cd le chi mot minh em bietrang trdi dat kia dang mang trong nd niem

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

xdn xang thieu nu. Khi dung cdng thuc udc le ve thdi gian qua khu rat xa xdi, nha

tho da tra con ngudi ve vdi mien dat ciia tudng tugng va mo mong:

Em a! Ngay xua vua nude Budm

Ken nhdn tai md Diip lang khoa

Vua khdng lay trang, vua thi thi

Con budm vdng tuyin dau Tham Hoa

(Truyen cd tich)

Thud dy lam sao that thdi binh

Trai hiin ban vdi gai ddng trinh

(Hoa vdi ruou)

Trong tho tinh Nguyen Binh cung it khi gap tinh toan thdi gian chinh xac kieu

nhu vica bdn hdm,

trang ba dim, ma khi ca ndi nhu the cung chi

la tugng

trung,thuong chi la nhirng udc dem khoang chung, cd khi chi la khoanh khac:

Lang giing da do den dau

Chd em an dap ba giau em sang

(Chd nhau)

Chd mdi anh sang anh chdng sang

Thi md hdm no hdt ben lang

Nam tao bay tuyit anh ho hen

Di cd mua xuan cung nhd nhang !

(Mua xuan)

Thdi gian trdi qua chua lau va ciing la dem xuan ay nhung sir cam nhan cua

ngudi trong cudc ve thdi gian da hoan toan khac biet, sir Id hen trong tinh yeu ddi

lua cd the dan tdi bao sir nhd nhang. Tac gia khdng ndi han vao canh ngd ciia nhan

vat ma chgn each ndi tinh te giau tinh nghe thuat hon. Tu day mua xuan vdi dan vi

thai gian vdn cd da dugc tac gia su dung vdi nhieu dung y nghe thuat.

Ngay qua ngay lai qua ngay

La xanh nhudm da thanh cdy Id vdng

(Tuang tu)

gian bi keo dai, khdng lang im ma xao xuyen trong ban khoan, lo lang. Nguyen

Thai gian trong hai cau tho tren la thdi gian chd dgi trong yeu duong la thai

Binh da su dung lien tiep nhung tiet tau trung diep: "ngay qua ngay lai qua ngay",

gay am hudng keo dai ve thdi gian. Tung ngay tirng ngay qua va chang bao lau da

thay mua ddi vu: "Id xanh nhudm da thanh cay Id vdng". Trong tho Nguyen Binh

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

thai gian chd dgi trong yeu duong mang nhieu trang thai. Trong tinh yeu man ndng

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

ciia trai gai, thdi gian chd dgi chi la khoanh khac. Nhung du sao day cung la chuyen

hen hd, the bdi, cdn d day chi la tuong tu, mong nhd va thdi gian nhu the cung da

keo dai, va nhieu khi thdi gian chd dgi la vd vgng. Cd lai do chd dgi "tinh quan" da

ba xuan. Thdi gian ay du de hieu long nhau va cung nhac nhd ngudi chd dgi phai

tinh den chuyen tuong lai ciia rieng minh:

Xuan nay din nua da ba xuan

Ddm lua tinh duyin tat ngudi ddn

(Cd ldi do)

Trong tho Nguyen Binh thdi gian tam tudng nhu gan tam trang vao do. Nguyen

Binh viet ve thdi gian trong qua khu nhu gui tam trang chinh minh vao do. Ong

nhd ve nhung gi tuoi dep trong qua khu ciia lang que Viet Nam than thuong.

2.2.2.2. Thdi gian van ddng trong tha Nguyen Binh

Thdi gian van ddng the hien trong sir chuyen hda ciia qua khu, hien tai, tuong

lai, ma tuong lai la tieu bieu nhat. Tuong lai la cai chua cd nhung se cd theo va theo

qui luat. Tuong lai cung la mot an sd ma con ngudi phai thuc hien bang hanh ddng

cd muc dich va lira chgn. Tuong lai la tat ca gui gam ciia con ngudi. Tuong lai

khdng luc nao tach rdi hien tai nd gan lien vdi tuong lai gan va tuong lai xa:

-Bao gid em mdi gap anh day?

-Bao gid hdi Dang di ngang ngd

(Mua xuan)

-Bao gid... vui nhi? Vi an cudi

(Khan hong)

- Bao gid cho tho chin "hdi cdng? "

- Bao gid chi don sang bin do?

(Xay lai cuoc ddi)

Nam sau vudn cdi nd hoa vdng

Budm lai sang md em chang sang

(Hit budm vdng)

Hdm nay xac phdo day duong

Ngay mai khdiphdo cdn vuong khdp lang

(L& budc sang ngang)

Hdm nay Id thay tdi budn

Lla canh theo gid Id ludn qua song

(Cay bang cudi thu)

Cd nha triet hgc duy tam, xem xet qua khu va tuong lai la hai chieu mang tinh

chat chii quan, phu thudc vao diem hien tai ma ta lira chgn. Cac nha triet hgc - xd

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

viet chung minh tinh khach quan ciia quan he do dua vao sir chuyen hda, sinh thanh

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

ciia sir vat ton tai va hu vd, tu khdng den cd. Theo do mdi tuong quan ciia ba thdi "tuong quan giua cai dang hien thuc, cai da thuc hien va cai chua thuc hien". Hien tai la pham tru the hien tinh on dinh tuong ddi ciia su vat trong qua trinh bien ddi vlnh viln. Xet quan niem do thi ddng thdi gian trong tho Nguyen Binh cd ca ba

ddng thdi gian hien tai, tuong lai va qua khu:

Hdm nay ra dam d lang Ngang

Hdm nay vudn cdi hoa tan hit

(Hit budm vdng)

Hdm nay dudi bin xudi do

Thuong nhau qua cua to vd nhin nhau

(Khdng de)

Hien nay sdng tam bin Cdu Mudi

Rdi biit mai day d chdn nao

(La thu ve Bdc)

Sdng nay vd sd Id vdng roi

Ngudi gai trinh kia da chit rdi!

r

a

(Vieng hdn trinh nit)

Thdi qua khu trong tho Nguyen Binh la thdi gian ciia cd tich, huyen thoai

trdn lan giua xua va nay. Nd nhu tai hien lai mot thdi cd tich xua:

Tic ngay cd chica thanh hdn

Tic ngay anh khda vdn cdn han vi

Thi rdi vua md khoa thi

r

y.

Thi rdi quan Trang vinh quy qua lang

(Quan trang)

Tdi chiim bao rat nhe nhang

Cd con budm trang thuong sang bin nay...

(Ngudi hang xdm)

....Tdi nghe vd ngua hdaPhiin, ro rang

Dicng em - quin day - thdi ndng

Dat Ho xa qud, nang sang sao danh

Trdi oi Hdn Di vd tinh

Tdi xin dot cd kinh thanh dy di

Chiiu Quan lin ngua mat rdi...

(Mot con song lanh)

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SVTH: Vd Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Bd nha thud trudc cdn Chung Tic

Kim Trong ddi nay hit Thuy Kiiu

(Cam tdc)

Cung nu nhu hoa vudn Thuong uyin

Ai vi Chiim Quoc vdi Huyin Trdn?

(Nhac xuan)

Nhu truyen Tuong Nhu vd Trdc Thi

Dua nhau vi d dat Lam Cung

(Hoa vdi ruou)

lien vdi ly tudng, niem tin va udc mo khat vgng.

2.3. KHONG GIAN NGHE THUAT TRONG THO NGUYEN BINH

Thdi gian van ddng xuat hien xuyen sudt trong tho Nguyen Binh nd ludn gan

2.3.1. Li luan chung ve khong gian nghe thuat

2.3.1.1. Khdi niem khdng gian nghe thuat

Khdng gian trong van chuong la mot hien tugng nghe thuat. Cung nhu thdi gian

nghe thuat, khdng gian nghe thuat laJiintLthuc ton tai ciia the gidi nghe thuat. Khdng cd

hinh tugng nghe thuat nao khdng cd khdng gian, khdng cd mot nhan vat nao khdng cd

mot nen canh nao cd. Ban than ngudi ke chuyen hay nha tho tru tinh cung nhin nhan sir

vat trong mot khoang each, gdc nhin nhat dinh. Khdng gian nghe thuat la san pham sang

tao ciia nghe si nham bieu hien con ngudi de the hien mot quan niem nhat dinh ve cudc

sdng, do do khdng the qui nd ve khdng gian dia ly hay khdng gian vat ly vat chat. Ban

than khdng gian dia ly, vat ly vat chat chua phai la khdng gian nghe thuat. Chiing dugc

xem la khdng gian nghe thuat mQt-khi bieu hien md hinh the gidi ciia con ngudi.

Khdng gian nghe thuat the hien quan niem ve trat tu the gidi va sir lira chgn

ciia con ngudi. Khdng gian nghe thuat cd the la khdng gian diem, khdng gian tuyen,

khdng gian khdi (hoac mat phang); cd the la khdng gian ben trong, khdng gian ben

ngoai; khdng gian hanh ddng va khdng gian phi hanh ddng.

- Khdng gian tran thuat: Tran thuat la ngudi tran thuat nhap vao the gidi dang

dugc tran thuat, la sdng trong khdng gian ciia truyen. Khi ke chuyen, giua ngudi ke

vdi the gidi dugc ke hinh thanh mgt khdng gian ao vdi nhieu mdi tuong quan tac

2.3.1.2. Cdu true va bieu hien cua khdng gian nghe thuat

ddng lan nhau: tuong quan giua ngudi ke vdi the gidi cac nhan vat, cac sir kien, cac

quan he...; giua ngudi ke vdi ngdn ngu ciia chinh minh.

- Khdng gian dugc tran thuat: La khdng gian dugc ke, dugc ta trong truyen.

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Nd bao gdm: khdng gian bdi canh, khdng gian sir kien va khdng gian tam ly.

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Hinh tugng nghe thuat nao cung chiem mot khoang khdng gian nghe thuat nhat

dinh. Khdng gian va thdi gian la true tung va true hoanh ma giao diem ciia nd se xac

2.3.1.3. Tinh chat va chuc ndng

thdi gian lai la nhung hinh tuong nghe thuat. Khdng gian (va thdi gian) trong nghe

thuat vdi khdng gian (va thdi gian) thuc te ngoai ddi cung gidng nhu nhan vat trong

nghe thuat vdi con ngudi thuc ngoai ddi. Nghia la, mot mat nd md phong hien thuc, nd

cd dang dap ciia hien thuc ddi sdng; mat khac, ve thuc chat nd la mot loai quan niem

nghe thuat, nd la mot loai hinh tugng nghe thuat, nd la mot phuong tien nhan thuc va

phan anh ddi sdng. Vi vay, nd vua mang ban chat ca tinh sang tao nghe thuat vua the

hien nhan thuc, quan diem, the gidi quan ciia ngudi sang tac.

nhan su hien hiru ciia hinh tuong nghe thuat. Mat khac, den lugt minh, khdng gian va

2.3.2 Khong gian nghe thuat trong tho Nguyen Binh

Khdng gian nghe thuat ciia Tho mdi dan gian Nguyen Binh la mot thu khdng

gian cd tich, ciia huyen thoai. Nguyen Binh dang ngdi viet tho d xdm Ngu Vien,

nhung nha tho lai tu minh sdng lai va cho ca ban dgc sdng lai canh sac khdng gian

vudn Thugng uyen ngay xua ngay xua dugc xay dung bang tri tudng tugng:

2.3.2.1. Khong gian cd tich, huyen thoai

Sdm Dao, trua Ly, dim Hong Phan

Tuyit Hanh, suong Quynh, mau Dd Quyin

Due vua mot sdm dau xuan dy

Long dep gieo thai, dao ngu viin

(Xdm Ngu Vien)

Chinh cai khdng gian nghe thuat cd tich, huyen thoai va trdn lan xua va nay,

thuc va hu da dua lai cho tho mdi dan gian Nguyen Binh mot ve dep rieng vua tuoi

duyen, dng a, lai vua mugt ma, mdng mo. Tdi xin trich d day mdi khd tho ciia bai

Thoxuan de ddc gia thuong thuc ve dep tao ra tu cam quan nghe thuat nay

Day cd mua xuan da din rdi

Tiengnha md cua ddn vui tuoi

Tieng cd em be so mau do

Ddi md hong lin nhi nhdnh cudi

(Tha xuan)

Khd tho dau bai tho la canh tet den d bat cii lang que Viet Nam nao vao cai ngay

canh lang que Viet Nam d nhieu lang van the. Nguyen Binh da ghi dugc net than

Nguyen Binh viet bai tho nay. Va cd le den hdm nay, khi tdi viet bai tho nay thi

bai tho nay thi canh sac ngay tet lai la canh sac ciia mot thai xa xua, may tram nam

ve trudc:

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

ciia ngay tet d lang que Viet Nam hang tram nam. Nhung den khd tho thu ba ciia

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Tieng ga thu sinh biing chdi dau

Mot minh mo udc chuyen mai sau

Lin kinh thi do lam quan Trang

Cdng chua cdi tram tha tu cdu (cid:127)

(Tha xuan)

Den khd tho cudi, ket bai tho lai la canh, la ngudi ciia hien tai:

Phdo nd dau day khdi ngap trdi

Nha nha doan tu dudi hoa tuoi

Long tdi nhu canh hoa tiin dy

Bai Ngudi hang xdm la bai tho tieu bieu ciia sir sang tao khdng gian nghe

thuat cd tich, huyen thoai trdn lan cudc ddi thuc, trdn lan thdi xua va nay. Trong bai

tho nay cai khdng gian "Nha nang d canh nha tdi, Cdch nhau cdi giau mong toi

Mot dng tho di net chang phai

xanh ran", la cd thuc d ndng thdn Viet Nam hdi Nguyen Binh lam bai tho do va ca

bay gid. Nhung hinh anh con budm trang lai la hinh anh ciia mdng mo, ciia giac

chiem bao:

Tdi chiim bao rat nhe nhang

Cd con budm trang thuong sang bin nay

(Ngudi hang xdm)

O bai Bdng budm, con budm cd tich, huyen thoai trdn lan mot each hoai hda

vdi con budm vudn dau, va lai mot lan nua lam nhiem vu thdng tin tinh yeu:

Canh dau cao, Id dau cao

Linh dinh bdng budm trdi vao mat em

Anh di den sdeh mudi niin

Biit rang bdng budm cd lin kinh thanhl

(Bdng budm)

Budm thdng tin tinh yeu. Dd la sang tao ddc dao trong the gidi nghe thuat

dugc nha Tha mdi dan gian Nguyen Binh sang tao. Ndi nhu the de thay rang trong

Tho mdi dan gian Nguyen Binh van cd budm cua the gidi cd tich dugc sang tao

bang phep tudng tugng bien hda nham the hien udc mo:

Em a! Ngay xua vua nude Budm

Ken nhdn tai md Diip lang khoa

Vua khdng lay trang vua thi thi

Con budm vdng tuyen dau Tham hoa.

Vua liin goi ga con gai yiu

Nang dep nhung em chd ndi dieu

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyin Binh trudc 1945

Vua nudng hai vo chdng phd ma

Cho nhdn xem hoa sdm lai chiiu.

... Dim dy chan em va gdi im

Vo chdng an bdnh vdi ba tiin

An xong thodt choc liin thay lot

Chdng hda lam anh, vo hda em

(Truyen cd tich)

Cd budm cua ddng lang vudn dau rue ro dugc sang tao bang ldi ty, phii, hung va

bien phap my tu ciia ca dao de ndi tinh yeu dat nude dep tuoi:

Mat hd vica due khdi tiin sen

Buom budm ddng nhu dam rude den

(Cudi thdng ba)

Cd budm ciia tho van bac hgc trung dai dugc sang tao bang udc le, tugng

trung va dien tich, dien cd de ndi mot each y nhi vl canh giao duyen, trung phung: Bao gid bin mdi gap do

Hoa khui cdc, budm giang hd gap nhau?

(Tuong tu)

Khdng gian ndng thdn viet Nam thdi xua mang mot net dep lung linh, hu ao

ciia cd tich, huyen thoai va mdng mo.

2.3.2.2. Khong gian lang que trong tha Nguyen Binh Khdng gian lang que trong tho Nguyen Binh hien len that tuoi dep, tha

mdng. Lang que ciia nhung nghia tinh sau nang, tham thiet, khdng gian ciia mot

mien que yen vui, no am:

Sang giang chia nica vudn che

Mot gian nhd nhd di vi cd nhau

(Thdi trudc)

Thud dy lam sao that thdi binh

Trai hiin ban vdi gdi ddng trinh

Ddi say men ruou thorn hoa rung

Trdn nhung tho ngay ngdp cam tinh

(Hoa vdi ruou)

Hdn Nguyen Binh ngap vdi hdn que, nha tho vdn nhieu mdng tudng nen canh que cua Nguyen Binh phan mdng nhieu hon phan thuc. Vi the khdng gian lang que trong tho Nguyen Binh thudng dugc xay dung tu ky niem, tu cai ngay xua vdi nhirng gi dep de cdn lai trong tam linh: thdn Doai, thdn Ddng, hang cau, vudn tr^u, gian do van, mot gian nha nhd, mot manh vudn day hoa budi, hoa cau, mot canh

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

ddng dep nhu trong truyen cd tich,...Nhung khung canh ay ggi nhung gi xa xua,

ben vung ciia lang que ma chiing ta cam nhan, ghi nhd. Cai hdn ciia lang que Viet

Nam, lam nen mot chat tho ddng ndi chan thuc, hdn hau:

Nha tdi cd mot vudn dau

Cd gian do vdn, cd ao rau cdn

Hoa do vdn nd mua xuan

Lica ddu thdng thdng, lica tam nam nam

(Nhd toi)

Khdng gian diu diu, ngan ngat huong ddng ndi d thdn que, am ao noi ngd xdm,

khdng gian no am, yen a, thanh binh:

Tiengdan con tre chay xun xoe

Mua tanh trdi quang nang ndi hoe

La non nhanh non ai trdng bac

Gid vi tieng trdn gid bay di

Thong tha nhdn gian nghi viec ddng

Lua thi con gdi muot nhu nhung

Day vudn hoa budi hoa cam rung

Ngdo ngat huong bay, budm ve vdng

(Xuan vi)

Trong bai tho viet ve thdn Van que me cd nhieu cau mieu ta khung canh thien

nhien sinh ddng, day sue sdng:

Thdn Vdn cd biic cd hong

Biic trong ndng sdm, hong trong vudn chiiu

Sen day ao cd, cd day ao sen

(Anh ve que cii)

Khdng gian lung linh, huyen ao, su van ddng ciia muon vat khdi ngudn tu trai

tim da cam ciia dng:

Mat hd vua due khdi tiin sen

Buom budm ddng nhu dam rude den

O bai cd non md long gid

Bat dau cd nhung canh diiu lin

r

(Cudi thdng ba)

Nha tho "huong ddng gid ndi" rat chii y den vudn que, khdng han la noi chdn

nhau cat rdn ciia nha tho cd nhieu vudn tugc, hoac nhan vat tru tinh ciia dng thudng

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

gan bd vdi nghe vudn ma cdn vi mot nguyen nhan sau xa hon nam trong cdi tam

linh ngudi Viet: Manh vudn la nhirng gi cd so, thieng lieng ciia ngudi que. Vudn la

net dac trung ciia ndng thdn. Vudn vua la khdng gian rdng ldn, khep kin ciia lang

que. Nd khdng chi la bieu tugng ciia lang que ma cdn la ciia ca dan tdc. Nd la hdn

que tham sau trong tam kham mdi ngudi Viet Nam. Nd that quen thudc, gan bd:

- Anh trdng cd thay hai vudn cdi

Thdng chap hoa non nd canh vdng

(Hit budm vdng)

- Dem thdn vi chdn vudn ddu cu

Budn cung nhu khi chi lay chdng

(Xuan tha huang)

- Mot thua vudn hoang bin canh ao

Xuong rdng cd bai lan rau sam

Vudn nay ngay nhd anh con nhd

Da nhdy qua tudng be trom cam

(Vudn xua)

- Vudn xuan trang xda hoa cam rung

(Hoa vdi ruou)

- Sa dec vudn nha triu qua

r

(Thu tit)

Khdng gian vudn trong tho Nguyen Binh ddi luc cdn mang nang ndi niem, tam

trang ciia con ngudi:

Em oi! Em d lai nha

Vudn ddu em ddn, me gia em thuang

(L& budc sang ngang)

Khdng gian ciia nhirng giac mdng hu, thuc dep nhu mdng uyen uong, Hd Diep:

Qua giau tdm xuan thay budm nhiiu

Budm vdng vdng qud, budm yiu yiu

Em sang bat budm vudn anh mai

Quin cd lang ngang ddng trdng cheo

(Hit budm vdng)

Khdng gian tinh lang, thanh sach dien ta cai "thdn" ciia nhirng ngdi chua nd in

sau vao tam tri mgi ngudi. Day la noi de con ngudi gui gam nhirng udc mo, nguyen

cau, noi nuong nau ciia nhung gi sau tham trong tam linh ngudi Viet:

Gid chiiu cdu nguyin ddu day

Nang chiiu cat doan mot chiiu cudi thu

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Su gia quit Id sau chua

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Di thiiu xac Id trudc gid len chuong

(Chita vdng)

Khdng gian lang que trong nhirng mua le hdi, hdi chua huong, hdi den Himg la

dung dat nude va chien dau giu nude ciia dan tdc:

mot khdng gian cd truyen, mot net dep van hda, phan anh qua trinh lao ddng xay

- Khda hoi chua Huong da ddng rdi

Hoi din Hung nica, dam thdn tdi

Thdn tdi vao dam hai ngay chan

Chi cd cheo khdng nhung cung vui

(Cudi thdng 3)

- Hoi cheo lang Dang di qua ngd

Me bao: " Thdn Dodi hdt tdi nay".

(Mua xuan)

- Hoi xuan gid loan dudi cd

Lang xa dim vdng nhdt thua trdng cheo

Hdi lang den dude nhu sao

Dim cheo tiing trdng giao ddu ndi lin

(Tiing trdng dim xuan)

Khdng gian le chua, hdi xuan, dem hat cheo, Idp hgc thay do. Nhirng phong tuc

tap quan, nhirng thu vui tao nha dugm mau sac dan gian .v.v...tat ca deu la nhirng bd

Khdng gian lang que Bac Bd trong tho Nguyen Binh dugc hien len qua cac ten

ggi ten lang, ten xdm, thdn mang dau an ban sac dia phuong:

phan nhd ciia van hda dan gian.

Thdn Dodi ngdi nhd thdn Ddng

Cau thdn Dodi nhd giau khdng thdn nao

(Tuong tu)

Hdi cheo lang Dang di qua ngd

(Mua xuan)

Anh vi qui cu - thdn Vdn

(Anh ve qui cu)

Quin cd lang Ngang ddng trdng cheo

r

(Hit budm vdng)

Ldi do nhu son tdi xdm Dua

(Sao chang ve day)

Di hdn vi mai xie Ha Ddng

(Xuan tha huang)

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Thdn Doai, thdn Van, thdn Ddng, lang Dang, lang Ngang, xdm Dira v.v...la

nhung ten ggi quen thudc phd bien d lang que Bac Bd. Trong nhung xdm thdn ay canh va tinh hda quyen, nha tho muon canh de ta tinh va ngugc lai, de rdi tu* do dan

dat chiing ta den nhirng cam xiic, rung ddng sau tham trong tam hdn.

Hinh anh vudn dau, vudn ca, khung cui, ndng tam, gian trau, giau mdng toi, rang ciic tan, nhirng con duong lang, nhung dai de, ao sen, ao cay c4n, gi£ng thoi, mai gianh, canh ddng ddng sdng, cay da, ben nude v.v...Chinh la nhirng khdng gian quen thudc, khdng gian lang que gan bd vdi ngudi dan que. Dac biet la hinh anh bin do xuat hien nhieu lan trong tho dng, chuyen tai nhirng ndi dung, tam trang khac

nhau ciia nhan vat:

Hdm nay dudi bin xudi do

Thuong nhau qua cua td vd nhin nhau

(Khdng de)

Bao rang cdch trd do giang

Khdngsang thi chang duong sang da danh

(Tuang tu)

Dung chdn trin bin sdng budn

Nha nghi si tudng do cdn chuyin sang

(La budc sang ngang)

Dua anh din bin do ngang

Con sdo day sdng thuyin nan Via bd

(Ao anh)

Cd le ngay mai do nguoc sdm

Thdindng d lai...di quin tdi

(Thdi ndng d lai)

Ben do, ngd thdn, lang xdm v.v...la canh sac khdng gian lang que Viet Nam. Tirng chi tiet binh di nhu the cii dan quyen vao nhau, rlt tu nhien nhung khi nhin bao quat nd lai la sir the hien hoan chinh, la mot sir phat hien ggi cam, dam chat dan

Nguyen Binh cd tai dung len lang canh Viet Nam, lam nen mot chat tho ddng ndi chan thuc, hdn hau. Khdng gian lang que trong tho Nguyen Binh la khdng gian lang que Viet Nam mgi thdi mang nhirng net gan gui, than thuong va quen thudc.

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gian.

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Chirorag 3

THI PHAP KET CAU, THE LOAI, NGON NGLT

3.1. THI PHAP KET CAU

3.1.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap ket cau

3.1.1.1. Khdi niem vi kit cau

Ket cau la toan bd td chuc nghe thuat sinh ddng ciia tac pham. Tren mot muc do

ldn cd the ndi sang tac tuc la ket cau. Bdi vi khi ndi xay dung tac pham, xay dung

cot truyen, xay dung nhan vat, xay dung cau tu trong tho...thi ngudi ta da xem tac

pham nhu mot cdng trinh kien tnic.

Muc dich cua ket cau la tao thanh mot the gidi nghe thuat mang khai quat ciia tac gia. Dua the gidi hinh tugng ma ngudi dgc cd the cam nhan dugc bang tri tudng

tugng

vao ddng lien tuc ciia cac phuong tien ngdn tir (tir ngu, cau, doan, lien ket, chd

ngimg, nhip dieu, van, trung diep...)va dung ddng lien tuc co dinh ciia van ban ngdn tir ma cd dinh cac mdi lien he hinh tugng: chi tilt nay ben canh chi tilt kia, canh tugng nay ung vdi canh tuong ng, sao cho cai chinh, cai quan trgng dugc noi bat len, cai phu ddng diing vai trd ciia nd. VeVban chat cd the ndi, ket c^u cung cd nghia laLidxhij^jcho_ngudi dgc con duong di vao tac pham, td chuc cho hg mgt

trudng nhin, de tuan theo con duong va cai nhin ay, ngudi dgc thay dugc hinh tugng nghe thuat vdi tat ca chieu sau va chieu rdng, tat ca tinh buc thilt va y nghia nhan sinh ddi vdi con ngudi.

Ket cau tac pham van hgc bao ham cac phuong dien dudi day:

- He thdng hinh tugng nhan vat, sir kien va chi tiet nghe thuat

- He thdng diem nhin va td chuc van ban

Nghe thuat la sir td chuc cac yeu td khac loai vao trong mot chinh the ciia cai nhin, cua sir cam thu. Nguyen tac quan trgng nhat ciia ket c4u la nguyen tac to chuc cai nhin sao cho bang cam thu true tiep, ngudi dgc nam bat dugc y nghia sau xa va

phd quat ciia hinh tugng nghe thuat ciing nhu bieu hien dugc niem rung cam, va

danh gia ciia tac gia.

Nghe thuat la mot the gidi da dang, do do hinh thiic ket cau tac pham van hgc

ciing het sue da dang. Phu thudc vao dac trung the loai tho, kich, tieu thuyet, truyen

cudi, truyen dan gian, phii, van te, ca tru...ket cau tac pham cd nhirng nguyen tac

khac nhau. Phu thudc vao loai hinh van hgc dan gian, van hgc cd trung dai, hoac tuy

3.1.1.2. Cdc phuang diin cua kit cau

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theo truyen thdng dan tdc ciia van hgc cac hinh thiic ket cau khac nhau. Tinh tich

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

cue sang tao ciia tac gia ciing lam cho cac hinh thiic ket cau cang them da dang. He thdng cac nguyen tac ket cau ciia tac pham, the loai tao thanh thi phap ket cau ciia

van hgc.

3.1.2. Thi phap ket cau trong tho Nguyen Binh

3.1.2.1. Kit cau doi trong tha Nguyin Binh

Theo Duong Quang Ham, ket cau ciia ca dao xua thudng chia lam ba the: the phii, the ti va the hiing. Nguyen Binh thudng dimg the phii de mieu ta, diin dat dieu minh mudn ndi. Tuy nhien d mot ddi bai nha tho su dung thi ti (Chdn qui, Cdy bang cudi thu...) va the hiing rat tu nhien tai tinh:

Mot nam din lam Id ngay

Mua thu mua cdm vao ngay mua hong

Tie ngay cd di lay chdng

Gdm sao cd mot quang ddng ma xa

Bd rdo cdy budi khdng hoa

Qua bin nha thay bin nha vdng teo

(Qua nha)

Ket cau ddi dugc Nguyen Binh sii dung nhuan nhuyen va thanh cdng. Do yeu cau ddi chgi ve y va phai chgn lgc cau chu. Trong tho Nguyen Binh kit cau ddi xuat hien nhieu lan d de tai tinh yeu va xa hdi; cd le d nhirng mang dh tai ay tac gia cd nhieu suy tu, dan vat, tran trd, ciing nhu nhung nhan thiic sau sac vl nhirng mau thuan gay gat, khdng dung hop noi giua con ngudi va xa hdi, giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi. Kit cau ddi trong tho Nguyin Binh hien ra vdi nhiiu dang, ve: ddi cau nay vdi cau khac, ddi ve ng vdi vl kia.. .Nguyen Binh thudng dat hai cau tho sdng ddi canh nhau sao cho ddi ca y va chii; doi vl chtr dam bao sir tuong phan ca ve tir loai va thanh dieu. Nhung cau tho Nguyin Binh tao ra theo ket cau ddi ggi tudng den nhirng cau tha ddi nhau thudng gap trong ca dao, trong nhirng cau tho cd:

Long anh nhu hoa hudng duong

Tram nghln do lai motphuong mat trdi

Long em nhu cdi con thoi

Thay bao nhiiu sudt ma thoi vdn lanh

(Em vdi anh)

Ket cau ddi cdn dugc trien khai trong toan bai bang nhung cap cau sau va cau tam ciia tho luc bat nhu bai Tinh tdi. Kiiu ket cau ddi ciing dugc dimg d don vi nhd hon la tirng cau tho, khi do cac ve trong cau dugc dat trong quan he tuong phan, nd trd thanh ldi ndi dugc su dung thudng xuyen den muc tu nhien trong tho Nguyen

Binh. Vi du:

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Cao bao nhiiu thdp bay nhiiu

(Long yeu duong)

Mot thdn be bdng, nica ddi gid suong

Ldi ket cau quen thudc ciia ca dao cung xuat hien trong nhiiu bai tho Nguyen Binh. Cai "Hdm nay", "Hdm qua", "Nam xua", "Vi chang", "Don rdng", "Ngay

(Thu gui thay me)

xua", "Nhd em", "Em oi", "Ddi ta", "Trdi mua" v.v...

Nguyen Binh la nha tho "chdn qui" nhung ciing la mot nha Tho Mdi cho nen tren con duong tim tdi phuong thuc biiu hien dk dien ta nhirng y tudng va nhirng cam xiic mdi me, Nguyen Binh cdn sii* dung nhirng kiiu kit ca\i xuat hien thudng xuyen trong tho hien dai. Dd la kit c£u sir kien, kit cau trung diep, kit c£u tuy thudc vao tam ly, cam xiic ca nhan ciia cac nha tho duong thdi.

3.1.2.2. Kit cdu su kien trong tha Nguyin Binh Kieu kit cau sir kien dugc dimg trong nhung tac pham giong nhu nhirng chuyen tho: Cd gdi vudn Thanh, Mudi hai bin nude, Hoa vdi ruou,... Do do tac pham vira cd be day ve thdi gian, vira cd be rdng ciia khdng gian cac sir kien.

Thay ret u tdi boc lai min

Cd hang cat ruou ii thim men

Me cha mat sdm cdn em nhd

Say cd tu mua cho khdeh quen

Nhung mdng md thdi mong mat thdi

Hoa tan ruou i dy tinh tdi

Chiiu nay tdi chap ddi tay lai

"Dungdung gap ngudi xua nua, lay gidi".

(Hoa vdi ruou)

Kieu ket cau sir kien giup ta hinh dung nhung sd phan con ngudi, nhirng canh

ngd, nhirng dien bien chuyen ddi.

3.1.2.3. Kieu kit cdu tdm trang O kieu ket cau tam trang, nhirng ndi niem sau kin ciia cai tdi ca nhan dugc bay td de dang, tao ra sir gan gui, cam thdng giua ngudi dgc tha vdi cac nhan vat trong tho, cac chii the tru tinh. Ciing vi tu tha van ddng theo ddng tam trang cho nen khdng gian, thdi gian khdng can xac dinh, tuan tu, ma cd thi mo hd, dang xen, ddng hien, nhirng cam nghi cd khi dugc dien ta qua nhirng lien tudng, so sanh. Nguyen Binh da chung td tai hoa ciia minh vdi kiiu kit cau nay dk phat triln tii tho d nhiiu bai: Lo budc sang ngang, Tuong tu, Vung nude,...

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Hdn tdi nhu vung nude day

Em nhu cic ndng bay ngay chua thdi

Nang dua vung nude len gidi

Di may la lieng di rdi lam mua

Vung khd nam doi thdng chd

Mua sangxie khac. Ai ngd hdn tdi.

(Vung nude)

... Em vi thuang lay me gia

Dung mong ngdng chi nica ma udng cdng

Chi gid sdng ciing bdng khdng

Coi nhu chi da ngang sdng dam do

(L& budc sang ngang)

... Tuong tu thuc may dim rdi

Biit cho ai, hdi ai ngudi biit cho?

Bao gid bin mdi gap do

Hoa khui cdc budm giang hd gap nhau...

(Tuong tu)

ket cau tam trang da giup nha tho ggi ro nhirng gi tudng chirng khd nam bat

dugc.

Dien ta cam xiic ciia nhan vat tru tinh va tam trang ciia tac gia.

3.1.2.4. Kieu kit cdu trung diep trong tha Nguyen Binh Kieu ket cau trung dugc Nguyen Binh su dung rat biln hda, sang tao: diep tir, diep ngu, diep cau cho phep xoay vao chii am ciia tii tho, tao khi tho manh, tao am dieu, am hudng phu hop vdi tam trang, cam xiic ciia con ngudi. Nguyen Binh dung mot each phd bien cac diep tir trong cau, dac biet la dung cac diep tir dan cheo vao nhau, khac sau vao ki lie ngudi dgc nhirng tinh y minh cang nhin manh:

Hdm nay la xuan, mai cdn xuan

(Nhac xuan)

Ngay mai, vdng tu ngay mai

(Chia tay)

Bao nam di giica kinh thanh

Bao nam le bdng, le hinh, li ddi

(Mat nhung)

O nhung bai tha dai, Nguyen Binh su dung nhirng cau diep lap lai trong nhiiu

kho

tho ; mdi khd tho thudng bat dau bang mot cau diep hoac td hop hai cau diep, do do

cau tnic ciia bai tho them chat che, thdng nhat. Vdi gigng dieu va y tudng ciia cau

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SVTH: Vd Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

diep, tirng khd tho khai trien theo nhirng mach y mdi, song mdi lan lap lai muc do

tam trang va cam xiic dugc td dam va nang cao, tii tho vi the dugc td dam va sau

sac hon :

Tit nay chua chac em ve duac

Em gui ve day mot tdm long

Oi! Chi mot em, em mot chi

Gidi lam xa cdch may con sdng...

Tit nay chua chac em ve duac

Em gui ve day mot tdm long

Vudn ai thdp thodng hoa dao nd

Chi vdn mdi son? vdn md hong?...

Neu nhu d phan dau, cau diep chi gan vdi y tho trin thuat, rao ddn, thi theo mach bai tho, d phan ket thiic, cau diep da di lien vdi sir tap trung, cd dgng ciia tii tho, du siic ndi len tam trang tham kin ma tac gia gui gam:

(Xuan tha huang)

Thdn Dodi ngdi nhd thdn Ddng

Mot ngudi chin nhd mudi mong mot ngudi

Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng

Cau thdn Dodi nhd giau khdng thdn nao?

(Tuang tu)

Kieu ket cau trung diep cd tac dung dac biet dan dat cam xiic ciia ngudi dgc,

nhan manh y mudn ndi lam cho cau tnic bai tho them chat che, thong nhdt. 3.1.2.5. Diem cdch tan d the tha luc bat trong tha Nguyin Binh Diem each tan d the luc bat Nguyen Binh so vdi tho luc bat co truyln cdn dugc the hien d viec hinh thanh khd tho. Don vi khd tho chua hi cd d tho luc bat co truyen.The tho luc bat d Tho Mdi ndi chung va rieng tho Nguyin Binh xuat hien don vi mdi me ciia ngdn ngu tho: don vi khd tho luc bat.

Don vi khd tho luc bat Nguyen Binh cd kho chi cd hai ddng, mot ddng luc va

mot ddng bat. Khd tho hai ddng luc bat nay cd luc dung d vi tri md dau bai tho:

Hoi lang md giica mua thu

Gidi cao gid cd giang nhu ban ngay

(Dim cudi ciing)

Cd khi diing d cudi bai, kho kit ciia bai tho:

Ai lam cd gid dat cau

May hdm suong mudi cho giau do non?

(Chd nhau)

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Va ciing cd khi bai tho chi cd mot khd vdi hai ddng luc bat:

Hdn anh nhu hoa cd mai

Mot chiiu cd gid bam day do em

(Hoa cd may)

Cd khd tho bdn ddng:

Nha em cd mot gian giau

Nha tdi cd mot hang cau liin phong

Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng

Cau thdn Dodi nhd giau khdng thdn nao?

(Tuong tu)

Khd tho bdn ddng nay cd the dung d vi tri dm bai tho, cuoi bai, giua bai va cd

khi tu nd lam thanh mot bai tho:

Gid chiiu chiiu nguyin ddu day

Nang chiiu cat doan mot ngay cudi thu

Su gid quit Id sau chua

Di thiiu xac Id trudc gid lin chuong

(Chita vdng)

Thudng thay nhat khd tho bdn ddng va ciing cd khd sau ddng, cd thi diing d dm bai, giua bai, cudi bai, hoac tu nd lam thanh mot bai tho. Chang han nhu bai tho Bin hd, chi cd mot khd sau ddng:

La roi theo gid Id bay

Bin hd ta dicng dam say nhin hd

Suong mai day do trdng md

Nhu cdn luu luyin ddi bd cdy xanh

Xa trin mat nude minh mong

Budng thuyin cd gdi nghiing minh hdi sen

(Ben Ho)

Neu kieu ket cau khdng chi don thuan la su bd cue cau chu, kho tho, doan tho, ma cdn la each sap xep, td chuc tinh y, hinh anh, hinh tugng tho, la each triln khai tu tho thi nhirng hinh thiic ket cau trong tho Nguyen Binh da cho thay mot ngdi biit rat linh ddng, bien hda, tai hoa trong viec kiln tao bai tho thanh tirng chinh thi chat che, thdng nhat, hai hda.

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

3.2. THI PHAP THE LOAI

3.2.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap the loai

3.2.1.1. Cdc quan niem vi thi loai

Trong tho hien dai, tren binh dien ddng dai, sir phan biet thanh cac the tho (each

td chiic ngdn ngu tho) nhu luc bat, song that luc bat, tu tuyet, trudng ca, tho tu

do...ngoai viec tao ra sir da dang ve nhac dieu va dung lugng nam bat ddi sdng,

khdng ddng vai trd trong sir da dang ve chat (chieu sau, gdc do nhin cudc sdng) ciia

tho. Sir phan hda tho theo loai cam hiing:

tho ca nggi,

tho budn,

tho cham

biem...cuing khdng tao thanh the loai vi cam hiing vdn la mot yeu td ciia ndi dung

danh gia cudc sdng, the hien trong cac loai tac pham khac nhau. Trong viec phan

hda tho theo chieu sau, cac qui luat ve ndi dung the loai ddng vai trd quan trgng.

Theo quan niem hien nay, the loai van hgc khdng chi la hien tugng phan hda ve phuong thiic phan anh, phuong thiic td chiic tac pham, ma trudc hit la mot quan diim ddi vdi ddi sdng da duac cd dinh hda.

3.2.1.2. Ba ddng noi dung the loai hien nay

Gan giii vdi quan niem do, giao su G.Pospelov luu y chii yeu den ba ddng ndi dung the loai ma, de phan biet, chiing tdi se ggi la thi tai "thi tai" mgt each qui udc. - Thudc the tai lich sic - ddn tdc la cac tac pham de cap tdi qua trinh hinh thanh

dan tdc, dua tranh de xay dung va bao ve dat nude quoc gia, de cap den sir kien dau

tranh giai cap, chien trang, each mang, cd anh hudng den van menh dan tdc.

- Khi tinh trang quoc gia tuong ddi dn dinh thi van de quan he giai cap, thanh thi

va ndng thdn, quan he cac tang Idp ngudi trong xa hdi do, trang thai ling xu ciia hg,

van de thien ac, cac chuan muc quan he lai lam thanh ndi dung ciia the tai dao dice -

thi su.

Y thuc ve ddi sdng ca nhan, qua trinh hinh thanh phat trien hay sa dga ciia mgt

nhan each, cac xiic ddng ca nhan, nhat la trong tinh yeu ddi liia, la co sd ciia cac tac

pham thudc thi tdi ddi tie . Khai niem ddi tu hoan toan khdng ddi lap vdi ddi cdng, vdi xa hdi: nd chi la mot gdc do de tham nhap ddi sdng, mot lang kinh, cho diing dl

nhin nhan van de, xem xet hien thuc.

Mdi the tai nhu vay gan lien vdi mot sd loai tinh each, mot sd cam hiing, va mot sd he thdng bien phap, phuang tien the hien nghe thuat nhat dinh. 0 cac tac pham ldn thudng cd sir ket hgp cac net ndi dung the tai ay vdi nhau, trong do cd mot hay

hai net chiem uu the, tao thanh tac pham da binh dien.

3.2.2. Thi phap ve the loai trong tho Nguyen Binh

3.2.2.1. The luc bat va the tha cd khuon hinh on dinh

Nguyen Binh la mot nha Tho Mdi nhung khdng chiu anh hudng ciia tha Phap,

tha Duong ma cd phong each rieng, do la nghieng ve hinh thiic ca dao truyen thdng

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SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

ciia dan tdc. Tho Nguyen Binh cd the chia lam hai loai ldn : thi luc bat va thi tho cd

khuon hinh dn dinh.

Trong tho Nguyen Binh, am hudng ciia van hda dan gian thi hien dam net d thi tho luc bat. Nguyen Binh rat trung thanh vdi the tho dan tdc. Tuy khdng phai tat ca tho Nguyen Binh deu viet bang the luc bat nhung ty le nhirng bai tho luc bat chilm phan ldn trong sang tac ciia dng. Tuyin tap Nguyin Binh cd 29 bai trong sd 60 bai dugc tuyen chgn tir 7 tap tho ciing mot sd bai tho le (sang tac trudc each mang) dugc lam theo the luc bat co truyen. Tho Nguyin Binh dugc Hoai Thanh - Hoai Chan chgn dua vao tuyen tap Thi nhdn Viet Nam 8 bai, chi cd bai Mua xuan lam

theo the 7 chu nhung bai cdn lai deu la luc bat. Trong Tap tho Nguyin Binh ciing cd

33 trong sd 69 bai tho

dugc tuyen chgn lam theo the luc bat. Theo Doan Due Phuong, trong nhirng sang tac cua Nguyen Binh the tho nay chiem sd lugng ldn din 45%. Ngay ca nhirng bai lam theo the Tho Mdi thi nhan vat tru tinh trong tho phan ldn la nhan vat ciia ca dao

cd truyen.

Tho luc bat da cd tir lau, theo cac nha nghien cuu chuyen sau ve van hda dan

gian nhu Nguyen Van Hoan, Nguyin Xuan Kinh, thi tho luc bat sdm nhat xuat hien vao cudi the ky XV den trudc Truyen Kiiu; luc bat trong Truyen Kiiu; luc bat trong phong trao Tho mdi; luc bat duong dai.

Luc bat xuat hien cd ddi cd cap la dac diem dau tien ciia the tho nay. Dd la sir phdi hop hoai hda giua ddng 6 chu, ddng 8 chu, lam thanh mot ciu tnic hoan chinh ve mat y tudng, nhip dieu, thanh dieu, van dieu. Cd thi xem cap 6 tiing, 8 tiing la don vi te bao, mot chinh thi tdi thilu ciia tho luc bat:

Thuyin vi cd nhd bin chang

Bin thi mot da khang khdng doi thuyin

(Ca dao)

Vdi sir ndi tiep deu dan ciia hai cau 6-8, vdi van chan va van lung bao gid ciing hiep van theo thanh bang, the tho nay rat thich hop cho gigng kl ll, tam sir, buon thuong, nhd thuong, bang khuang, nudi tiec. Nguyin Binh la (thi si ddng qui) nen viec thi nhan su dung that nhuan nhuyen, dieu luyen thi tho luc bat la dilu tat yiu. Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan trong bai tai sao luc bat da khang dinh: thai ki 1932 -

1945, "Nguyin Binh Id ngudi lam nhiiu tho luc bat nhdt" [22, tr 391]. Cd krm nhieu y kien thira nhan tai hoa ciia Nguyen Binh trong each su dung the luc bat truyln thdng. Mdng Tuyet ndi: "Binh viit luc bat nhanh nhu van xudi" [26, tr 28]. Doan Thi Dang Huong trong bai Nguyen Binh nha tho "chdn qui" ciing khang dinh:

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[15, tr 36].

Neu luc bat ca dao mang ve hdn nhien, tuoi tham ciia chat tru tinh ddng que, luc

bat Truyen Kieu rat mem mai, uyen chuyen thi nhung bai luc bat ciia Nguyen Binh

nhu Lo budc sang ngang, Chdn qui, Ngudi hang xdm, Chd nhau, Dim cudi cung,

"Nguyin Binh la mot trong nhung nha tho bdc nhdt ciia the ky nay vi tho luc bat"

Gidc ma anh ldi do,... "vua thanh thodt gai cam vua trau chudt, diiu luyin" [8, tr

viet: "vdn diiu din tu nhiin trin ddng trdi cua tic ngu, khdngphai vat va lua chon,

62].Trong bai nha tho va the gidi nghe thuat trong tho Nguyen Binh, Ha Minh Diic

sap xip. Diiu quan trong la mach tu duy duac tao ra nhu mot khiiu ndng, mot

mach chdy va vdn diiu din mot cdch phu hop" [17, tr 256]. Tir nam 1930 - 1945

Nguyen Binh va Huy Can deu gay dugc nhieu an tugng ve su dung the tho luc bat,

nhung luc bat ciia Huy Can mang y tii ca nhan (Ngam ngiii, Budn dim mua), cdn

luc bat ciia Nguyen Binh dam da sac thai ca dao. Net dang qui d tha luc bat Nguyen

Binh chinh la sir gian di, mdc mac, dan da tir am thanh den tir ngu va tu nhien d

each ghep van. Nguyen Binh cd y thuc giu nguyen tinh chat dan da ciia luc bat.

Nhirng hinh anh quen thudc cd tir ca dao nhu hoa mudp vang, dau mdng toi, con

sdng, ben do, khung cui, hdi lang v.v...xuat hien rat nhieu. Tuy nhien, ndng thdn

trong luc bat Nguyen Binh khdng cdn la ndng thdn an nhien, tu tai ciia thdi ca dao

ma ndng thdn dang bien ddng do anh

hudng ciia nen van minh do thi. Va vi vay bang bac trong nhung van tho luc bat

khdng khi hoai cd, la su tiec nudi ciia mot canh trang sap mat, mot que huong sap

ddi thay.

Hdm qua em di tinh vi

Huong ddng go ndi bay di it nhiiu

(Chan que)

Ca dao xua cd hai dieu rat phd bien la diiu than trong hat than than va dieu gheo

trong hat giao duyen. Tac gia Lo budc sang ngang thudng su dung dieu than ngay

ca nhirng bai tho khdng lam theo the luc bat. Chinh vi vay nha tho dien ta that xiic

ddng sir ray rut, ndi dau khd, bat hanh ciia ngudi ddi va chinh minh bang nhirng ldi

bi ca. Trong Nguyin Binh nha tho chdn qui - chdn tdi, Ha Minh Diic nhan xet:

"Tho luc bat Nguyin Binh gdn vdi ca dao, lay huong, lay nhuy ciia ca dao di lam

Binh ciing la con ngudi ciia thai dai dng va duong ve vdi ca dao chi la mot phuong

diim tua tinh thdn va tao hdn cho tho minh" [17, tr 125 - 126]. The nhung Nguyen

The tha cd khuon hinh dn dinh trong tho Nguyen Binh, khao sat Tuyen tap

thiic de thi nhan bieu hien nhung tinh y mdi me ciia xa hdi duong thai.

Nguyin Binh, thay cd cac dang sau day:

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Kieu dang ngii ngdn: kieu dang nay cd sd lugng rat it, chi cd hai bai tren tong sd

31 bai d Tuyin tap Nguyin Binh da dan d tren.

Kieu dang that ngdn: kieu dang nay ciing cd sd lugng it, chi cd 4 bai tren tong

31 bai ciia Tuyin tap Nguyin Binh.

Kieu dang that ngdn, mdi khd bdn cau: Day la kiiu dang chinh, cd 25 bai tren tong sd 31 bai ciia the loai Tho Mdi cd khuon hinh on dinh d Tuyen tap Nguyin

Binh.

3.2.2.2. The tdi ddi tu trong tha Nguyen Binh La con ngudi ciia lang que, la thi si ciia yeu thuang Nguyen Binh vilt nhiiu vl ngudi que vdi nhung tinh cam chan thuc ciia minh. Vilt vl ngudi me, ngudi chi, nhirng con ngudi dang yeu,...vdi nhirng so phan, udc mo, khat vgng hanh phiic nhung cd khi lai dau kho tuyet vgng va cd don. Nguyin Binh quan tam tiing ca nhan d noi thdn que, nhirng ca nhan vdi nhirng sd phan khac nhau. Noi nilm dau ddn ciia ngudi con gai di lay chdng khdng dugc hanh phuc dng vilt:

Mudi nam gdi hdn bin giudng

Mudi nam nude mat bica thudng thay canh

Mudi nam dua dam mot minh

Dao sau chdn chat mdi tinh ddu tiin

Mudi nam long lanh nhu tiin

Tim di hit mau cdi duyin khdng vi

(La budc sang ngang)

Cdn day la tam trang tuong tu ciia mot chang trai vdi tinh yeu don phuong:

Thdn Dodi ngdi nhd thdn Ddng

Mot ngudi chin nhd mudi mong mot ngudi

Gid mua la binh ciia gidi

Tuong tu Id binh cua tdiyiu ndng

(Tuong tu)

Tinh te va ggi cam hon nua la nhiing van tha Nguyin Binh tu biiu hien cai tdi

ca nhan ciia chinh minh, khat vgng tinh yeu chan thanh, dim say:

Aiyiu nhu tdiyiu Nang

Hop nhau lai, hop lang cho xinh

Chung nhau xay dung mot trudng dinh

Tho riing mot vi thdn linh la Nang

(Long yeu duong)

Trong mot sd bai, ddi chd nha tho ndi ve sir ray riic ciia ngudi con:

Con di quanh cua quanh nha

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Cha gia dap liia me gid giu ram

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Cha dam gao, me thdi com

Cd con con vdng ai lam thay cho

(Thugin thay me)

Tdm lai, the tai ddi tu trai dai trong nhirng sang tac ciia Nguyen Binh, do la

nhirng tam trang ca nhan, nhung cam xiic ca nhan ciia chinh dng va ciia cac nhan

vat tru tinh trong tho dng.

3.3 THI PHAP NGON TlT

3.3.1. Li luan chung ve thi phap ngon tu

3.3.1.1. Khdi niem ngdn tie nghe thuat: Van ban la phuong thuc ton tai ciia van ban van hgc. Ngdn tir la ldi ndi vilt ma ngudi ta diing lam chat lieu dl sang tac van hgc, M. Gorki (1868 - 1936) da ggi ngdn ngu la "yeu td thu nhat" ciia van hgc. Neu ngdn ngu la tong thi tat ca cac don vi, phuong tien, cac ket hop ma ldi ndi su dung (ngu am, ngu phap, tir vung, cac phuong thiic tu tir), ldi ndi la hinh thiic ton tai thuc te ciia ngdn ngir von phong phii, sinh ddng, da dang, thi ngdn tir la ldi ndi dugc su dung vdi tat ca pham chat tham my va kha nang nghe thuat ciia nd. Kha nang nghe thuat ciia ngdn tir thi hien d tinh hinh tugng. Trudc het, phai ndi ngdn tir mang tinh hinh tugng tir trong ban chat. Bdi vi tir gan lien vdi khai niem, vdn la hinh anh chii quan ciia thi gidi khach quan. Khi Mac ndi ngdn ngu la hien thuc "true tiep ciia tu duy" thi cai hien thuc true tiip ky chang gi khac hon la mot hinh tugng ciia hien thuc.

Khai niem tinh hinh tugng ndi d day la cai kha nang ggi len nhirng hinh tuong nghe thuat, dua ta tham nhap vao the gidi ciia nhirng cam xiic, an tugng, suy tudng ma ngdn ngir thdng thudng it khi truyln dat dugc.

Tinh hinh tugng ciia ngdn tir dugc the hien rat nhiiu mat. Thdng thudng, nd dugc nhan ra trudc het d cac loai tir "hinh tugng" nhu cac tir tugng thanh, tugng

hinh, tir md ta cam giac, trang thai nhu: lao xao, vdng vdng, tham thdm, lanh leo, ldn ldi, eo xeo... Tinh hinh tuong ciia ngdn tir cdn the hien d cac phuang thiic chuyen nghia ciia tir nhu vi von, an du theo kieu "Thuyen ve cd nhd bin chang, Bin thi mot da khang khang dgi thuyen"...

Cac trudng hgp nay cho thay kha nang ciia ngdn tir trong viec soi sang mot

vat

nay qua mot vat khac. Nhung thdng thudng hon, ta bat gap nhirng cau khdng cd tir

"hinh tugng" hay tir "chuyen nghia", ma chi gian don la nhirng tir ggi ra sir vat hay dac diem sir vat trong nhirng tuong quan, quan he nhat dinh, va nhd thi ma tao nen tinh hinh tuong. Chang han: "Sen tan cue lai nd hoa. Sau ddi ngay ngan ddng da

sang xuan ". Loai nay thudng de ta canh, ta tinh, ta chan dung, hanh ddng.

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Trong ddi sdng, ngdn tir nao cung la phat ngdn ciia mot chii the nhat dinh. Khdng cd mot ngdn tir "vd chu", khdng la ciia ai ca. (3 day, ngdn tir cd kha nang thi hien nhieu mat ciia mot hinh tuong chii the ldi ndi: gigng dieu, tu tudng, tinh cam, van hda, dia vi xa hdi... Tir ngdn tir, ta cd the nhan ra hinh tuong nhan vat hay hinh

tugng ngudi ke chuyen. Dd la cac kha nang nghe thuat ciia ngdn tir xet nhu mot

phuong tien bieu dat va nhu mot ddi tugng mieu ta.

Tuy nhien, cac kha nang nghe thuat ciia ngdn tir va ngdn tir nghe thuat khdng phai la mot. Cac kha nang ndi tren cd the bat gap trong cac hien tugng ciia ngdn ngir giao tiep tu nhien ciia con ngudi trong dang ngau nhien rdi rac, phuc tiing nhung muc dich khac nhau trong ddi sdng. Ngdn tir nghe thuat la van, van chuong. Dd la ngdn tir ciia tac pham van hgc, ciia the gidi nghe thuat, kit qua sang tao ciia nha van. Dd la ngdn tir giau tinh hinh tugng nhat va giau sue biiu hien nhat, dugc to chiic mgt each dac biet de phan anh ddi sdng, the hien tu tudng, tinh cam va tac

ddng tham my tdi ngudi dgc.

O day can phan biet cac y nghia nhu sau: Khi ndi tdi nghi thudt ngdn tie la nhan manh toan bd kha nang, dac diem ciia mot "kenh" lien he ma van hgc su dung, phan biet vdi "kenh" dien anh, am nhac... Khi ndi tdi ngdn tie nghi thudt la mudn ndi tdi toan bd dac diem ciia van ban nghe thuat ciia tac pham van hgc nhu mgt chinh the toan ven, sinh ddng. Su phan biet "ngdn ngir" va "ldi ndi" ciing dugc ap dung vao linh vuc nghe thuat. Khi ndi ngdn ngu nghe thuat la ndi "ma", ndi tdi mot he thdng cac phuong thiic, phuang tien tao hinh, biiu hien, he thdng cac qui tac thdng bao bang tin hieu tham my ciia mot nganh, mot sang tac nghe thuat. Ngudi ta cd thi ndi "ngdn ngu ba le", "ngdn ngu cheo", "ngdn ngir dien anh". Ciing cd thi ndi tdi ngdn ngir nghe thuat ciia sang tac van hgc tren cap do do. Va nhu vay, sir phan biet "ngdn tir", "ngdn ngir" la can thilt.

3.3.1.2. Dac trung cua ngon tie nghe thuat:

Ngdn tir la yeu td co ban tao nen van ban van hgc. Dgc mgt tac pham van hgc bao gid ciing bat dau tir viec dgc van ban ngdn tir, "cu thi hoa", "giai ma" ngdn tir, vi vay can nhan thuc ro cac dac trung co ban ciia nd. Dac trung ciia ngdn tir van hgc biiu

hien d cac

phuang dien ngu am, ngir nghia va cac phuang thiic td chiic van ban.

Dac trung ngir am ciia ngdn tir van hgc:

Ngdn tir van hgc la mgt sang tao tham my, nd ddi hdi sir hda dieu va nhac tinh. Phuong dien ngir am ciia ngdn tir van hgc bao gdm am, thanh, nhip va dieu. Am

gdm nguyen am, phu am. Thanh gdm thanh dieu, bang, trac, tram bong. Dieu gdm sir phdi hgp am thanh, tiet tau tao ra sir nhip nhang, khoan thai hay gap gap, thi hien dieu tinh cam ciia van ban. Ngdn tir van hgc thudc dang ngdn tir ndi tai, khdng phat

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

am thanh tieng, nhung hinh anh, am thanh trong tam tri van la yeu td lam nen ve

dep cua ngdn

3.3.2. Thi phap ngon ngir trong tho Nguyen Binh

Ngdn ngir Tho mdi dan gian Nguyen Binh trudc het la ngdn ngu ca dao, dan

ca, ciia tho dan gian ndi chung va rdng hon ntra la ngdn ngir trong ddi sdng hang

ngay ciia quang dai quan chiing nhan dan dugc nghe si dan gian Nguyen Binh chgn

3.3.2.1. Ngon ngu tha gian di

Ndi den phuong thuc bieu hien tho Nguyen Binh la ndi den thi gidi ngdn tir

ciia nha tho.

Nguyen Binh dua vao ldi tho minh he thdng tir vung trong sang, gian di.

Trong Thiphdp ca dao, Nguyen Xuan Kinh khang dinh: "Ngdn ngu ca dao Id su ket

lgc, mai giua va tinh luyen.

hop giica ngdn ngu tho vd ngdn ngu ddi thudng". Ngdn ngir tho Nguyen Binh ciing

vay, rat ddi thudng, gan gui vdi each ndi ciia ngudi binh dan, xuat hien trong tho

Nguyen Binh rat tu nhien, tao ra net tham my rieng:

Lang giing da do den ddu

Chd em an gidp miing trdu em sang...

Em nghe ho ndi mong manh

Hinh nhu ho biit chung minh...vdi nhau

(Chd nhau)

Dieu do cd dugc la do Nguyen Binh chiu anh hudng sau sac ca dao. So sanh

mot bai ca dao quen thudc ciia Nguyen Binh de thay cai tai ciia nha tho dat thanh

Nam: ciing vdi each ndi quen thudc ciia ca dao, vdi ngdn ngu that dan da, nhung

Nguyen Binh "dem lai cho nd mot sinh khi mdi me ky la va tinh hien dai" [17, tr

163].

Treo lin cdy budi hdi hoa

Budc xudng vudn ca hdi nu tdm xuan

Nu tdm xuan nd ra xanh biit

Em cd chdng anh tiic lam thay...

(Ca dao)

Tiengay cd di lay chdng

Gdm sao cd mot quang ddng md xa

Bd rao cdy budi khdng hoa

Qua bin nha thay bin nhd vdng teo

Lan khdng nudi dac ao beo

Giau khdng day, chang budn leo vao gian

(Qua nha)

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Ngay ca trong nhirng bai tho tam tinh, ke chuyen, Nguyen Binh ciing dung each

ndi chuyen gan gui ciia ngudi lang que de bdc Id tam tinh, tinh cam ciia minh:

Viit cho chi Id thu nay

Giua dim ham bdn rang ngay ham nham...

Sao em don chiic thi nay?

Sao em lai khdc nhu ngay chi di...?

(Thu cho chi)

Dgc tho Nguyen Binh ta bat gap khdng it tir ngir cdn giu* lai net ngir am

mang dat trung ciia vung que Bat Bd: "gidi" (trdi), "gidng" (trang), "giau" (trau),

"giai" (trai), "gidng" (trdng), "nhd nhang" (Id lang), "nhdn" (ldn) v.v...Nguyen

Binh cdn sir dung cd hieu qua vdn tir ngir d lang que, nhirng tir nhu: tam tam (tam

tdm trdi cu do mua), eo dc (Thdn ga eo dc ngoai xa vdng), mot thdi de (Thdn Dodi

cdch cd mot thdi di), can ngay (Me bao: Mua xuan da can ngay), nam tao bay tuyet

(Nam tao bay tuyit anh ho hen) v.v...tao cho chat tho tham my rieng, rat tu nhien va

ciing rat de nhd. Viec su dung thanh thao ngdn ngu cua ngudi lang que chiing td

Theo thdng ke ciia Nguyen Nha Ban - Hd Xuan Binh, trong tuyin tap

Nguyen Binh rat am hieu ddi sdng va tam ly hg.

Nguyen Binh cd den 452 tir chi ve lang que Nam Dinh. Trong do hon phan nira la

tir chi canh vat (con di, ddu lang, lua, hoa xoan, luy tre, cdy bang, bin nha, cua td

vd, ddu dinh,...), hdi he (li chua, hdi lang, phuang cheo, dam hdt, tray hoi chua,...).

Sau nay trong nhirng nam khang chien chdng Phap, sdng gan gui vdi ddng

bao mien Nam, ngdn ngu tho Nguyen Binh the hien net chat phac, each ndi ciia

ngudi Nam Bd:

Lung ba da cdng lam

Tdc ba da bac rdi

Ba di tham chiin si

Ldi bo cd ngay trdi

(Me)

Md tu hoc lap binh ddn

Mdi ba thdng da danh vdn lau thdng

Nhung khi rdnh viec ngdi khdng

Md thudng muon bao bin song coi hoai

(May ldi)

Am hieu cudc sdng thdn que va tam ly ngudi lang que nen ngdn ngu trong

tho Nguyen Binh mdc mac, dan da, gan gui vdi ldi an tieng ndi ciia ngudi lang que.

Chinh vi vay ngudi dgc cd cam giac ldi tha that quen thudc nhu ldi tam tinh thiet

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tha, cdn dgng mai trong long.

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

3.3.2.2. Ngdn ngu tha giau mau sac dan gian

Ngdn ngir tho Nguyen Binh la ngdn ngir trong sang, gian di, giau mau sac dan gian dan tdc. Cudn sach ngdn ngir nhan dan d day da that sir lam cho phuong thiic bieu hien ciia tac gia, ddng gdp cho thanh cdng ldn ciia tac pham. Nhirng dac

trung ngdn ngir dan gian khdng lan vao dau dugc, da dugc Nguyen Binh su dung

Dd la thu ngdn ngir giau hinh anh quen thudc nha tho chgn cho minh each bieu hien the gidi tinh cam triu tugng thdng qua nhirng sir vat hien tuong cu thi xung quanh, tac ddng vao giac quan ngudi dgc de lai nhung an tugng lau bin. Nhu khi ndi den hdn que, nha tho da tam ngudi dgc vao nhirng canh quan thdn da binh di, gan gui vdi tat ca mgi ngudi - the gidi ciia gian do van, ao rau can, giau mdng toi, hoa chanh, hoa budi, gidi cao, gid ca, trang sang...Ngay tir luc dau ngudi dgc da cd cam giac gan gui, than thudc vdi khdng gian tho bdi thu ngdn ngir giau hinh

anh:

thanh thuc va dieu luyen.

Hoa chanh nd giica vudn chanh

Thay u minh vdi chung minh chdn qui

(chdn que)

Vao vudn tho ciia dng, ta thay xuat hien dam dac nhirng each ndi mang hinh

bdng ciia ca dao, ciia nhung bai hat ru hat vi, nhirng ldi mdc mac va day y tu tl nh

Hen cho mot hen anh chd

Em may do ndi bao gid cho xong?

Lay gidi dat gid sang sdng

Qua do biiu do yin long em tdi.

(Dai do)

Ciing nhu ngdn ngir dan gian, ngdn ngir tho Nguyen Binh rat giau mau sac, hinh anh, nhac dieu. Nha tho da chgn cho minh each biiu hien thi gidi tinh cam trim tugng thdng qua nhirng hien tugng cu the xung quanh, tac ddng true tiip vao giac quan ngudi dgc. Nguyen Binh thich thu* ngdn ngir giau mau sac, canh trong mo

va trong ddi thuc deu dugc thi nhan theu det bang nhung mau sac tuoi thim:

Cd chiic thuyin nam trin cat min

Cd dan trdu trdng ldi ngang sdng

Cd cd tho rudm ve an tit

Suong gid duong xa ram md hong

(Khdng de)

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Ca thien nhien ciing dugc nhudm mau sac:

Cd mot mica he hoa phuang tham

Nd day trong Id phuong xanh tuoi

Trdi dai tham do con duong trang

Nang thay di bin tham mot ngudi

(Mudi hai ben nude)

Cd nhirng cau tho ham an bao cam nghi chua chat vl thi thai nhan tinh,

nhung y tii ay dugc nha tho bieu hien toan bang mau sac:

Ngudi yiu md do mdi hong

Tdcxanh mat biic ma long bac den

(Lai di)

Dang phai chii y la nhirng tir cd vung md nghia het sue dac sac ciia tho dan

gian da hda hop vao tho Nguyin Binh mot each nhuan nhuyen, tir nhien:

Ca dao xua viet:

Minh khdng lay ta minh thiet

Ta khdng lay minh, ta biit lay ai...

Ai di mudn dam non sdng

Di ai chat chua sau dong vai day.

(Ca dao)

Nguyen Binh cdn lam tang sac thai bieu hien ciia ngdn ngir tho bang viec su dung thanh thao cac bien phap tu tir ma tho dan gian hay dimg. Ndi din tinh yeu liia ddi, tac gia thudng nhac den hoa - budm, trau - cau, ben - do. Ndi din than phan ngudi con gai di lay chdng ma khdng cd hanh phuc tac gia ggi la "Lo budc sang ngang, phim ddn ngang cung"; ndi tdi than phan tha huong, nha tho vilt thdn phan, sd long dong .. .Ngdn ngir an du khdng nhung lam cho cau tho trd nen sinh ddng ma cdn giiip tac gia nhac den ddi tugng nhu mot each gian tiip, kin dao, tl nhi. Tir sir tudng tugng, lien tudng ddi dao Nguyen Binh da tao ra nhirng hinh anh vi von, so sanh va nhan hda. Nhirng phuong thiic bieu hien ciia dan gian khdng bao gid lac hau, nhu cau giai bay the gidi tam hdn phong phii va manh me phu hgp vdi nhirng hinh anh tudng tugng sinh ddng. Nguyen Binh su dung nhung bien phap lien tudng nhieu trong hinh anh thien nhien de ndi len tinh cam con ngudi. Thien nhien d day ciing cd tinh ngudi : "To gao Idng lo", "Budm ludi", "Nhirng canh cdy nd cudi nhau", "May trdng dangxay mdng viin hanh", "Gidi di dua dam tang", "Hoa vdng vdi Budm vdng hdn nhau"...Cdn khi so sanh hinh anh tu nhien vdi the gidi con

ngudi:

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Hoa dao, tieng canh roi nhu tudi

Xudng mat san riu nhung giot budn

Nhu nhung tim tinh tan vd dy

Nhin gia gidng mac sai to don

(Thoi nang d lai)

Trdi dat cic nhu quan chiin bai

Cdy vudn rach rudi gid lang thang

(Ret)

Hinh anh an du thudng xuyen xuat hien trong tho Nguyin Binh. An du trong tho Nguyen Binh bdc Id qua nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau nhu nhan hda, tuong trung, dinh ngir, vi ngu, trang ngir.. .trong do tugng trung, nhan hda nhiiu hon ca. Nguyin Binh da dua vao tho minh he thdng in du ciia ca dao truyln thong. Chang han nhu: thdn Doai - thdn Ddng, cau - trau, ben - do...vdn quen thudc trong ddi song hang

ngay:

Thdn Doai thi nhd thdn Ddng

Cau thdn Dodi nhd giau khdng thdn nao?

Bao gid bin mdi gap do

Hoa khui cdc budm giang hd gap nhau

(Tuong tu)

Ai lam cd gid dat cau

May hdm suong mudi cho giau do non?

(Chd nhau)

Khao khat bieu hien the gidi ndi tam, dao sau khai thac cai tdi ndi cam, diiu thudng gap hon trong so sanh ciia Nguyen Binh la so sanh tam hdn vdi nhung sir vat hien tugng cu the. Ndi ve cam xiic triru tuong khdng thi nhin thay, nhan biit, nha tho da diing nhirng hinh anh :

Hon tdi nhu vung nude day

(Vung nude)

Hon tdi la mot ldi van

(Ngudi con gdi a lau hoa)

Tdm hdn tdi la mot binh ruou nhd

(Tua de mot thiin tinh su)

"Tinh tdi", "Anh vdi em", Nguyen Binh da ciu tao hoan toan bang so sanh trong the gidi con ngudi hien ra trong mot loat hinh anh, xm cd, dep cd, cai xau ddi lap sau xa vdi cai dep ghi sau dugc an tugng trong long ngudi dgc.

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Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Nguyen Binh rat cd tai trong viec van dung thanh ngir, tuc ngu va d! tang hieu qua bieu dat ciia ngdn ngir, nha tho su dung ldi dan chu kiiu "chin nhd mudi mong", " tram cay nghln dang", " mot lam hai Id", " tram hdn nghln gian", "nhat tham, phai dao", "ddn bac dua vdng", "di gid vi mua",...T\x ngir khdng cdn nguyen dang ciia nd song chinh khi tu duy theo kiiu so diim hay dan long vao nhirng tir tuong hgp khac, y nghia ciia tir da nhan len gap bdi. "Lo budc sang ngang", la bai tho su dung ldi dan chu vdi tin so cao nhat. Hon nua , Nguyen Binh da sang tao them nhirng "nhdm tir - hinh anh tho" theo each thiic va kiiu mlu cac nhdm tir, hinh anh tho dan gian; nhat tham phai dao, tram cay nghln ddng, phdo do ruou hong, khodc dophong trdn, ngangsong dam do, suang gid duongxa, gid lanh suang sa, md do mdi hong...Trong tuyin tap tho Nguyin Binh cd tdi 58 thanh ngu rieng bai Lo budc sang ngang Nguyen Binh da su dung 18 thanh ngir vdi cac loai cau tnic khac nhau nhu thanh ngu so sanh, thanh ngu bon am tilt, thanh ngu nhiiu am tiet. Ngay hai cau ket cho mot sd phan ciing la hai thanh ngu:

-Me gia mot nang hai suang

Chi di mot budc tram duong xdt xa

-Mot di bay ndi ba chlm

Tram cay nghln ddng con tim heo ddn

-Chi gid sdng ciing bang khdng

Coi nhu chi da sang sdng dam do

-Tudi son nhat thamphai dao

Day thuyin hdn, cd biit bao nhiiu ngudi!

(La budc sang ngang)

-Long em nhu quan bdn hang

-Long em nhu chiic Id khoai

-Long em nhu cdi con thoi

Dat biet, nhirng tir cd vung md nghia het sue dac sac ciia tha dan gian hda hgp vao tho Nguyen Binh het sue tir nhien. Nhirng dai tir philm « chi ta », « minh », « ai », « ngudi » hoac cac cum tir phiem chi ngudi ay, ben ay, ben nay...rat te nhi khd xac dinh chinh xac ddi tugng nhung ciing de van vao bit cii ngudi nao, do do da dugc kha nang khai quat tam trang dien hinh ciia nhiiu ngudi trong cung mot luc, tang kha nang ddng cam giua nhirng con ngudi khac nhau.

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-Long em nhu mdng be trdi (Em Vdi anh)

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

Biit cho ai, hdi ai ngudi biit cho ?.

(Tuong tu)

Non mim ai ghi qua day

Ao kia ai tim, mdi nay ai tuoi ?

(Mot chieu say)

Ngudi ta cd ddi, ta rat mot minh

Phong trdn ddu dam mat ai xanh

(Mot minh)

Hai thdn chung lai mot lang

Cd sao bin dy chang sang ben nay ?

(Tuong tu)

sd vao tirng ngu canh cu the. Chi vdi nhirng con sd thdng thudng nhung thi nhan da

ndi hd sgi to long - sir thach do y vi d chd ndi la nhieu nhung thuc te lai khdng

nhieu va chi cd tinh yeu mdi hieu dugc cao an y do :

Nguyen Binh td ro cai tai hoa bien ao cua minh trong viec su dung cac con

Nha em cdch bdn qua ddi

Cach ba ngon niii, cdch ddi canh rung

Nha em xa cdch qud chung

Em van anh day, anh dung yeu em

(Xa cdch)

Con sd cd khi ggi len tieng niic nd, ndi dau day vd ngudi con gai bat hanh va

ciing cd khi la ao mdng va trd treu ciia sd phan:

Mudi nam gdi hdn ben chdng

Mudi nam nude mat bua thudng thay canh

(L& budc sang ngang)

Ddn rang dam cudi cd to

Nhd giai thue chin thuyin do ddn ddu

Do Thi Kim Lien trong bai viet ma ngir nghia ciia nhirng con sd trong tho

Nguyen Binh da nhan xet: "Nguyin Binh sic dung nhung con sd cd su tiip thu cdch

sic dung sd tic trong ca dao...dng gici vao tha tdm hdn, cdm xuc, tinh cdm rieng cua minh, dng ciing gici cd vao tha su ldn ddn, thang trdm ciia cudc ddi...vl thi nhung ddng tha chua nhung con sd dinh minh ludn lap lanh , cd nhung bi dn rieng ma cd

di sdu tim hiiu mdi hiiu duac phdn nao cdi da cdm, cdi rung ddng day ma mang

Tren budc duong tha huong, ngdn ngu tho Nguyen Binh ciing tang sac thai hien dai. Di nhiiu neo duong ddi, nhirng tam trang mdi nay sinh da keo theo sir xuit hien nhung tir ngu mdi. Ngoai sd lugng tir vung ma trudc do Nguyen Binh

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hdp ddn trong nhung vdn tho do" [14, tri 7].

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

chua bao gid su dung, tac gia cdn dung nhirng dinh ngir di kem vdi danh tir tao net

nghia mdi, cd y nghia tugng trung mdi, khac vdi gia tri bieu dat thdng thudng: li hi

xuan, sdu do thi, cat bui kinh thanh, ddi mua gid, thdn lie thu, ruou viin phuong,

trdi quan tdi, quan lanh lung...cm tho ciing khdng cdn giu dugc trinh tu truyen

thdng ma thudng cd su dao ldn - dua hinh anh, hanh ddng, trang thai len dau nham

nay rat phd bien: "Xdt xa mot budi soi guang cu" (Sao chang ve day), "Dang dd

nhan manh sac thai tam trang, tinh cam. Dang cau tir cd tir lay dua len dau nhu the

mot thdn noi dat khdeh" (Quan tro), "Bo vo hai canh chung tinh gap nhau" (Gap

nhau)...

Nhirng bai tho Nguyen Binh viet trong nhung nam thang tha huong tuy cd

nhirng sang tao mdi la, song khdng it nha tho sa vao cau chu cau ky, hoa my (hdn

trinh, hoa nude budm, may Tan v.v...). Dieu do cang cho thay, Nguyen Binh chi

that su la minh khi gan gui ngdn ngu dan gian, gan gui ldi cam nghi, ldi ndi binh di

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SVTH: Vd Thi Bich Nhi

ciia tho ca truyen thdng.

Thi phdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

KET LUAN

Xem xet qua toan bd cac van de co ban ciia thi phap tho Nguyen Binh, cd the

de dang nhan ra nhung ddng gdp ldn lao ciia dng cho tho ca hien dai Viet Nam. Nha

phe binh Vuong Tri Nhan viet: "Chi trong pham vi thi ky nay giica khdng biit bao

nhieu thi si ma ndng thdn nude ta da cung cdp cho van hoc, trudc sau, Nguyin

Binh vdn la mot tai nang bdc nhdt, hon niea mot tai nang tu nhiin, nghia la vica ddi

dao, vica doc dao" [17, tr 136].

sau quan niem ve con ngudi trong tho dng. Con ngudi lang que chat phac, hien hau,

Nguyen Binh hieu sau sac ve con ngudi, da bao lan phat trien, ddi mdi, dao

va ca con ngudi cua ca dao dan ca cd truyen. Nhung chung nhat van la con ngudi

cua lang que Viet Nam mang nhirng net tieu bieu dien hinh cho ngudi que d mgi

thdi: chat phac, de gan, de men,

ludn danh tinh cam cho nhung ngudi minh yeu

thuong, ludn vugt qua mgi thu thach, gian khd va ludn gan bd vdi thien nhien, dat

nude va td quoc.

Thdi gian nghe thuat trong tho Nguyen Binh la thdi gian tam tudng the hien

con ngudi yeu thuong say dam, chung thuy, son sat, con ngudi tinh cam tham thiet,

xuyen sudt trong tho Nguyen Binh, nd the hien trong su chuyen hda cua qua khu,

hien tai, tuong lai ma tuong lai la tieu bieu nhat. Khdng gian nghe thuat tieu bieu

trong Nguyen Binh la khdng gian ciia lang que va khdng gian cd tich, huyen thoai.

The gidi nghe thuat trong tho nguyen Binh la ndng thdn Viet Nam thdi xua

va ca thdi Nguyen Binh lam tho vdi tat ca canh sac con ngudi va tinh ddi deu tam

tam trang cua nhan vat tru tinh va ciia chinh tac gia.Thdi gian van ddng xuat hien

Kit ciu ddi lam cho cau tho ngan ggn va siic tich, nhjp dieu tho can xung

hai hda, nhirng tinh y can bieu hien, can khac hga sau, ndi han len.

Kiiu kit ciu sir kien giiip ta hinh dung nhirng sd phan con ngudi, nhirng

trong anh sang lung linh hu ao cua cd tich, huyen thoai va mdng mo.

Ket cau tam trang da giup nha tho ggi ro nhirng gi tudng chung khd nam bat

dugc.Dien ta cam xiic ciia nhan vat tru tinh va tam trang ciia tac gia.

Kiiu ket cau trung diep cd tac dung dac biet dan dat cam xiic cua ngudi dgc,

nhin manh y mudn ndi lam cho cau tnic bai tho them chat che, thdng nhat.

Nguyen Binh da cho thiy mot ngdi biit rit linh ddng, bien hda, tai hoa trong

viec kien tao bai tho thanh tirng chinh the chat che, thdng nhat, hai hda.

Cam hiing vl dan tdc dugc thi hien bang hinh thiic tho truyen thdng. Luc bat ciia Nguyen Binh "vica thanh thodt gai cdm vica trau chudt, dieu luyin" [8, tr 62]. Luc bat ciia Nguyen Binh dam da sic thai ca dao. Mach tho Nguyen Binh ludn gan 70 GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

canh ngd, nhung dien bien chuyen ddi.

SVTH: Vo Thi Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyin Binh trudc 1945

lien vdi dan tdc, vdi dat nude, vdi que huong. Tho luc bat cua Nguyen Binh rat gan

vdi ca dao, gan vdi ldi an tieng ndi cua ngudi lang que Net dang qui d tho luc bat

Nguyen Binh chinh la su gian di, mdc mac, dan da tir am thanh den tir ngu va tu

nhien d each ghep van. Nguyen Binh cd y thiic giu nguyen tinh chat dan da cua luc

bat. Nhung hinh anh quen thudc cd tir ca dao. Tuy trd ve vdi thi phap ciia ca dao,

nhung tho Nguyen Binh cd su sang tao, each tan.

The tai ddi tu trai dai trong nhung sang tac cua Nguyen Binh, do la nhung tam

trong tho dng.

Ngdn ngu trong tho Nguyen Binh mdc mac, dan da, gan gui vdi ldi an tieng

trang ca nhan, nhirng cam xiic ca nhan ciia chinh dng va ciia cac nhan vat tru tinh

ndi ciia ngudi lang que. Chinh vi vay ngudi dgc cd cam giac ldi tho that quen thudc

Ngdn ngu tho Nguyen Binh giau mau sac, hinh anh va nhac dieu tac ddng

nhu ldi tam tinh thiet tha, cdn dgng mai trong long.

true tiep vao giac quan ngudi dgc. Nhirng vung md nghia het sue dac sac cua tho

cum tir phiem chi lam tang kha nang khai quat tam trang, tang kha nang ddng cam.

dan gian da hda hgp vao tho Nguyen Binh mot each tinh te. Cac dai tir phiem chi

lam tang sac thai bieu hien ciia ngdn ngu tho. Ngoai ra, Nguyen Binh cdn cd tai

trong viec van dung thanh ngu, tuc ngir. Ngdn ngu giau mau sac dan gian cdn dugc

Nguyen Binh su dung thanh thao cac bien phap tu tir ma tho dan gian hay dung de

dung cac con sd. "Ong Id ngudi ddu tiin trin thi dan tha hien dai cua thi ky nay da

the hien qua each dung tir so sanh, an du,...Nguyen Binh td ro tai hoa trong viec su

dimg hinh thicc ciia tho ca ddn gian (dac biit cua ca dao ddn ca) di chuyin tdi ndi

dung tham my cua Tho Mdf [8, tr 64].

Nguyen Binh that xiing dang la mot nghe si dan gian, mot "nha tho mdi -

sdng lau ben, cd vi tri quan trgng trong sir phat trien tho ca dan tdc. Qua nhung van

chdn que" - nhung sang tac ciia Nguyen Binh cd tam phd bien rdng rai, cd siic

gin sir trong sang cua tieng Viet, ma cdn cho thay nha tho yeu men biet bao ddng

bao, que huong, dat nude, hap thu va phat huy kho tang van chuong truyen thdng

Viet Nam. Nguyen Binh cd chd dung chac chan va sau xa trdn ddi sdng tam hdn

ngudi Viet.

Tho Nguyen Binh nhu bdng hoa ddng ndi mdc mac, gian di lang le tda

huong thorn den tan noi sau tham ciia tam hdn mdi ngudi dan Viet, du d bat cu noi

dau.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

71

SVTH: Vd Thi Bich Nhi

tho thuan Viet, Nguyen Binh khdng chi the hien long yeu quy ngdn ngir dan tdc, giu

Thiphdp tho Nguyin Binh trudc 1945

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

•

1. Nguyen Hoa Bang (2006). Tie hi ludn cud thiphdp hoc nghien cieu tdc gid va

2. Nguyen Binh (1940). Tdm hdn tdi. Nxb Le Cuong.Ha Ndi.

tdcphdm (Chuyen de). Can Tho.

Ninh.

4. Huy Can (1986). Tuyin tap. Nxb Van hgc.

3. Nguyen Binh (1987). Tho tinh Nguyin Binh. Sd Van hda thdng tin Ha Nam

5. Mai Nggc Chir (1991). Vdn tho Viet nam dudi anh sdng ngdn ngu hoc. Nxb

Dai hgc va trung hgc chuyen nghiep. Ha Ndi.

6. Chu Xuan Dieu, Nguyen Ldc, Tran Ddng Ninh va Le Tri Vien (1990). Van

hoc 10 (tap 1). Nxb Giao due.

7. Le Tien Diing (2005). Nhicng cdch tan nghi thudt trong tho Xuan Diiu giai

doan 1930 - 1945. Nxb Dai hgc quoc gia.

9. Ha Minh Due - Doan Due Phuong (tuyen tap va gidi thieu) (2001). Nguyin

8. Ha Minh Due (1995). Nguyin Binh - Thi si cua ddng que. Nxb Giao due.

Binh vi tdc gia va tdc phdm. Nxb Giao due.

10. Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Su va Nguyen Khac Phi (1992). Tic diin thudt ngu

van hoc. Nxb Van hgc.

11. Dd Diic Hieu (1993). Ddi mdi phi binh van hoc. Nxb Miii Ca Mau. 12. Bui Cdng Hung (1983). Gdp phdn tim hiiu tho ca. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi. 13.Nguyen Thi Du Khanh (1995). Phdn tich tdc phdm van hoc tic gdc do thi

phdp. Nxb Giao due.

14. Do Thi Kim Lien (2005). "Ma ngir nghia ciia nhirng con sd trong tho Nguyen

Binh", Ngdn ngu va ddi sdng (sd 7).

15. Thao Linh (Tuyen chgn va bien soan) (2000). Nguyin Binh nha tho chdn

16. Ho Giang Long (2006). Thiphdp tha TuXuong. Nxb Van hgc.

17. Ton Thao Mien (Tuyen chgn) (2002). Nguyin Binh (tho trudc 1945) Tdc

que. Nxb van hda - Thdng tin.

phdm va du ludn. Nxb Van hgc.

18. Son Nam (1966). Vai ky niem vi nha tha Nguyin Binh trong thai khdng

chiin d miin Nam. Bach khoa. Sd (233)

19. Tr^n Dinh Su (1992). vdn de thi phdp hoc ly thuyit. Bai giai chuyen de cao

hgc Ngu* van.

20. Tran Dinh Su (2002). Thiphdp Truyen Kieu. Nxb Giao due.

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang

72

SVTH: Vo Thj Bich Nhi

Thiphdp tho Nguyen Binh trudc 1945

21.21.Tran Dinh Su (2005). Thiphdp van hoc trung dai Viet Nam. Nxb Dai hgc

quoc gia.

22. Nhieu tac gia (2003). Tho nghiin cuu, ly ludn, phi binh. Nxb Dai hgc quoc

gia.

Nai - Hdi nghien cuu & Giang day van hgc Ddng Nai.

24. Hoai Thanh - Hoai Chan (1942). Thi nhdn Viet Nam. Nguyen Diic Phien

xuat ban: Hue; Ban in lan thu 22. Nxb Van hgc.

25. Anh tho (1992). Bice thu tranh qui. Nxb Hdi Nha van, Hdi nghien cuu -

23. Hoang Tan (1999). Nguyin Binh mot vl sao sdng (hdi ky van hoc). Nxb Ddng

Nxb Ddi nay, Ha Ndi, 1941).

26. Hoai Viet (1992). Nguyen Binh -

Giang day Van hgc thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (in lai theo diing ban in dau ciia

thi si ciia yiu thuong. Nxb Hdi Nha van:

Ha Ndi.

TRii^I^il

SVTH: VoThiBichNhi

73

GVHD: Nguyen Hoa Bang