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Kim loại tiền Nhật Bản và chuyển biến kinh tế - xã hội Đàng Ngoài thế kỷ XVII

Chia sẻ: Cothumenhmong Cothumenhmong | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:13

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Bài viết phác thảo những nét về kim ngạch xuất nhập khẩu kim loại tiền tệ Nhật Bản vào Đàng Ngoài trong phần lớn thế kỷ 17 từ đó phân tích những tác động mạnh mẽ và hằng xuyên đến sự chuyển biến kinh tế, xã hội Đàng Ngoài thông qua tỉ giá hối đoái, giá cả hàng hóa, thực phẩm, cơ cấu công nhân lao động trong các ngành công nghiệp.

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Nội dung Text: Kim loại tiền Nhật Bản và chuyển biến kinh tế - xã hội Đàng Ngoài thế kỷ XVII

KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN<br /> KINH TE XA HOI DANG NGOAI THE KY XVII<br /> <br /> HOANG ANH TUAN'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> "Cac thifdng pham chung ta [ngifdi Ha Lan- dung lai tif than cac md'i quan he, ma cdn<br /> TG] nhap khau vao buon bdn d Dang Xgoai chd cho phep cac nha nghien cQu tim hieu<br /> veu gom bac va tien dong - von dudc diic hoac nhQng tac dgng ciia nd de'n sii chuyen bien<br /> lam d Xhat Ban [,,,] Xgoai ra [chiing ta] con kinh te - xa hgi trong nUdc, tQ do gdp phin<br /> nhap khdu mot so loai hUdng heu, diem tieu, vdi ^^c lap vi trf vd vai trd cua Dai Viet trong<br /> cotton, Xgoai bac va tien dong, cac loai thUdng he thd'ng h i i thUdng khu vUc vd quoc te<br /> phdm khac dudc nhap khdng dang kg do ludng trong ky nguyen thUdng mai sdi dgng nay.<br /> tieu thu khong cao". Trong qua trinh khai thdc kho tU lieu<br /> Pieter van Dam [1703] (1) cua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC) tai La<br /> Have va mdt p h i n khdi tU lieu cua Cdng ty<br /> Trong the ky XX, nhQr-j thanh tUii ndi<br /> bat ve nghien cdu quan hg thudng mai va Ddng An Anh tai Luan Ddn, tdi cd an tUdng<br /> bang giao A - Au giai doan Can dai sd kv rat manh ve khdi lUdng Idn kim loai tien te<br /> cung nhu tac dgng ciia nd den'sU md rgng ^^"^^ ^dn (hac, ddng va tien ddng) dUdc<br /> ciia mdt he thd'ng kinh te thd gidi, nen kinh ngUdi Ha Lan nhap khau vao Dang Ngoai<br /> te hang hda cda cac qud'c gia Ddng A ndi ^^ng nam (ben canh mgt litdng khd Idn do<br /> neng, da va dang lam thay doi nhieu nhan thUdng nhan Trung Qud'c, Xhat Bdn, Bd<br /> thQc sii hgc ve thdi ky ljch sU cd tinh b i n le E)ao Xha, Anh... dUa vao qua cdc thdi ky<br /> ndy (2). 0 Viet Xam, viec cac ngudn tu lieu ^hac nhau). Dac biet hdn, ngudn kim loai<br /> phUdng Tay tQng bQdc duoc khai thdc va ^idn te nay da tac dgng r i t manh me va sau<br /> cdng bd trong nhQng nam gan day cung gdp sac de'n qua trinh md rgng nen kinh te<br /> p h i n thidt thilc vao vide tQng bQdc soi sang hang hda cua Dang Xgoai, cung nhU anh<br /> nhung khia canh lich sU dan tdc bi bo ngd hudng trUc tiep va thudng xuyen de'n cd cau<br /> trong sudt mdt thdi gian dai: van de quan phan bd life lUdng lao dgng, ddi sd'ng xa<br /> he thUdng mai va bang giao vdi cac the life hdi... Tren cd sd tdng hdp tU lieu vd nhan<br /> thUdng mai chau Au (Ha Lan. Anh, Bd Ddo dinh, bai viet nay se phdc thao nhQng net<br /> X'ha...) the ky XVII (3). Dieu dang ndi la, chinh ve kim ngach nhap khau kim loai<br /> nhQng ngudn tif lieu phuong Tay viet ve tien te X'hat B i n (va mgt sd ngudn bo sung<br /> Dai Viet thdi ky ndy khdng chi giup phuc khdc) vdo Dang Xgoai trong p h i n Idn the<br /> <br /> <br /> • TS, Hioa Lich sQ - TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&XV- DHQGHX<br /> Kim loai tien Rl^at B^n va chuyen bien. 19<br /> <br /> ky XVII de tQ dd p h a n tfch n h u n g tac ddng thdi quy d i n h lai gia tri ddng tien: 1 quan<br /> m a n h me vd h i n g xuyen de'n sU chuyen a n 10 tien vd gdm 600 ddng - bieu gia tri<br /> bien k i n h te - xa hgi D a n g Ngoai, t a p t r u n g nay dUdc duy tri de'n t a n the ky XIX (7).<br /> vao cac k h i a c a n h chfnh s a u day: ti gia hdi<br /> Van de d a t ra la san lUdng tien due ra<br /> doai, gia ca h a n g hda va thilc p h a m , cd cau<br /> cua trieu Le k h d n g dap Qng dUdc nhu c i u<br /> n h a n cdng lao dgng t r o n g cac n g d n h t h u<br /> trong nUdc. N h i m giam bdt sQc ep tQ sU<br /> cdng nghiep.<br /> thie'u h u t ciia loai tien b a n bd ndy, trieu<br /> 1. Vai n e t v e h e t h o n g t i e n t e V i e t N a m dinh t r u n g Udng t a n g lUdng tien diic bdi cac<br /> t r u d c t h e k y XVII cdng xudng n h a nUdc, ddng thdi b a n s i c chi<br /> (cac n a m 1434, 148, 1658, 1741) cam<br /> Lich sU he thd'ng tien te Viet N a m de'n<br /> t h u d n g d a n lUa tien td't bd tien xau (8). Quy<br /> trUdc thdi ky P h d p thuoc cd the chia t h d n h<br /> che t r e n k h d n g m a n g lai hieu qua cao bdi<br /> hai giai doan chfnh: giai doan d u n g<br /> tren thi trUdng ddng thdi luu h d n h nhieu<br /> vang/bac va giai d o a n sU d u n g tien ddng.<br /> loai tidn due tQ n h i e u loai kim loai khac<br /> Bac va v a n g dUdc ngUdi Viet sQ d u n g n h u<br /> n h a u . Tien ddng va kem cung ddng thdi<br /> n h u n g phUdng tien trad ddi chinh de'n t a n<br /> dudc lifu h a n h , nha't la tidn kem do trieu<br /> the ky X, khi ach dd hg cua T r u n g Qud'c bi<br /> Mac due trong t h e ky XVI.<br /> lat dd (4). Bi a n h hUdng bdi h e thd'ng tien te<br /> T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g suo't n g h i n n a m Bac N h a m b i n h dn he thd'ng tien te, nam<br /> thugc - thdi ky tien ddng dUdc sQ d u n g 1663 trieu dinh t r u n g Udng yeu c i u tieu<br /> ngay cang rgng rai - s a u khi xUng de, Dinh buy toan bg tidn kem (9). Q u a n trgng hdn,<br /> Bd Linh (968-979) cho dQc tidn T h a i Binh; trong t h e ky XVH chinh quyen Le-Trinh da<br /> nam 984 Le H o a n (980-1005) cho due tien t a n d u n g dUdc mgt each tdi Uu ngudn bac,<br /> Thien Phuc. Ke tQ dd, viec due tidn dUdc ddng va tien ddng do cac thUdng n h a n<br /> tidn h a n h dudi trieu Ly (1010-1226), T r i n ngoai qud'c dUa den D a n g Ngoai, trong dd<br /> (1226-1400) va - nhU J o h n Vv'hitmore da p h a i ke de'n khd'i lUdng d a n g ke bac vd tien<br /> chi rd - h o a t ddng due tien cua cac trieu dai ddng zeni ciia N h a n Ban chu yeu dUdc<br /> phong kien d i u tien cua Viet N a m " m a n g n h a p k h a u bdi Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan vd<br /> muc dfch chfnh tri n h i e u tUdng dUdng vdi Hoa thUdng. H o a t dgng n h a p k h i u kim loai<br /> muc tieu k i n h te^' khi Dai Viet van p h u tien te ndi t r e n da a n h hUdng trUc tie'p va<br /> thudc k h a n h i e u vao n g u d n tidn n h a p k h a u h a n g xuyen de'n ti gia hdi dddi bac/tien<br /> tQ T r u n g Qud'c (5). Cd ve n h u viec ngudn ddng, gia ca, cd cau ngudn lao ddng va tren<br /> cung tien tQ ldng gieng phUdng Bac s a n g t a m vi md, cd tac dgng m a n h me den sU<br /> Dai Viet dUdc duy tri tot t r o n g cdc t h e ky chuyen bien xa hgi cQng nhQ nen kinh te<br /> XI-XIV da ddng gdp d a n g ke vdo sU md h d n g hda cua D a n g Ngoai.<br /> rgng cua n e n k i n h te' Dai Viet giai doan Ly-<br /> T r i n . Dudi t r i e u Hd (1400-1407), tien gia'y 2. Ve h o a t d o n g n h a p k h a u k i m loai<br /> dudc gidi t h i e u vd sii d u n g (6). Sau khi lat t i e n te c i i a V O C v a o D a n g N g o a i , 1637-<br /> dd ach chiem ddng cua n h d Minh (1407- 1700<br /> 1428), t n e u Le (1428-1527; 1593-1788) cho N h u da dugc t r i n h bdy trong cac bai viet<br /> due tien ddng cd c h a t iQdng cao n h i m nd trudc, b o a t ddng t h u m u a td lua Ddng<br /> lUc dn d i n h n h u c i u ngdy cang t a n g ve tien Ngoai cho thi trUdng N h a t Ban, vang cho<br /> ddng cl t r o n g nUdc. T r i e u d i n h cung ddng Coromandel, lua t a m va xa hUdng cho Ha<br /> 20 Rghien ciru Ljch sJr, so 12.2009<br /> <br /> Lan, gdm sQ cho thi trUdng Ddng Nam A la Vi the, sau khi khai md hdat dgng xuat<br /> cdc trgng tam thifdng mai cua VOC vdi khau td lua Ddng Ngoai sang Nhat nam<br /> Ddng Ngoai giai doan 1637-1700 (10). 1637, VOC ngay lap tQc sQ dung bac Nhat<br /> Nham tao thuan Idi cho viec thu mua td de thu mua td lua Dang Ngoai - phUdng<br /> lua, thUdng diem cua VOC d Dang Ngodi thQc budn ban truyen thd'ng da dUdc Hoa<br /> can dUde cung cap tien dudi dang bac nen. va Nhat thUdng khai thae cho den thdi<br /> Tien ddng zeni Nhat Ban cung dUdc nhap diem dd. O Nhat, bac dUdc nhan vien<br /> khau vdo Dang Ngodi de lUu hdnh song thUdng diem Hirado (sau nam 1641 Id<br /> song vdi cac loai tien ddng due trong nUdc thUdng die'm Deshima) thu mua san de cac<br /> hoac nhap k h i u tQ Trung Qudc trong thdi tau khdi hanh sang Dang Ngoai kip phien<br /> ky khan hiem tien ddng vd bac nen bi mat di trong mua gid Ddng Bac.<br /> gid. Dat trong tifdng quan vdi bac va tien<br /> Trong nhQng nam d i u ciia quan he mau<br /> ddng, cdc san p h i m khac do VOC nhap<br /> dich vdi Ddng Ngoai, nhan vien VOC<br /> khau vao Ddng Ngodi cd ti trgng rat nhd,<br /> thudng thue thd bac dia phUdng tinh Igc so'<br /> thifdng khdng qua 5% tong gia tri kim<br /> bac dUa tQ Nhat sang trQdc khi lUu hanh<br /> ngach nhap khau hang nam (11).<br /> (14). Hoat dgng tinh che bac ciia thUdng<br /> a. Nhdp khdu bgc vdo Ddng Ngodi cua die'm VOC tai Dang Ngoai dien ra kha<br /> VOC thudng xuyen trong nUa d i u the ky XVII,<br /> Trong so cdc thifdng pham ngUdi Ha Lan nhUng d i n bi dinh tre do thua Id. Nam<br /> nhap khau vdo Dang Ngoai, bac ludn la 1656, viec tinh che cac loai bac khac nhau<br /> mat hang chu dao. Mac du tidn ddng Nhat bi Id nang, theo dd mQc tham hut sau khi<br /> Ban cd thi phan khd cao trong tdng kim dUdc tinh che cua cdc leai bac nhap khau<br /> ngach nhap khdu cua VOC vdo mien Bac lin lUdt nhu sau: ddng bac kronen (hoac<br /> Viet Nam trong hai thap nien 1660 va leeuwendaalders) 24%, ddng bac<br /> 1670, bac la loai mat hang nhap khau schuytzilver cua Nhat 16%, ddng bac<br /> khdng the thay the. Ngudi Anh den budn rijksdaalders va provintiendaalders 8%,<br /> ban vdi Dang Ngodi nam 1672 lien tie'p ddng bac rials Tay Ban Nha 4%. Nhu mgt<br /> than phien vd sU phu thugc cao do vdo tien he qua, so' bac tri gia khoang 180.000<br /> mat (bac-TG) trong budn ban: "sU sd'ng cdn guilders VOC d i u tu cho thUdng die'm Ke<br /> cua nen man dich vdi Dang Ngoai la van de Chd nam dd bi thua 16 4^''%> sau khi dUdc<br /> tien mat" (12). tinh che'. TQ thdi diem nay, cac loai bac<br /> Cdng ty dUa vao Dang Ngodi thUdng chi<br /> Den trifdc nam 1668, p h i n Idn bac ngifdi dUdc kiem tra do nguyen chat trUdc khi<br /> Ha Lan cQng nhU ngUdi Hoa va cac thUdng difa ra giao dich tren thi trQdng (15).<br /> nhan ngoai qud'c khac nhap khau vao Dang<br /> Ngoai cd ngudn gdc tQ Nhat Ban. Cd mgt Bdi nen mau dich td lua cua C6ng ty vdi<br /> thUc te rd rdng Id sau khi VOC chan hifng Ddng Ngodi thu dUde Idi nhuan cao trong<br /> ndn mau dich vdi Nhat diu thap nidn 1630, giai doan 1637-1654 (16), bac Nhat thUdng<br /> vi the thifdng mai cua ngifdi Hd Lan d dao dUdc chuyen t h i n g de'n Ddng Ngoai thdng<br /> qudc nay dUdc tang cUdng manh me; hang qua cac chuye'n tdu VOC buon ban giQa<br /> nam Cdng ty cd the thu mua dUdc mgt khdi Dang Ngoai vd Nagasaki. Khdi lUdng bac<br /> lUdng Idn bac Nhat Ban cho mang ludi dua sang Ke Chd hang nam cung tUdng ddi<br /> thUdng mai Ngi A (intra-Asian trade) (13). dn dinh, trung binh 100.000 lang/ndm.<br /> Kim loai Men Tlftai Bhn va chuyen bien. 21<br /> <br /> dUa sang Ke Chd hang nam cung tUdng dd'i Chi trong 3 thang mua he nam 1653, ti gia<br /> dn dinh, trung binh 100.000 lang/nam. bac/tien ddng rdt gia the tham tQ 1/1.600-<br /> Trong giai doan hodng kim cua nen mau 1.700 (1 lang bac an 1.600 den 1.700 ddng<br /> dich td lua VOC-Dang Ngoai (1644-1652), tien) xuo'ng cdn 1/800. Theo ddi sat sao sQ<br /> Cdng ty dua den Ddng Ngoai xap xi bat on cua ti gia ho'i doai tai thdi diem dd,<br /> 130.000 lang moi nam. Bang 1 cho thay vi nhan vien thUdng diem Hd Lan tai Ke Chd<br /> sao de^n giQa thap nien 1650, bac luon quan ngai rang ti gia ho'i doai cd nguy cd<br /> chiem khoang 95% tdng gia tri hang hda sut giam tie'p xuo'ng mQc 1/700-500 trong<br /> VOC nhap khau vao Ddng Ngoai, trong khi nhQng thang tiep theo (18). Nhu mgt hg<br /> cac thUdng pham khac chi dao dgng d mQc qua true tiep tQ van de suy thoai cua ti gia<br /> xa'pxi5%(17). h6''i dodi, gia ca cac mat hang xuat khau<br /> tang trung binh 20%. Nam 1654, gia td<br /> Sau giai doan nhap khau tUdng ddi<br /> so'ng Dang Ngoai thu mua tai Thang Long<br /> thudng xuyen vd dn dinh ndi tren, sin<br /> len den 5,15 guilders/catty, trong khi giai<br /> lUdng bac Nhat do VOC dUa vao Dang<br /> doan 1636-1649 gia td dao dgng d mQc<br /> Ngoai hang nam bat d i u suy giam do hai<br /> trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty. Gia td song<br /> nguyen nhan chii yeu: 1) sU suy giam Idi<br /> Dang Ngoai ban ra nam dd tai Nagasaki la<br /> nhudn ciia hoat dgng xua't khau td lua<br /> 6,92 guilders/catty, chi dat Idi tQc trung<br /> Dang Ngoai sang Nhat va 2) sU khan hiem<br /> binh 34% (19).<br /> tien ddng d Dang Ngoai dan de'n sU sut<br /> giim ti gia ho'i doai bac/tien ddng. Trong That vgng ve khung Idi nhuan qua thip<br /> bao cao giii ve Batavia nam 1652, nhan trong nam 1654, Batavia quyet dinh dinh<br /> vien VOC tai Ke Chd lien tuc than phien ve chi boat dgng xua't khau td lua Dang Ngoai<br /> viec ti gia h6'i doai bac/tien ddng sut gia. sang Nhat Ban trong nam 1655. ThUdng<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 1: Nhap khau bac ciia VOC vao Dang Ngoai, 1637-1668<br /> (bac: lang; long gia tri nhSp kh4'u: guilders)<br /> <br /> Ndm Bac Tong ddu tU Ndm Bac Tong ddu tii<br /> 1637 60,000 188,166 1653 - -<br /> 1638 130.000 298,609 1654 40,000? 149,750<br /> 1639 25.000 382,458 1655 9 25,773<br /> 1640 80,000 439,861 1656 50,000 184,215<br /> 1641 9 202,703 1657 *c, 90.000 276.077<br /> 1642 60,000 297,529 1658 - -<br /> 1643 100,000 299,835 1659 * 100,000 317,500<br /> 1644 135,000 397.590 1660 *5,000 64,773<br /> 1645 150.000 454.606 1661 *32,000 164,703<br /> 1646 130,000 352,544 1662 *50,000 405,686<br /> 1647 130,000 377,637 1663 *100,000 394,670<br /> 65,000<br /> 1648 130,000 457,928 1664 100,000 347.989<br /> *35,000<br /> 1649 100.000 334.105 1665 80,000 420.245<br /> 1650 70,000 372.827 1666 9 419,779<br /> 1651 110,000 552.336? 1667 ? 137,181<br /> 1652 230,000 680,294 1668 *40,000 254,219<br /> <br /> r^^iidn: VOC 1123, 1124, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1149, 1156, 1158, 1161, 1163, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1175, 1184, 1194,<br /> 1197, 1206, 1213, 1216, 1219, 1220, 1230, 1233, 1236, 1240, 1241, 1243/4, 1252, 1253, 1259, 1264, 1265, n61li\ Dagh-register<br /> Balavia \631-\66S/9; Generale Missiven 1-1V,<br /> Ghi chii: •: Bac tO Batavia, sO' c6n lai true tie'p tCr Nhat Bin; Xem ti gid bac/guilder ti!i Phu liie 2,<br /> 22 Rghien curu Lich sur. so 12.2009<br /> <br /> chi hdat ddng xua't khau td lua Ddng Ngodi hang nam mgt kho'i lUdng tUdng do'i Idn vd'n<br /> sang Nhat Ban trong nam 1655. ThUdng d i u tu (bao gdm c i bac nen). Trong giai<br /> didm Ddng Ngodi vi the chi dQdc cung cip doan 1666-1677, bac nen chi chie'm trung<br /> 25,773 guilders de thu mua lua tam xua't binh 1/5 kim ngach nhap khau hang nam<br /> khdu ve Ha Lan (20). Cung tQ nam dd, cua VOC vao Dang Ngoai.<br /> Cdng ty quyet dinh cat giam so' vdn d i u tU<br /> Loai hinh bac VOC dua vao Dang Ngoai<br /> hang nam cho thUdng diem Ke Chd; so'<br /> cung thay ddi tQ bac nen sang cac loai tien<br /> lUdng bac vi the cQng bi cat giam theo. Sau<br /> due bang bac lUu hdnh tai chau Au vd chau<br /> nam 1655, san iQdng bac VOC dQa vad<br /> A nhu cac ddng bac provintiendaalder,<br /> Dang Ngoai khdng bao gid dat ngUdng<br /> kruisdaalder, Mexican rials, Surat rupees...<br /> 100.000 lang/nam nhu thdi ky budn ban<br /> Tai Dang Ngoai, p h i n Idn cac loai ddng bac<br /> thinh dat trUdc dd. Trong giai doan 1656-<br /> ndi tren dUdc nau chay de due thdnh nen<br /> 1668, ngoai trQ mgt vdi mQa buon ban<br /> trUdc khi dUa ra luu hanh. TQ sau "thdi ky<br /> Batavia quyet tam phuc hdi boat dgng xuat<br /> zeni" de'n nam 1700, cac loai ddng bac ndi<br /> khau td lua sang Nhat, san iQdng bac VOC<br /> tren chie'm vi trf quan trgng trong so' bac<br /> dUa vao Dang Ngodi hdng nam dQng d mQc<br /> Cdng ty nhap khau hang nam vao Dang<br /> trung binh 60.000 lang/nam.<br /> Ngodi. Vi du, nam 1672, tdng cong 5 hdm<br /> Sac lenh cam xua't khau bac Nhat ra (khoang 5.000 lang) bac nen vd 1.762<br /> ben ngoai cua Mac Phu DQc Xuyen nam marks dUdc VOC chuyen chd sang Ddng<br /> 1668 ve cd ban khdng gay khd khdn nao Ngoai (23). Bac nen xua't hien kha thudng<br /> cho VOC bdi thudng die'm Deshima nhanh xuyen trong danh muc hang hda Batavia<br /> chdng chuyen sang xua't khau ddng va tien dUa sang Dang Ngoai den giQa thap nien<br /> dong nhu mgt ngudn kim loai thay the (21), 1670, trudc khi dUdc thay the bdi<br /> nhUng van p h i n ndo tac dgng den nen mdu provintiendaalder, Surat rupees va<br /> dich cua Cdng ty vdi Dang Xgodi. Sau khi Mexican rials. Do dUdc gia Idn tai thi<br /> mat ngudn cung cap bac tQ Nhat Ban, trQdng Ddng Ngodi nam 1675, ddng Surat<br /> Batavia phai nd life tim kiem cdc ngudn bac rupees dQdc nhap khau thudng xuyen vao<br /> thay the cho thUdng diem Thang Leng. Dang Ngodi khong chi bdi ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> Trong thuc te, tQ nam 1664 khi ngudn cung ma ca ngUdi Anh. Nam 1677, ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> cap bac tQ Nhat tam thdi dinh tre, Batavia dQa vao Dang Ngoai tdng cong 152.000<br /> da cung cap cho thQdng diem Dang Ngoai ddng Surat rupees (24). Trong nam tiep<br /> bac dQa sang tQ Ha Lan. Ddp lai yeu ciu theo, ngudi Hd Lan nhan tha'y tdu Formosa<br /> cua thUdng diem Dang Ngodi ve 55.000 ciia Anh cQng dUa den Dang Ngddi mgt<br /> lang bac cho mua mau dich nam dd, lUdng Idn Surat rupees (25). Hoat dgng<br /> Batavia chi cung cap dUdc 35.000 lang do nhap khau bac va cac loai ddng tien bac<br /> so'bac chuyen tQ Hd Lan sang chau A nam cua VOC dUdc duy tri cho de'n khi Cong ty<br /> dd qua it (22). Trong "giai doan zeni" (1661- bd quan he budn ban vdi Ddng Ngoai.<br /> 1677), s i n iQdng bac VOC nhap khau vao<br /> Dang Ngoai r i t thap trong tUdng quan vdi b. Nhdp khdu tien ddng zeni Nhdt Bdn<br /> tri gid tien ddng zeni, ngoai trQ ba nam d i u Bdi sU khan hiem tien ddng d i n de'n sii<br /> khi Batavia nang cap thUdng die'm Dang sut giam ti gia ho'i doai bac/tien ddng va<br /> Ngoai len hang thudng trilc nen cung cap lam mat gia bac (26), thUdng nhan nUdc<br /> Kim loai tien RI)at BJin va chuyen bien... 23<br /> <br /> ngodi tim each chuyen hudng nhap khau thuyen di Nhat Ban (28). Day la mdt ke<br /> kim loai quy tQ bac sang ddng, dac biet Id hoach thu dgng va vi the tinh hieu qua<br /> tien ddng, n h i m trdnh thua Id tQ viec nhap khdng cao. Su khan hiem tien ddng tie'p tuc<br /> khau bac vdo Ddng Ngodi. Tan dung vi the anh hudng nghiem trgng de'n boat ddng<br /> dgc tdn cua minh tai Macao, ndi tien ddng xua't nhap khau cua VOC. Nhu da ndi d<br /> cd the dUdc thu mua hoac due mdi, nam p h i n tren, thang 4 nam 1654, thUdng diem<br /> 1652 ngUdi Bd Dao Nha dUa den Dang Ke Chd than phien ve Batavia ring ti gid<br /> Ngoai mgt so' iQdng dang ke tien ddng do hd'i doai bac/tien ddng da sut tQ 1/1.600-<br /> ngudi Trung Qud'c due d Macao. Mac du bi 1.700 xud'ng cdn 1/800 va cd nguy cd sut<br /> quan lai Dang Ngoai tim each ep gia, tie'p xud'ng mQc 1/700-600-500.<br /> chuyen hang dac biet nay van cho ngUdi Bd CQng trong nam dd, chfnh phu Batavia<br /> mdn Idi gin 20.000 lang va quan trgng hdn, thUc hien nd life d i u tien n h i m tim kiem<br /> giup hg giam bdt sU phu thugc trong giao Idi giai cho bdi toan khan hiem tien ddng<br /> dich vao ngudn tien ddng thu mua tai Dang trong budn ban vdi Dang Ngodi bing each<br /> Ngoai. Khdng chi tdc dgng kinh te' Dang cho due va dap mgt sd'tien ddng tai Batavia<br /> Ngoai, sU khan hiem tien ddng cQng anh de chuyen sang mien bic Viet Nam tieu<br /> hUdng nghiem trgng de'n kinh te Ddng thu. Ke hoach nay tha't bai vi trieu dinh<br /> Trong. Viec nhap khau tien ddng vao vUdng Le-Trinh chi chap nhan nhQng ddng tien to<br /> qudc Dang Trong cua hg Nguyen vi the' va chat iQdng td't, ddng thdi ep gia nhQng<br /> cung thu dUdc Idi nhuan rat cao. Nam ddng tien nhd (29). Cuoc khiing hoang tien<br /> 1651, ngUdi Bd Dao Nha thu Idi nhuan te tai Dang Ngodi van chUa cd da'u hieu<br /> 150% tQ sd'tien ddng dem de'n Ddng Trong, thuyen giam vd sau nam 1660 cang gay<br /> theo dd thu dUdc lai rdng 180.000 lang bac nhieu thiet hai cho boat dgng xua't khiu<br /> tQ khd'i tien ddng tri gia 120.000 lang nhap cua VOC. Trong nam dd, ty gia hdi doai<br /> khau vdo Dang Trong (27). xud'ng chi cdn 1/570-850, lap ky luc ve sU<br /> vao thdi diem dd, de khdng cd ngudn mat gid bac len tdi 30%. Dd ed the la mgt<br /> cung tien Trung Qud'c, ngUdi Ha Lan d Ke trong so' nhQng nguyen nhan khien Chiia<br /> Chd tim each ban che sQ phu thugc ciia Trinh tQ chdi nhan so' bac ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> minh vao tien ddng trong xua't nhap khau giao nop de ddi lay td. Vd cd le nham kiem<br /> vdi Dang Ngoai bing each trdnh canh che p h i n nao cuge khung hoing thieu tien<br /> tranh true tie'p vdi Hoa thudng va cac ddng da len de'n mQc bdo dgng, trieu dinh<br /> thUdng nhan ngoai qud'c khac trong thu Le-Trinh hdi thuc cac cdng xUdng nha nUdc<br /> mua hang hda. Nhan t.ha'y gid tien ddng tang sin iQdng tien due. N6 lUc tren ciia<br /> thudng len cao khi thUdng thuyen ngoai trieu dinh vd hinh chung bien du an nhap<br /> qudc de'n Ddng Ngoai, ngUdi Ha Lan tai Ke khau tien ddng zeni Nhat Ban vao Dang<br /> Chd kien nghi Batavia dUa thuyen sang Ngoai cua thUdng nhan ngUdi Nhat la<br /> Dang Ngoai sdm hdn thudng le n h i m tao Resimon - nhu ngudi Ha Lan md ta diy<br /> dieu kien cho nhan vien thUdng diem tien hinh tUdng trong nhat ky thUdng diem cua<br /> hanh cdng viec kinh doanh trUdc khi hg - "nhu lan khdi mong tan bien vdo<br /> thuyen ciia Hoa thudng den. Neu khdng, khdng trung tham tham" (30).<br /> thudng diem nen cat giQ bac cho de'n khi Cd the ndi, trai vdi sii nang ddng cua<br /> Hoa thQdng da ket thuc giad dich va rdi Hoa thUdng va ngUdi Bd, ngUdi Hd Lan<br /> 24 Rghien curu Lich sJr, s o 12.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> B a n g 2: T i e n z e n i N h a t d o VOC n h a p k h a u v a o D'ang N g o a i , 1660-1679<br /> <br /> (ddn vi tinh: ddng; ddn vi khac se dUdc ghi chii)<br /> <br /> Nam Tdng cdng Nam Tdng cdng<br /> 1660 0 1670 7.750.000<br /> 1661 400.000 1671 =21.400.000<br /> 1662 0 1672 6.360.000<br /> 1663 9.230.000 1673 8.520.000<br /> 1664 = 15.762.184 1674 23.809.523<br /> 1665 31.524.369 1675 17.568.000<br /> 1666 800.000 1676 =39.400.000<br /> 1667 10.080 pound 1677 =5.000.000<br /> 1668 10.540,000 1678 0<br /> 1669 15.748.300 1679 0<br /> Nguon: VOC 1233, 1236, 1240, 1241, 1243/4, 1252, 1253, 1259, 1264, 1265, 1267/8, 1272, 1278, 1283,<br /> 1290, 1294, 1302, 1304, 1307, 1311, 1314, 1320, 1322, 1330, 1339; Dagh-register Batavia 1661-1679.<br /> n h i n c h u n g t h u dgng t r o n g viec tim kiem VOC d i u t u chd n e n m a u dich vdi mien Bac<br /> vd d u a vdo D d n g Ngoai cac n g u d n tien ddng Viet N a m n g a y c a n g suy giam.<br /> t h a y the. Sau vu t h u nghiem dua tien due Vay tien zeni la loai tien gi va tai sao cd<br /> tai J a v a sang Ke Chd k h d n g t h a n h cdng the tieu t h u dUdc tai D a n g Ngoai? Ve cd ban,<br /> n a m 1654, mai de'n n a m 1660 Batavia mdi lich sii x u a t k h a u tien te N h a t Ban sang<br /> trien k h a i ke hoach thQ hai n h a m b a n che Viet N a m trong t h e ky XVII cd the dUdc chia<br /> su t h u a Id cua Cong ty trong budn b a n vdi<br /> lam h a i thdi ky chfnh; mdi thdi ky dUdc ghi<br /> D a n g Ngoai. Trong n a m dd Toan quyen va<br /> da'u a n b i n g moi loai tien k h a c n h a u . Thdi<br /> Hgi ddng Ddng An yeu c i u thifdng die'm<br /> ky thQ nha't dien r a vao d i u t h e k y XVII, bat<br /> Deshima t h u m u a tien ddng zeni N h a t de<br /> d i u b i n g viec Mac Phu- DQc Xuyen ra sac<br /> dUa sang tieu t h u tai D a n g Ngoai. Cudc t h u<br /> lenh yeu c i u t h i n d a n N h a t chi dUdc luu<br /> nghiem t h d n h cdng td't dep: n a m 1661<br /> h a n h nhQng loai tien c h a t iQdng cao dUdc<br /> thUdng die'm Ke Chd tieu t h u t h a n h cdng<br /> due trong nUdc - mgt nd lUc ciia chfnh quyen<br /> 400.000 ddng zeni N h a t , t h u Idi n h u a n 40%<br /> N h a t B a n n h i m b i n h dn h e tho'ng tien te dat<br /> (31). Tuy nhien, t h a n h cdng Idn nha't cua<br /> nude. Theo dd, tien ddng ngUdi N h a t n h a p<br /> \dgc dUa zeni N h a t s a n g D a n g Ngoai khdng<br /> k h a u tQ T r u n g Qu6'c (toraisen) hdac due<br /> chi ddn t h u i n la va'n de k h u n g Idi n h u a n ,<br /> trong nude d cac thdi ky trUdc (shichusen) bi<br /> md q u a n trgng hdn la viec cung cap phUdng<br /> cam IQU h a n h t a i thi trUdng N h a t Ban.<br /> tien t h a n h toan hdp le de n h a n vien t h u d n g<br /> diem tien h a n h cdc b o a t dgng giao dich, b a n Ngay s a u k h i chfnh s a c h t r e n dUdc b a n<br /> che sQ t h u a Id do bac bi m a t gia trong cuoc h a n h , thUdng n h a n N h a t , T r u n g Qu6'c, Bd<br /> k h u n g h o a n g thieu tien ddng tai D a n g Dad N h a , H a L a n l a p tQc v a n c h u y e n mgt<br /> Ngodi vd'n da keo dai tQ d i u t h a p nien 1650. sd ludng Idn cac loai tien m a t gia t r e n<br /> TQ n a m 1663 den k h o a n g n a m 1679, VOC (toraisen va shichusen) sang tieu thu tai<br /> t h u d n g xuyen n h d p k h a u tien zeni N h a t vdd D a n g Ngoai va dac biet la D a n g T r o n g -<br /> D a n g Xgodi va vdi sd lUdng ngay cdng tang. ndi chfnh q u y e n sd k h a i hg N g u y e n (do<br /> Dieu nay ddng nghia vdi \nec kim ngach bac k h d n g cd n g u d n k h o a n g s i n ddng lai cQng<br /> Kim loai hen RI?at Ban va chuyen bien... 25<br /> <br /> Hinh 1: Ti^n Trirfirng Ky mau djch (genho tsuho) nguiyi Nhat due 6i xuit Tien Trudng Ky mau<br /> khau, giai doan 1659-1685 dich khdng chi quan trgng<br /> vdi Dang Trong (35) - ndi<br /> cdn sd't ddng va tien ddng<br /> h i u nhu khdng bao gid ha<br /> nhiet trong suo't the ky<br /> XVII - ma cdn ddng vai trd<br /> vd cQng quan trgng trong<br /> viec binh dn cudc khung<br /> hoing thie'u tien ddng tai<br /> khdng cd ngudn cung cap tien ddng tQ Ddng Ngoai niia sau the ky XVII. Nhu da<br /> Trung Qud'c) da tan dung to'i da cac ddng trinh bay d tren, diu thap nien 1650 Dang<br /> tien tdt de tieu thu vd nau chay cdc ddng Ngodi rdi vdo cudc khung hoang thieu tien<br /> tien chat iQdng kem de due vu khi va che ddng phin nhieu do ngudn cung cap tien<br /> tac dd gia dung (32). Tai Dang Ngoai, cac truyen thd'ng tQ Trung Qud'c bi ngUng tre<br /> loai tien tren dUdc lUu hdnh song song vdi trong ngi chien giQa trieu Thanh vd cdc the<br /> cac loai tien due ban dia vd tien nhap khau luc phuc Minh tai mien nam Trung Hoa.<br /> true tiep tQ Trung Qud'c. Giao si Alexandre NgUdi Bd Ddo Nha ngay lap tQc dem tien do<br /> de Rhodes de'n Ddng Ngoai cud'i thap nien ngUdi Trung Qud'c tai Macao due sang Ddng<br /> 1620 ghi nhan cd hai loai tien ddng cung Ngodi ban vd thu difdc Idi nhuan rat cao<br /> dUdc song song luu hanh tren thi trUdng: (36). Nhim giam thua Id trong viec dem bac<br /> loai "tien Idn" do Hoa va Nhat thUdng nhap vdo Dang Ngoai, nam 1654 ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> khau vdd dUdc tieu thu rgng rai trong todn thu due tien ddng tai Batavia de cung cap<br /> qud'c, trong khi loai "tien be" due trong cho Dang Ngoai nhUng that bai. TQ dd den<br /> nudc chi dUdc lUu hdnh tai kinh thanh vd nam 1661, khi thQdng die'm Deshima tai<br /> cac tinh lan can (33). Nagasaki cung cap tien zeni Nhat cho<br /> thUdng diem Ke Chd, ngUdi Ha Lan khdng<br /> Thdi ky thQ hai dien ra giQa cac nam<br /> cd nd life nao de kidm Idi tQ cuec khiing<br /> 1659 va 1685 khi ngQdi Nhat tai Nagasaki<br /> hoang thie'u tien ddng tai Ddng Ngoai (37).<br /> dUdc Mac Phu DQc Xuyen cap phep due<br /> Nhan tha'y tiem nang tieu thu cua tien zeni<br /> tien TrUdng Ky mau dich ddnh cho xua't<br /> tai Dang Ngoai, ngudi Ha Lan cung nhU<br /> khau. Ben canh loai tien due rieng cho<br /> Hoa thudng lien tiep nhap khau loai tien<br /> trieu Minh luu vong tai mien nam Trung<br /> Nhat nay vao Dang Ngoai de'n tan cud'i thap<br /> Qud'c vd sau nay la the life Trinh Thanh<br /> nien 1670 vd vdi sd' lUdng ngay cang tang.<br /> Cdng ddn tru tai dao Dai Loan (chii yeu la<br /> Nhd so' iQdng Idn tien zeni nhap khiu, van<br /> tien "Vinh Lich thdng bio" - ngudi Nhat ggi<br /> nan thie'u tien hoanh hanh tai Dang Ngoai tQ<br /> la eiryakusen), mgt iQdng Idn tien TrUdng<br /> diu thap nien 1650 ve cd ban dUdc giai quye't,<br /> Ky mau dich dUdc chuyen sang tieu thu tai<br /> ti gia hd'i doai bac/tien ddng din hdi phuc trd<br /> Viet Nam. P h i n Idn so' tien nay dUdc diic<br /> lai (xem phan tich cu the d phin sau).<br /> theo ddng "Nguyen Phong thong bao" ciia<br /> nha To'ng vd dUdc ngUdi Nhat ggi chung la Thanh cdng cua VOC trong viec tieu thu<br /> genho tsuho (34). tien zeni Nhat d Ddng Ngoai cd y nghia dac<br /> 25 Rghien ciJru Ljch sir, so 12.2009<br /> <br /> biet quan trgng dd'i vdi nen mau dich cua Batavia yeu ciu, thUdng die'm Deshima chi<br /> Cdng ty vdi mien bac Viet Nam tQ sau nam chuan bi .5.000.000 ddng zeni cho thUdng<br /> 1668 - nam Mac Phii DQc Xuyen ca'm xua't die'm Dang Ngoai trong mua mau dich<br /> khau bac Xhat Bin ra ben ngodi. Mac du 1677. Cac bao cao thUdng mai ciia thUdng<br /> bac hi mat gid tram trgng tQ dau thap nien die'm Ke Chd trong cac nam tiep theo kien<br /> 1650, Cdng ty hang nam van phai tie'p tuc nghi tQ nay khdng nen nhap khau tien zeni<br /> dUa vd'n kinh doanh vao Dang Ngoai dudi Nhat vao Ddng Ngoai nQa (40). Vi the VOC<br /> dang bac nen. Xeu nhu trong nam 1668 - chuyen sang boat dgng dUa bac (ca bac nen<br /> nam cudi cung Cdng ty cd the thu bac Nhat vd ddng tien bac) vao Dang Ngoai nhu da<br /> - bac van chiem khoang 40% tdng so' vd'n tQng lam trudc "giai doan zeni".<br /> d i u tu vdo Dang Ngoai thi trong nam tie'p<br /> Xguyen nhan tien zeni Nhat ba't ngd<br /> theo hau nhu khdng cd mgt lang bac nao<br /> ma't gia tai Dang Ngodi nila cud'i thap nien<br /> dUdc difa den, trong khi 15,748.300 ddng<br /> zeni, tri gia khoang 40% kim ngach nhap 1670 van cdn nhieu i n khuat. TrUdc day<br /> khau, difdc Cdng ty dUa vdo mien bac Viet nha nghien cQu Nhat Ban la Iwao Seiichi<br /> Xam. Xam 1074, 23.809.000 ddng zeni cho rang zeni Nhat da mat gia ngay tQ nam<br /> X'"hat chie'm 66°o tdng so' vd'n dau tU cua 1661 - khi sQ bg nha Thanh trong chuyen<br /> VOC vao Dang Xgoai va hai nam sau, cdng du sang Dang Ngodi yeu ciu trieu dinh<br /> 39.400.000 ddng zeni da chie'm den 73% Le-Trinh cam lUu hanh tien zeni (41). Dung<br /> tdng vd'n dau tU. Ndu tfnh todn bd "thdi ky la sQ doan Man Thanh vdi sac phong va qua<br /> zeni' (1661-1677), loai tien ddng Xhat nay tang den Thang Long nam 1662, va ngay<br /> chiem trung binh 22% trong tdng so' vd'n trong nam sau dd chinh quyen Le-Trinh da<br /> dau tu ciia VOC vdo Ddng Xgoai (38). cU sQ bg sang trieu cd'ng nha Thanh (42).<br /> Tuy nhien, sU kien nay khdng anh hUdng<br /> Vi the vQng chac cua VOC trong vdec hay lam ngxfng tre \dec nhap khau va tieu<br /> nhap khau tien ddng zeni Xhat cd le Id thu zeni Nhat tai Dang Ngoai bdi loai tien<br /> nguyen nhdn chinh dan de'n quydt dinh cua nay tiep tuc dUdc ngUdi Ha Lan va Hoa<br /> trieu dinh Le-Trinh nam 1675 cho phep thUdng nhap khau vdi so' iQdng ngdy mdt<br /> ngudi Ha Lan dgc quyen nhap tien zeni vao tang de'n tan nam 1677. Cd nhieu kha nang<br /> Dang Xgoai. Tuy nhien, dac quyen nay tien zeni Nhat ma't cho dQng tai Dang Ngoai<br /> khdng dudc VOC tan dung lau dai bdi ngay bdi: 1) ddng xua't k h i u tien ddng Trung<br /> trong nam tie'p sau dd, zeni b i t d i u ha gid. Qud'c sang mien bac Viet Nam hdi phuc sau<br /> Bao cao tinh hinh budn ban nam 1675 ve mgt thdi gian gian doan do ngi chien tai<br /> Batavia, giam ddc thifdng die'm Ke Chd mien nam Trung Hoa; 2) nhQng nd lUc cua<br /> Albert Brevinck cho biet gid zeni X'hat trieu dinh Le-Trinh n h i m tang san lUdng<br /> glim hdng ngdy (39). Nam 1676, thudng tien due trong cac xUdng due tien nha nUdc;<br /> diem Ke Chd cho r i n g ddng thoi dUdc gia 3) ban than khd'i iQdng tQdng dd'i Idn zeni do<br /> hdn zeni, du loai tien Nhat nay vin cin<br /> thQdng nhan Ha Lan vd Trung Qudc nhap<br /> thiet trong giao dich. Sau khi can nhic bdo<br /> khau vao Dang Ngoai de'n niia cuo'i thSp<br /> cao ciia thudng die'm Ke Chd, Batavia yeu<br /> nien 1670 da dap Qng kha dii nhu cau tien<br /> cau thUdng die'm Deshima cit giim sd<br /> ddng tai mien bac Viet Nam.<br /> iQdng zeni thu mua cho Dang Ngoai nam<br /> dd de tang sd lUdng ddng thoi. Dung nhu (Cdn nita)<br /> Kim loai Hen Rl^at B£in va chuyen bien. 27<br /> <br /> Phu luc 1: Danh muc tif tra cifu<br /> baa, Chios, hockiens (hodng quyen), lings (linh?), toas (lua?), sittouw, sumongij, the thua.-.<br /> (V.) Cac loai lua tam san xua't tai Dang Ngoai,<br /> eiryakusen (N,) Tion Trudng K>' mau dich (Nagasaki trade coins) dtic tai Nagasaki de ban cho trieu Minh<br /> luu vong tai mien nam T r u n g Quoc den khoang dau thSp nien 1680s,<br /> genho tsuho (N.) Tien TrUdng K^ mau dich dtic tai Nagasaki, chii ye'u dc xuat k h a u sang Diing Ngoili va<br /> Dang Trong giai doan 1659-1685,<br /> liasjes (H.) Tien dtic bang dong, kem,,. c6 16 chinh giOa, Tien kasjes luu hiinh d Dang Ngoai c6 the<br /> dUdc diic ban dia, n h a p khau tt^ T r u n g Quoc hoac N h a t Ban,<br /> kronen (H,, ten khac lii leeuwendaalder) Loai tien dting d mien Dong an, tri gia 39 stuivers (1015) and<br /> at 4 8 s t u i v e r s (1639),<br /> kruisdaalder (H,) Dong lien bac dtic tai Hii Lan, trj gia khoang 3,60 guilders.<br /> lb Pound Ha Lan, tUdng dudng 0,495 kg.<br /> Mexicanen (hoac Mexican rials) Dong tien bac Mexico,<br /> musk (Tie'ng Ha Lan: muscus) Xa hudng,<br /> provintiendaalder (H.) Dong tien bac dtic tai \\& Lan, tri gia 2 guilders 8 stuivers (1606), 2 guilders 10 stuivers<br /> (sau n a m 1606),<br /> rial of eight (Tie'ng HS Lan: reaal van achten) Dong tien bac Tiiy Ban Nha, due tai Peru, Mexico, va<br /> Sevilla, tri gia 48 stuivers (trU(5c nam 1662) va 60 stuivers (sau nam 1662),<br /> shichusen (N.) Tien dong do tU n h a n dtic tai Nhat, Trong no Itic binh on he thong tien te ctia Nhat dau<br /> the ky XVII, Mac Phii Dtic Xuyen ciim luu hiinh loai tic'n niiy. Vi the, thuang nhan tiiD each<br /> xuat k h a u loai tifiii shichusen mat gia niiy sang Dang Trong va Dang Ngoiii v6i khoi lUdng<br /> t u d n g doi Idn.<br /> shuin-sen (N,) T h u y e n Chiiu an Nhat,<br /> schuitzilver (H,) Bac nen dtic dudi dang con thuyen nho,<br /> Surat rupee (H, Suratse ropia) Dong tien bac sii diing tai S u r a t (in Do), tri gia 37 1/2 stuivers,<br /> toraisen (N,) Tien dong T r u n g Quoc n h a p khau vao Nhat Ban, Trong no Itic binh on he tho'ng tien te<br /> ctia N h a t dSu the ky XVII, Mac Phii Diic Xuyen cam luu h a n h loai tien nay. Vi the, thudng<br /> n h a n tim each xua't khau loai tien shichusen mii't gia nay sang Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai<br /> v6i khoi lUdng tUdng doi Idn,<br /> (N.) T h u a t ngii chung dUcJc ngudi Ha Lan sU dung trong van ban di; chi cac loai tien dong<br /> (kasjes) dUtic thudng n h a n ngoai quoc nhap khau vao Dang Ngo,ii, Xem them: kasjes,<br /> eiryakusen, genho tsuho, shichusen, toraisen.<br /> <br /> Chu thich: H,: Ha Lan; N,: N h a t Ban; V,: Viet Nam.<br /> <br /> Phu luc 2: Ddn vi do lUdng chinh<br /> Tien te<br /> 1 lang (tael) bac = 10 m a a s = 100 eonderin<br /> = 3 guilders 2 stuivers (trudc 1636)<br /> = 2 guilders 17 stuivers (163(>-1666)<br /> = 3 guilders 10 stuivers (1666-1743)<br /> 1 rixdollar : 48 stuivers (den 1665) = 60 stuivers (sau 1666)<br /> 1 quan tien : 10 tien = 600 dong<br /> 1 lang (tael) bac - 2.000 dong (tien trinh) (trUdc thap m e n 1050)<br /> •- 600-800 dong (tien trinh) (trong hai t h a p nien 1650 va 1660)<br /> '- 2.000-2.200 dong (giai doan 1670-1700)<br /> • T r o n g li^dng<br /> 1 picul = 100 catty = 60 kg<br /> 1 catty : 1 6 t a e l s = 600 gr<br /> 1 tael = 37,5 gr<br /> 28 Rghien ciiu Ljch si]', so 12.2009<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Pieter van Dam, Beschrycinge uan de (9). P h a n Huy Chii, Lich trieu. Tap 3, tr. 63-64;<br /> Oostindische Compagnie, 7 vols, edited by F. W. Wliitmore, "Vietnam and t h e Monetary Flow", pp.<br /> Stapel (The Hague: M a r t i n u s Nijhoff, 1931), Vol. 367-369.<br /> 2-1, pp. 361-362. (10). Xem chi tiet hoat dong xua't- nhap kh^u<br /> (2). Trong so' rat nhieu cong trinh tieu bieu ve cua VOC vdi D ng Ngo i tti Hoang Anh Tuan,<br /> chu de nay, c6 the xem cong trinh mang tinh tong Silk for Silver. Rieng ve td lua co the xem them<br /> hop cao va cQng dang thu hut di((3c sU quan tam tii: P, W. Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse<br /> tranh luan cua gidi nghien ctlu: Gunder A. Frank, zijdehandel van de Vereenigde Oost-indische<br /> Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age Compagnie en het inter-Aziatische verkeer in de<br /> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 17' eeuw", in W, Frijhoff and M. Hiemstra (eds.),<br /> <br /> (3), Co the xem: Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Bewogen en Bewegen: de historicus in. het<br /> <br /> Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 spanningsveld tussen economic and cultuur<br /> (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2007), (Tilburg: Gianotten, 1986), pp, 152-77; Hoang Anh<br /> Tuan, "Mau dich td lua cua Cong ty Dong An H&<br /> (4), Keith W, Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam:<br /> Lan vdi Dang Ngoai, 1637-1670", Tap chi Nghien<br /> Sino-Vietnamese Relations to the Tenth Century<br /> cUu Lich sii 3/2006, tr, 10-20 & 4/2006, tr. 24-34.<br /> and the Origins of Vietnamese Nationhood (Ph.D,<br /> Diss,, the University of Michigan, 1976), pp, 203- (11), Tai Bengal (An Do), kim loai quy - chu<br /> 204, Xem them: Robert S. Wick, Money, .Markets, yeu la bac nen va tien - chie'm tdi 92% tong gia tri<br /> and Trade in Early Southeast Asia, the nhap k h a u cua VOC trong giai doan tii 1708-1709<br /> Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems lo den 1716-1717. Ora P r a k a s h , "BuUion for Goods:<br /> AD 1400 (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e and the Economy of Early<br /> 1992), pp. 19-65. Eighteenth Century Bengal", The Indian<br /> Economic and Social History Review 13 (1976),<br /> (5). John K. Whitmore, "Vietnam and the<br /> (pp. 159-187), p. 163. (Reprinted in Om Prakash,<br /> Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to<br /> Precious Metals and Commerce, Variorum 1994).<br /> Eighteenth Centuries", in J. F. Richards (ed,).<br /> Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early (12), BL OIOC G/12/17-1, English factory in<br /> Modern Worlds (California: Carolina Academic Tonkin to B a n t e n and London, 10 Oct, 1672, fos.<br /> Press, 1983), pp, 363-396, Xem them: D6 Van 36-37,<br /> Ninh, "Tien co thdi Ly-Tran", Tap chi Nghien cUu (13). Paul A. van Dyke, "How and Why the<br /> Lich SI? 6/1979, tr, 26-34, Dutch East India Company Became Competitive<br /> (6), P h a n Huy Chti, Lich trieu hien chUctng logi in I n t r a - A s i a n Trade in E a s t Asia in the 1630s",<br /> chi. 4 tap (Ha Noi: Sd hoc, 1961), Tap 3 (Qudc Itinerario 21/3 (1997), pp. 41-56, Xem them txt:<br /> Dung Chi), tr, 61. Leonard Bluss6, "From Inclusion to Exclusiveness,<br /> the Early Years at Hirado, 1600-1640", in Blusse<br /> (7). Co the xem khai lUdc ve he thong tien te<br /> et al, (eds,). Bridging the Divide: 400 Years the<br /> Viet Nam til U'hitmore, "Vietnam and the<br /> Netherlands-Japan (Leiden: Hotel Publishing,<br /> Monetary Flow", pp. 365-370.<br /> 2000), pp, 13-32; F e m m e G a a s t r a , "The Shifting<br /> (8). Whitmore. "Vietnam and the Monetary<br /> Balance of Trade of the Dutch East India<br /> Flow", pp. 363-396.<br /> Company", in L, Bluss6 a n d F, G a a s t r a (eds,).<br /> Kim loai Hen Rl^at Bim va chuyen bien. 29<br /> <br /> Companies and Trade, Essays on Overseas Trading des Indes Neerlandaises et I'lndochme", Bulletin<br /> Companies during the Ancien Regime (Leiden: de I'ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 37 (1937), p,<br /> Leiden University Press, 1981), pp, 47-69, 140,<br /> <br /> (14), Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel (21), Femme Gaastra, "The Exports of Precious<br /> Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over Metal from Europe to Asia by the Dutch East<br /> geheel Nederlandts-India (The Hague: Martinus India Company, 1602-1795", in J, F, Richards<br /> Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1887-1931) (ed,). Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and<br /> [tii day viet t a t la Dagh-register Batavia] Vol, Early Modern Worlds (California: Carolina<br /> 1636, pp, 69-74. Xem them: Van Dam, Academic Press, 1983), p, 453,<br /> Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie, pp. (22). VOC 1241, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,<br /> 361-365. 6 Nov, 1663, fos. 356-366; Dagh-register Batavia<br /> (15). Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs- 1664, p. 298.<br /> Generaat en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde (23). Dagh-register Batavia 1672, pp. 160, 193-<br /> Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague: Martinus 194.<br /> Nijhoff, 1960-1976) [tiJ day viet tdt la Generale<br /> (24). Dagh-register Batavia 1675, p, 186; 1677.<br /> Missiven] III, pp. 109-110, Thong tin chi tiet ve<br /> pp, 140, 177.<br /> hoat dong tinh che bac "Mallacx" co the xem tti<br /> (25), VOC 1339, J a n Besselman en Tonkin<br /> VOC 1140, Copie specificatie van 't Mallacx zilver<br /> comptoir naar Batavia, 17 Sep, 1678. fos, 500-509;<br /> in Tonquin geraffineert (1641), fos, 158-160,<br /> Dagh-register Batavia 1678, p, 224.<br /> (16), Xin xem: Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse<br /> (26). Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary<br /> zijdehandel", pp, 152-177; Nagazumi Yoko, "The<br /> Flow", pp. 363-396; Do Van Ninh, Tien cd Viet<br /> Tonkinese-Japanese Trade in the Mid-<br /> Nam. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ngi, 1992.<br /> seventeenth Century", Annual Reports of Josai<br /> Graduate School of Economics (Nhat ngii), 8/1992, (27). Generale Missiven II, pp. 651-652, Ve hoat<br /> <br /> pp, 21-46; Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver, dong nhap khau tien dong Trung Quoc vao Dang<br /> <br /> (Chapter 6: The Export Trade (I): Tonkmese Silk Ngoai thong qua ngiMi Bo Dao Nha, xin xem:<br /> <br /> for Japan), pp, 143-164, George B, Souza, The Survival of Empire,<br /> Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the<br /> (17), Tai Ayutthaya (Xiem), ti le bac trong long<br /> South China Sea 1630-1754 (Cambndge:<br /> kim ngach n h a p kha'u cua VOC la 71,5% (giai doan<br /> Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp, 115-120,<br /> 1633-1663) va 76,8%) (giai doan 1664-1694), va<br /> Kliai lUdc hoat dong nhap kha'u tien dong vao<br /> trung binh 74,3% (cho ca giai doan 1633-1694),<br /> Dang Trong, xin xem: Li Tana, Nguyen<br /> George V, Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-<br /> Cochinchina, Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth<br /> Century Thailand (Northern Illinois University:<br /> and Eighteenth Centuries (Ithaca: SEAP, 1998),<br /> Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Special<br /> pp, 90-93,<br /> Report No, 16, 1977), pp, 63, 70.<br /> (28). VOC 1197, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,<br /> (18), Generate Missiven II, pp. 697-702,<br /> Nov. 1653, fos. 598-611; Generale Missiven II, pp.<br /> (19). Tinh toan tii Klein, "De Tonkinees- 697-702.<br /> J a p a n s e zijdehandel", p, 170 (Table 2), (29). VOC 1206, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,<br /> (20), VOC 677, Batavia Resolutie, 27 Apr, 18 Nov. 1654, fos. 65-90; Buch, "La Compagnie"<br /> 1655, Xem them: W, J, M, Buch, "La Compagnie (1937), p. 139.<br /> 30 Rghien ciru Lich sic, so 12.2009<br /> <br /> (30). Dagh-register Batavia 1661, pp, 49-55, by the Dutch East India Company during the<br /> <br /> (31), VOC 1236, Hendrick Baron n a a r Batavia, Eighteenth Century (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005), p.<br /> <br /> 12 Nov, 1661, fos. 829-855; Dagh-register Batavia 95,<br /> <br /> 1661, p, 89; Generale Missiven III, pp, 450-451, (35), Li Tana, Nguyen Cochinchina, pp. 90-93.<br /> <br /> (32), Luc Dtic T h u a n , "Japan Eariy Trade (36). Generale Missiven II, pp. 651-652; Souza,<br /> Coins and the Commercial Trade between The Survival of Empire, pp. 115-120.<br /> Vietnam and Japan in the l?'*" Century", (37). VOC 1206, Tonkin comptoir n a a r Batavia,<br /> www.VietAntique.com: Whitmore, "Vietnam and 18 Nov. 1654, fos. 65-90; Buch, "La Compagnie"<br /> the Monetary Flow", pp. 363-396. Ve hoat dong (1937.), p. 139.<br /> xuat k h a u Toraisen va Shichusen de'n Dang Trong,<br /> (38). Cac ti le p h d n t r a m tren day dUdc tinh<br /> xin xem: A, van Aelst, " J a p a n e s e coins in southern<br /> toan tii so lieu trong Bang 2.<br /> Vietnam and the Dutch East India Company,<br /> 1633-1638", Newsletter (The Oriental Numismatic (39), VOC 1314, Albert Bre^incq en Tonkin<br /> <br /> Society, 109, Nov,-Dec, 1987), (n,p); Li Tana, comptoir n a a r Batavia, 19 Nov. 1675, fos. 19-22;<br /> <br /> Nguyen Cochinchina, pp. 90-90. Generate Missiven IV, p. 88,<br /> <br /> (33). Rhodes, Histoire du royaume de Tuinquin (40), Generale Missiven IV, 88, pp. I l l , 174.<br /> (Lyon: J e a n Baptiste Devenet, 1651), pp. 59-60, (41), D i n theo Shimada, The Intra-Asian Trade<br /> <br /> (34), R, L, Innes, The Door Ajar: Japan's in Japanese Copper, p, 95,<br /> Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century (Ph,D, (42), CUctng muc II, tr, 296; Todn thU III, tr.<br /> Diss,, University of Michigan, 1980), p, 587; Luc 260, 262, 264.<br /> Dtic Thuan, "Japan Early Trade Coins"; RNTJIO (**) L u a n van dUdc thiic hien dudi sii tai trd<br /> Sliimada, The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper ctia Dai hoc Leiden va Sumitomo Foundation.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> VE GOCT^GUOIV LY C 6 i \ G UA^.<br /> (Tie'p theo trang 9)<br /> <br /> (12). Cuvng mv.c (Cb), 4, 8. B.iti dich, tr. 328. Noi, khoa 1996-2000 ciing cho biet tai Hien Khanh<br /> tim tha'y nhidu di vat thdi Ly-Tran.<br /> (13). Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, Ban Jich, Nxb.<br /> (15). Theo Dia chi Nam Dinh. Nxb. Chinh tri<br /> T h u a n Hoa in lai, 1992, tr. 328, 353.<br /> Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 219-221 thi vung<br /> (14). Xem Hung Dao dgi Vuang vd nhd Tran "Hanh cung IJng P h o n g n a m d giiia k h u vtic Minh<br /> tren que huang Nam Hd. Sd Van hoa Thong tin T h u a n va Hien K h a n h " ndi tii thdi Le ve trildc co<br /> Nam Ha, 1995. TS. Nguyen Van Nam - Giam doc xa H a n h Cung, de'n n a m 1820 doi la H a n h NTian.<br /> sd Van hoa-The thao-Du lich Nam Dinh, roi BCii Rieng 7 thon xa H a n h Cung xUa c6 de'n 39 di tich<br /> Duy H u n g trong .Minh Thuan tU truyen thdng de'n (chua ke n h a Thd Thien chiia giao) trong do noi<br /> hien dgi. Khoa luan to't nghiep Klioa Lich sU - bat la cac thon Phii Lao, Bich, HU(3ng Nghia deu<br /> TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - D,ai hoc Quo'c Gia Ha thd H a u Tac.<br />
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