Kim loại tiền Nhật Bản và chuyển biến kinh tế - xã hội Đàng Ngoài thế kỷ XVII

KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN<br /> KINH TE XA HOI DANG NGOAI THE KY XVII<br /> <br /> HOANG ANH TUAN'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> "Cac thifdng pham chung ta [ngifdi Ha Lan- dung lai tif than cac md'i quan he, ma cdn<br /> TG] nhap khau vao buon bdn d Dang Xgoai chd cho phep cac nha nghien cQu tim hieu<br /> veu gom bac va tien dong - von dudc diic hoac nhQng tac dgng ciia nd de'n sii chuyen bien<br /> lam d Xhat Ban [,,,] Xgoai ra [chiing ta] con kinh te - xa hgi trong nUdc, tQ do gdp phin<br /> nhap khdu mot so loai hUdng heu, diem tieu, vdi ^^c lap vi trf vd vai trd cua Dai Viet trong<br /> cotton, Xgoai bac va tien dong, cac loai thUdng he thd'ng h i i thUdng khu vUc vd quoc te<br /> phdm khac dudc nhap khdng dang kg do ludng trong ky nguyen thUdng mai sdi dgng nay.<br /> tieu thu khong cao". Trong qua trinh khai thdc kho tU lieu<br /> Pieter van Dam [1703] (1) cua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC) tai La<br /> Have va mdt p h i n khdi tU lieu cua Cdng ty<br /> Trong the ky XX, nhQr-j thanh tUii ndi<br /> bat ve nghien cdu quan hg thudng mai va Ddng An Anh tai Luan Ddn, tdi cd an tUdng<br /> bang giao A - Au giai doan Can dai sd kv rat manh ve khdi lUdng Idn kim loai tien te<br /> cung nhu tac dgng ciia nd den'sU md rgng ^^"^^ ^dn (hac, ddng va tien ddng) dUdc<br /> ciia mdt he thd'ng kinh te thd gidi, nen kinh ngUdi Ha Lan nhap khau vao Dang Ngoai<br /> te hang hda cda cac qud'c gia Ddng A ndi ^^ng nam (ben canh mgt litdng khd Idn do<br /> neng, da va dang lam thay doi nhieu nhan thUdng nhan Trung Qud'c, Xhat Bdn, Bd<br /> thQc sii hgc ve thdi ky ljch sU cd tinh b i n le E)ao Xha, Anh... dUa vao qua cdc thdi ky<br /> ndy (2). 0 Viet Xam, viec cac ngudn tu lieu ^hac nhau). Dac biet hdn, ngudn kim loai<br /> phUdng Tay tQng bQdc duoc khai thdc va ^idn te nay da tac dgng r i t manh me va sau<br /> cdng bd trong nhQng nam gan day cung gdp sac de'n qua trinh md rgng nen kinh te<br /> p h i n thidt thilc vao vide tQng bQdc soi sang hang hda cua Dang Xgoai, cung nhU anh<br /> nhung khia canh lich sU dan tdc bi bo ngd hudng trUc tiep va thudng xuyen de'n cd cau<br /> trong sudt mdt thdi gian dai: van de quan phan bd life lUdng lao dgng, ddi sd'ng xa<br /> he thUdng mai va bang giao vdi cac the life hdi... Tren cd sd tdng hdp tU lieu vd nhan<br /> thUdng mai chau Au (Ha Lan. Anh, Bd Ddo dinh, bai viet nay se phdc thao nhQng net<br /> X'ha...) the ky XVII (3). Dieu dang ndi la, chinh ve kim ngach nhap khau kim loai<br /> nhQng ngudn tif lieu phuong Tay viet ve tien te X'hat B i n (va mgt sd ngudn bo sung<br /> Dai Viet thdi ky ndy khdng chi giup phuc khdc) vdo Dang Xgoai trong p h i n Idn the<br /> <br /> <br /> • TS, Hioa Lich sQ - TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&XV- DHQGHX<br /> Kim loai tien Rl^at B^n va chuyen bien. 19<br /> <br /> ky XVII de tQ dd p h a n tfch n h u n g tac ddng thdi quy d i n h lai gia tri ddng tien: 1 quan<br /> m a n h me vd h i n g xuyen de'n sU chuyen a n 10 tien vd gdm 600 ddng - bieu gia tri<br /> bien k i n h te - xa hgi D a n g Ngoai, t a p t r u n g nay dUdc duy tri de'n t a n the ky XIX (7).<br /> vao cac k h i a c a n h chfnh s a u day: ti gia hdi<br /> Van de d a t ra la san lUdng tien due ra<br /> doai, gia ca h a n g hda va thilc p h a m , cd cau<br /> cua trieu Le k h d n g dap Qng dUdc nhu c i u<br /> n h a n cdng lao dgng t r o n g cac n g d n h t h u<br /> trong nUdc. N h i m giam bdt sQc ep tQ sU<br /> cdng nghiep.<br /> thie'u h u t ciia loai tien b a n bd ndy, trieu<br /> 1. Vai n e t v e h e t h o n g t i e n t e V i e t N a m dinh t r u n g Udng t a n g lUdng tien diic bdi cac<br /> t r u d c t h e k y XVII cdng xudng n h a nUdc, ddng thdi b a n s i c chi<br /> (cac n a m 1434, 148, 1658, 1741) cam<br /> Lich sU he thd'ng tien te Viet N a m de'n<br /> t h u d n g d a n lUa tien td't bd tien xau (8). Quy<br /> trUdc thdi ky P h d p thuoc cd the chia t h d n h<br /> che t r e n k h d n g m a n g lai hieu qua cao bdi<br /> hai giai doan chfnh: giai doan d u n g<br /> tren thi trUdng ddng thdi luu h d n h nhieu<br /> vang/bac va giai d o a n sU d u n g tien ddng.<br /> loai tidn due tQ n h i e u loai kim loai khac<br /> Bac va v a n g dUdc ngUdi Viet sQ d u n g n h u<br /> n h a u . Tien ddng va kem cung ddng thdi<br /> n h u n g phUdng tien trad ddi chinh de'n t a n<br /> dudc lifu h a n h , nha't la tidn kem do trieu<br /> the ky X, khi ach dd hg cua T r u n g Qud'c bi<br /> Mac due trong t h e ky XVI.<br /> lat dd (4). Bi a n h hUdng bdi h e thd'ng tien te<br /> T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g suo't n g h i n n a m Bac N h a m b i n h dn he thd'ng tien te, nam<br /> thugc - thdi ky tien ddng dUdc sQ d u n g 1663 trieu dinh t r u n g Udng yeu c i u tieu<br /> ngay cang rgng rai - s a u khi xUng de, Dinh buy toan bg tidn kem (9). Q u a n trgng hdn,<br /> Bd Linh (968-979) cho dQc tidn T h a i Binh; trong t h e ky XVH chinh quyen Le-Trinh da<br /> nam 984 Le H o a n (980-1005) cho due tien t a n d u n g dUdc mgt each tdi Uu ngudn bac,<br /> Thien Phuc. Ke tQ dd, viec due tidn dUdc ddng va tien ddng do cac thUdng n h a n<br /> tidn h a n h dudi trieu Ly (1010-1226), T r i n ngoai qud'c dUa den D a n g Ngoai, trong dd<br /> (1226-1400) va - nhU J o h n Vv'hitmore da p h a i ke de'n khd'i lUdng d a n g ke bac vd tien<br /> chi rd - h o a t ddng due tien cua cac trieu dai ddng zeni ciia N h a n Ban chu yeu dUdc<br /> phong kien d i u tien cua Viet N a m " m a n g n h a p k h a u bdi Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan vd<br /> muc dfch chfnh tri n h i e u tUdng dUdng vdi Hoa thUdng. H o a t dgng n h a p k h i u kim loai<br /> muc tieu k i n h te^' khi Dai Viet van p h u tien te ndi t r e n da a n h hUdng trUc tie'p va<br /> thudc k h a n h i e u vao n g u d n tidn n h a p k h a u h a n g xuyen de'n ti gia hdi dddi bac/tien<br /> tQ T r u n g Qud'c (5). Cd ve n h u viec ngudn ddng, gia ca, cd cau ngudn lao ddng va tren<br /> cung tien tQ ldng gieng phUdng Bac s a n g t a m vi md, cd tac dgng m a n h me den sU<br /> Dai Viet dUdc duy tri tot t r o n g cdc t h e ky chuyen bien xa hgi cQng nhQ nen kinh te<br /> XI-XIV da ddng gdp d a n g ke vdo sU md h d n g hda cua D a n g Ngoai.<br /> rgng cua n e n k i n h te' Dai Viet giai doan Ly-<br /> T r i n . Dudi t r i e u Hd (1400-1407), tien gia'y 2. Ve h o a t d o n g n h a p k h a u k i m loai<br /> dudc gidi t h i e u vd sii d u n g (6). Sau khi lat t i e n te c i i a V O C v a o D a n g N g o a i , 1637-<br /> dd ach chiem ddng cua n h d Minh (1407- 1700<br /> 1428), t n e u Le (1428-1527; 1593-1788) cho N h u da dugc t r i n h bdy trong cac bai viet<br /> due tien ddng cd c h a t iQdng cao n h i m nd trudc, b o a t ddng t h u m u a td lua Ddng<br /> lUc dn d i n h n h u c i u ngdy cang t a n g ve tien Ngoai cho thi trUdng N h a t Ban, vang cho<br /> ddng cl t r o n g nUdc. T r i e u d i n h cung ddng Coromandel, lua t a m va xa hUdng cho Ha<br /> 20 Rghien ciru Ljch sJr, so 12.2009<br /> <br /> Lan, gdm sQ cho thi trUdng Ddng Nam A la Vi the, sau khi khai md hdat dgng xuat<br /> cdc trgng tam thifdng mai cua VOC vdi khau td lua Ddng Ngoai sang Nhat nam<br /> Ddng Ngoai giai doan 1637-1700 (10). 1637, VOC ngay lap tQc sQ dung bac Nhat<br /> Nham tao thuan Idi cho viec thu mua td de thu mua td lua Dang Ngoai - phUdng<br /> lua, thUdng diem cua VOC d Dang Ngodi thQc budn ban truyen thd'ng da dUdc Hoa<br /> can dUde cung cap tien dudi dang bac nen. va Nhat thUdng khai thae cho den thdi<br /> Tien ddng zeni Nhat Ban cung dUdc nhap diem dd. O Nhat, bac dUdc nhan vien<br /> khau vdo Dang Ngodi de lUu hdnh song thUdng diem Hirado (sau nam 1641 Id<br /> song vdi cac loai tien ddng due trong nUdc thUdng die'm Deshima) thu mua san de cac<br /> hoac nhap k h i u tQ Trung Qudc trong thdi tau khdi hanh sang Dang Ngoai kip phien<br /> ky khan hiem tien ddng vd bac nen bi mat di trong mua gid Ddng Bac.<br /> gid. Dat trong tifdng quan vdi bac va tien<br /> Trong nhQng nam d i u ciia quan he mau<br /> ddng, cdc san p h i m khac do VOC nhap<br /> dich vdi Ddng Ngoai, nhan vien VOC<br /> khau vao Ddng Ngodi cd ti trgng rat nhd,<br /> thudng thue thd bac dia phUdng tinh Igc so'<br /> thifdng khdng qua 5% tong gia tri kim<br /> bac dUa tQ Nhat sang trQdc khi lUu hanh<br /> ngach nhap khau hang nam (11).<br /> (14). Hoat dgng tinh che bac ciia thUdng<br /> a. Nhdp khdu bgc vdo Ddng Ngodi cua die'm VOC tai Dang Ngoai dien ra kha<br /> VOC thudng xuyen trong nUa d i u the ky XVII,<br /> Trong so cdc thifdng pham ngUdi Ha Lan nhUng d i n bi dinh tre do thua Id. Nam<br /> nhap khau vdo Dang Ngoai, bac ludn la 1656, viec tinh che cac loai bac khac nhau<br /> mat hang chu dao. Mac du tidn ddng Nhat bi Id nang, theo dd mQc tham hut sau khi<br /> Ban cd thi phan khd cao trong tdng kim dUdc tinh che cua cdc leai bac nhap khau<br /> ngach nhap khdu cua VOC vdo mien Bac lin lUdt nhu sau: ddng bac kronen (hoac<br /> Viet Nam trong hai thap nien 1660 va leeuwendaalders) 24%, ddng bac<br /> 1670, bac la loai mat hang nhap khau schuytzilver cua Nhat 16%, ddng bac<br /> khdng the thay the. Ngudi Anh den budn rijksdaalders va provintiendaalders 8%,<br /> ban vdi Dang Ngodi nam 1672 lien tie'p ddng bac rials Tay Ban Nha 4%. Nhu mgt<br /> than phien vd sU phu thugc cao do vdo tien he qua, so' bac tri gia khoang 180.000<br /> mat (bac-TG) trong budn ban: "sU sd'ng cdn guilders VOC d i u tu cho thUdng die'm Ke<br /> cua nen man dich vdi Dang Ngoai la van de Chd nam dd bi thua 16 4^''%> sau khi dUdc<br /> tien mat" (12). tinh che'. TQ thdi diem nay, cac loai bac<br /> Cdng ty dUa vao Dang Ngodi thUdng chi<br /> Den trifdc nam 1668, p h i n Idn bac ngifdi dUdc kiem tra do nguyen chat trUdc khi<br /> Ha Lan cQng nhU ngUdi Hoa va cac thUdng difa ra giao dich tren thi trQdng (15).<br /> nhan ngoai qud'c khac nhap khau vao Dang<br /> Ngoai cd ngudn gdc tQ Nhat Ban. Cd mgt Bdi nen mau dich td lua cua C6ng ty vdi<br /> thUc te rd rdng Id sau khi VOC chan hifng Ddng Ngodi thu dUde Idi nhuan cao trong<br /> ndn mau dich vdi Nhat diu thap nidn 1630, giai doan 1637-1654 (16), bac Nhat thUdng<br /> vi the thifdng mai cua ngifdi Hd Lan d dao dUdc chuyen t h i n g de'n Ddng Ngoai thdng<br /> qudc nay dUdc tang cUdng manh me; hang qua cac chuye'n tdu VOC buon ban giQa<br /> nam Cdng ty cd the thu mua dUdc mgt khdi Dang Ngoai vd Nagasaki. Khdi lUdng bac<br /> lUdng Idn bac Nhat Ban cho mang ludi dua sang Ke Chd hang nam cung tUdng ddi<br /> thUdng mai Ngi A (intra-Asian trade) (13). dn dinh, trung binh 100.000 lang/ndm.<br /> Kim loai Men Tlftai Bhn va chuyen bien. 21<br /> <br /> dUa sang Ke Chd hang nam cung tUdng dd'i Chi trong 3 thang mua he nam 1653, ti gia<br /> dn dinh, trung binh 100.000 lang/nam. bac/tien ddng rdt gia the tham tQ 1/1.600-<br /> Trong giai doan hodng kim cua nen mau 1.700 (1 lang bac an 1.600 den 1.700 ddng<br /> dich td lua VOC-Dang Ngoai (1644-1652), tien) xuo'ng cdn 1/800. Theo ddi sat sao sQ<br /> Cdng ty dua den Ddng Ngoai xap xi bat on cua ti gia ho'i doai tai thdi diem dd,<br /> 130.000 lang moi nam. Bang 1 cho thay vi nhan vien thUdng diem Hd Lan tai Ke Chd<br /> sao de^n giQa thap nien 1650, bac luon quan ngai rang ti gia ho'i doai cd nguy cd<br /> chiem khoang 95% tdng gia tri hang hda sut giam tie'p xuo'ng mQc 1/700-500 trong<br /> VOC nhap khau vao Ddng Ngoai, trong khi nhQng thang tiep theo (18). Nhu mgt hg<br /> cac thUdng pham khac chi dao dgng d mQc qua true tiep tQ van de suy thoai cua ti gia<br /> xa'pxi5%(17). h6''i dodi, gia ca cac mat hang xuat khau<br /> tang trung binh 20%. Nam 1654, gia td<br /> Sau giai doan nhap khau tUdng ddi<br /> so'ng Dang Ngoai thu mua tai Thang Long<br /> thudng xuyen vd dn dinh ndi tren, sin<br /> len den 5,15 guilders/catty, trong khi giai<br /> lUdng bac Nhat do VOC dUa vao Dang<br /> doan 1636-1649 gia td dao dgng d mQc<br /> Ngoai hang nam bat d i u suy giam do hai<br /> trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty. Gia td song<br /> nguyen nhan chii yeu: 1) sU suy giam Idi<br /> Dang Ngoai ban ra nam dd tai Nagasaki la<br /> nhudn ciia hoat dgng xua't khau td lua<br /> 6,92 guilders/catty, chi dat Idi tQc trung<br /> Dang Ngoai sang Nhat va 2) sU khan hiem<br /> binh 34% (19).<br /> tien ddng d Dang Ngoai dan de'n sU sut<br /> giim ti gia ho'i doai bac/tien ddng. Trong That vgng ve khung Idi nhuan qua thip<br /> bao cao giii ve Batavia nam 1652, nhan trong nam 1654, Batavia quyet dinh dinh<br /> vien VOC tai Ke Chd lien tuc than phien ve chi boat dgng xua't khau td lua Dang Ngoai<br /> viec ti gia h6'i doai bac/tien ddng sut gia. sang Nhat Ban trong nam 1655. ThUdng<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 1: Nhap khau bac ciia VOC vao Dang Ngoai, 1637-1668<br /> (bac: lang; long gia tri nhSp kh4'u: guilders)<br /> <br /> Ndm Bac Tong ddu tU Ndm Bac Tong ddu tii<br /> 1637 60,000 188,166 1653 - -<br /> 1638 130.000 298,609 1654 40,000? 149,750<br /> 1639 25.000 382,458 1655 9 25,773<br /> 1640 80,000 439,861 1656 50,000 184,215<br /> 1641 9 202,703 1657 *c, 90.000 276.077<br /> 1642 60,000 297,529 1658 - -<br /> 1643 100,000 299,835 1659 * 100,000 317,500<br /> 1644 135,000 397.590 1660 *5,000 64,773<br /> 1645 150.000 454.606 1661 *32,000 164,703<br /> 1646 130,000 352,544 1662 *50,000 405,686<br /> 1647 130,000 377,637 1663 *100,000 394,670<br /> 65,000<br /> 1648 130,000 457,928 1664 100,000 347.989<br /> *35,000<br /> 1649 100.000 334.105 1665 80,000 420.245<br /> 1650 70,000 372.827 1666 9 419,779<br /> 1651 110,000 552.336? 1667 ? 137,181<br /> 1652 230,000 680,294 1668 *40,000 254,219<br /> <br /> r^^iidn: VOC 1123, 1124, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1149, 1156, 1158, 1161, 1163, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1175, 1184, 1194,<br /> 1197, 1206, 1213, 1216, 1219, 1220, 1230, 1233, 1236, 1240, 1241, 1243/4, 1252, 1253, 1259, 1264, 1265, n61li\ Dagh-register<br /> Balavia \631-\66S/9; Generale Missiven 1-1V,<br /> Ghi chii: •: Bac tO Batavia, sO' c6n lai true tie'p tCr Nhat Bin; Xem ti gid bac/guilder ti!i Phu liie 2,<br /> 22 Rghien curu Lich sur. so 12.2009<br /> <br /> chi hdat ddng xua't khau td lua Ddng Ngodi hang nam mgt kho'i lUdng tUdng do'i Idn vd'n<br /> sang Nhat Ban trong nam 1655. ThUdng d i u tu (bao gdm c i bac nen). Trong giai<br /> didm Ddng Ngodi vi the chi dQdc cung cip doan 1666-1677, bac nen chi chie'm trung<br /> 25,773 guilders de thu mua lua tam xua't binh 1/5 kim ngach nhap khau hang nam<br /> khdu ve Ha Lan (20). Cung tQ nam dd, cua VOC vao Dang Ngoai.<br /> Cdng ty quyet dinh cat giam so' vdn d i u tU<br /> Loai hinh bac VOC dua vao Dang Ngoai<br /> hang nam cho thUdng diem Ke Chd; so'<br /> cung thay ddi tQ bac nen sang cac loai tien<br /> lUdng bac vi the cQng bi cat giam theo. Sau<br /> due bang bac lUu hdnh tai chau Au vd chau<br /> nam 1655, san iQdng bac VOC dQa vad<br /> A nhu cac ddng bac provintiendaalder,<br /> Dang Ngoai khdng bao gid dat ngUdng<br /> kruisdaalder, Mexican rials, Surat rupees...<br /> 100.000 lang/nam nhu thdi ky budn ban<br /> Tai Dang Ngoai, p h i n Idn cac loai ddng bac<br /> thinh dat trUdc dd. Trong giai doan 1656-<br /> ndi tren dUdc nau chay de due thdnh nen<br /> 1668, ngoai trQ mgt vdi mQa buon ban<br /> trUdc khi dUa ra luu hanh. TQ sau "thdi ky<br /> Batavia quyet tam phuc hdi boat dgng xuat<br /> zeni" de'n nam 1700, cac loai ddng bac ndi<br /> khau td lua sang Nhat, san iQdng bac VOC<br /> tren chie'm vi trf quan trgng trong so' bac<br /> dUa vao Dang Ngodi hdng nam dQng d mQc<br /> Cdng ty nhap khau hang nam vao Dang<br /> trung binh 60.000 lang/nam.<br /> Ngodi. Vi du, nam 1672, tdng cong 5 hdm<br /> Sac lenh cam xua't khau bac Nhat ra (khoang 5.000 lang) bac nen vd 1.762<br /> ben ngoai cua Mac Phu DQc Xuyen nam marks dUdc VOC chuyen chd sang Ddng<br /> 1668 ve cd ban khdng gay khd khdn nao Ngoai (23). Bac nen xua't hien kha thudng<br /> cho VOC bdi thudng die'm Deshima nhanh xuyen trong danh muc hang hda Batavia<br /> chdng chuyen sang xua't khau ddng va tien dUa sang Dang Ngoai den giQa thap nien<br /> dong nhu mgt ngudn kim loai thay the (21), 1670, trudc khi dUdc thay the bdi<br /> nhUng van p h i n ndo tac dgng den nen mdu provintiendaalder, Surat rupees va<br /> dich cua Cdng ty vdi Dang Xgodi. Sau khi Mexican rials. Do dUdc gia Idn tai thi<br /> mat ngudn cung cap bac tQ Nhat Ban, trQdng Ddng Ngodi nam 1675, ddng Surat<br /> Batavia phai nd life tim kiem cdc ngudn bac rupees dQdc nhap khau thudng xuyen vao<br /> thay the cho thUdng diem Thang Leng. Dang Ngodi khong chi bdi ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> Trong thuc te, tQ nam 1664 khi ngudn cung ma ca ngUdi Anh. Nam 1677, ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> cap bac tQ Nhat tam thdi dinh tre, Batavia dQa vao Dang Ngoai tdng cong 152.000<br /> da cung cap cho thQdng diem Dang Ngoai ddng Surat rupees (24). Trong nam tiep<br /> bac dQa sang tQ Ha Lan. Ddp lai yeu ciu theo, ngudi Hd Lan nhan tha'y tdu Formosa<br /> cua thUdng diem Dang Ngodi ve 55.000 ciia Anh cQng dUa den Dang Ngddi mgt<br /> lang bac cho mua mau dich nam dd, lUdng Idn Surat rupees (25). Hoat dgng<br /> Batavia chi cung cap dUdc 35.000 lang do nhap khau bac va cac loai ddng tien bac<br /> so'bac chuyen tQ Hd Lan sang chau A nam cua VOC dUdc duy tri cho de'n khi Cong ty<br /> dd qua it (22). Trong "giai doan zeni" (1661- bd quan he budn ban vdi Ddng Ngoai.<br /> 1677), s i n iQdng bac VOC nhap khau vao<br /> Dang Ngoai r i t thap trong tUdng quan vdi b. Nhdp khdu tien ddng zeni Nhdt Bdn<br /> tri gid tien ddng zeni, ngoai trQ ba nam d i u Bdi sU khan hiem tien ddng d i n de'n sii<br /> khi Batavia nang cap thUdng die'm Dang sut giam ti gia ho'i doai bac/tien ddng va<br /> Ngoai len hang thudng trilc nen cung cap lam mat gia bac (26), thUdng nhan nUdc<br /> Kim loai tien RI)at BJin va chuyen bien... 23<br /> <br /> ngodi tim each chuyen hudng nhap khau thuyen di Nhat Ban (28). Day la mdt ke<br /> kim loai quy tQ bac sang ddng, dac biet Id hoach thu dgng va vi the tinh hieu qua<br /> tien ddng, n h i m trdnh thua Id tQ viec nhap khdng cao. Su khan hiem tien ddng tie'p tuc<br /> khau bac vdo Ddng Ngodi. Tan dung vi the anh hudng nghiem trgng de'n boat ddng<br /> dgc tdn cua minh tai Macao, ndi tien ddng xua't nhap khau cua VOC. Nhu da ndi d<br /> cd the dUdc thu mua hoac due mdi, nam p h i n tren, thang 4 nam 1654, thUdng diem<br /> 1652 ngUdi Bd Dao Nha dUa den Dang Ke Chd than phien ve Batavia ring ti gid<br /> Ngoai mgt so' iQdng dang ke tien ddng do hd'i doai bac/tien ddng da sut tQ 1/1.600-<br /> ngudi Trung Qud'c due d Macao. Mac du bi 1.700 xud'ng cdn 1/800 va cd nguy cd sut<br /> quan lai Dang Ngoai tim each ep gia, tie'p xud'ng mQc 1/700-600-500.<br /> chuyen hang dac biet nay van cho ngUdi Bd CQng trong nam dd, chfnh phu Batavia<br /> mdn Idi gin 20.000 lang va quan trgng hdn, thUc hien nd life d i u tien n h i m tim kiem<br /> giup hg giam bdt sU phu thugc trong giao Idi giai cho bdi toan khan hiem tien ddng<br /> dich vao ngudn tien ddng thu mua tai Dang trong budn ban vdi Dang Ngodi bing each<br /> Ngoai. Khdng chi tdc dgng kinh te' Dang cho due va dap mgt sd'tien ddng tai Batavia<br /> Ngoai, sU khan hiem tien ddng cQng anh de chuyen sang mien bic Viet Nam tieu<br /> hUdng nghiem trgng de'n kinh te Ddng thu. Ke hoach nay tha't bai vi trieu dinh<br /> Trong. Viec nhap khau tien ddng vao vUdng Le-Trinh chi chap nhan nhQng ddng tien to<br /> qudc Dang Trong cua hg Nguyen vi the' va chat iQdng td't, ddng thdi ep gia nhQng<br /> cung thu dUdc Idi nhuan rat cao. Nam ddng tien nhd (29). Cuoc khiing hoang tien<br /> 1651, ngUdi Bd Dao Nha thu Idi nhuan te tai Dang Ngodi van chUa cd da'u hieu<br /> 150% tQ sd'tien ddng dem de'n Ddng Trong, thuyen giam vd sau nam 1660 cang gay<br /> theo dd thu dUdc lai rdng 180.000 lang bac nhieu thiet hai cho boat dgng xua't khiu<br /> tQ khd'i tien ddng tri gia 120.000 lang nhap cua VOC. Trong nam dd, ty gia hdi doai<br /> khau vdo Dang Trong (27). xud'ng chi cdn 1/570-850, lap ky luc ve sU<br /> vao thdi diem dd, de khdng cd ngudn mat gid bac len tdi 30%. Dd ed the la mgt<br /> cung tien Trung Qud'c, ngUdi Ha Lan d Ke trong so' nhQng nguyen nhan khien Chiia<br /> Chd tim each ban che sQ phu thugc ciia Trinh tQ chdi nhan so' bac ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> minh vao tien ddng trong xua't nhap khau giao nop de ddi lay td. Vd cd le nham kiem<br /> vdi Dang Ngoai bing each trdnh canh che p h i n nao cuge khung hoing thieu tien<br /> tranh true tie'p vdi Hoa thudng va cac ddng da len de'n mQc bdo dgng, trieu dinh<br /> thUdng nhan ngoai qud'c khac trong thu Le-Trinh hdi thuc cac cdng xUdng nha nUdc<br /> mua hang hda. Nhan t.ha'y gid tien ddng tang sin iQdng tien due. N6 lUc tren ciia<br /> thudng len cao khi thUdng thuyen ngoai trieu dinh vd hinh chung bien du an nhap<br /> qudc de'n Ddng Ngoai, ngUdi Ha Lan tai Ke khau tien ddng zeni Nhat Ban vao Dang<br /> Chd kien nghi Batavia dUa thuyen sang Ngoai cua thUdng nhan ngUdi Nhat la<br /> Dang Ngoai sdm hdn thudng le n h i m tao Resimon - nhu ngudi Ha Lan md ta diy<br /> dieu kien cho nhan vien thUdng diem tien hinh tUdng trong nhat ky thUdng diem cua<br /> hanh cdng viec kinh doanh trUdc khi hg - "nhu lan khdi mong tan bien vdo<br /> thuyen ciia Hoa thudng den. Neu khdng, khdng trung tham tham" (30).<br /> thudng diem nen cat giQ bac cho de'n khi Cd the ndi, trai vdi sii nang ddng cua<br /> Hoa thQdng da ket thuc giad dich va rdi Hoa thUdng va ngUdi Bd, ngUdi Hd Lan<br /> 24 Rghien curu Lich sJr, s o 12.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> B a n g 2: T i e n z e n i N h a t d o VOC n h a p k h a u v a o D'ang N g o a i , 1660-1679<br /> <br /> (ddn vi tinh: ddng; ddn vi khac se dUdc ghi chii)<br /> <br /> Nam Tdng cdng Nam Tdng cdng<br /> 1660 0 1670 7.750.000<br /> 1661 400.000 1671 =21.400.000<br /> 1662 0 1672 6.360.000<br /> 1663 9.230.000 1673 8.520.000<br /> 1664 = 15.762.184 1674 23.809.523<br /> 1665 31.524.369 1675 17.568.000<br /> 1666 800.000 1676 =39.400.000<br /> 1667 10.080 pound 1677 =5.000.000<br /> 1668 10.540,000 1678 0<br /> 1669 15.748.300 1679 0<br /> Nguon: VOC 1233, 1236, 1240, 1241, 1243/4, 1252, 1253, 1259, 1264, 1265, 1267/8, 1272, 1278, 1283,<br /> 1290, 1294, 1302, 1304, 1307, 1311, 1314, 1320, 1322, 1330, 1339; Dagh-register Batavia 1661-1679.<br /> n h i n c h u n g t h u dgng t r o n g viec tim kiem VOC d i u t u chd n e n m a u dich vdi mien Bac<br /> vd d u a vdo D d n g Ngoai cac n g u d n tien ddng Viet N a m n g a y c a n g suy giam.<br /> t h a y the. Sau vu t h u nghiem dua tien due Vay tien zeni la loai tien gi va tai sao cd<br /> tai J a v a sang Ke Chd k h d n g t h a n h cdng the tieu t h u dUdc tai D a n g Ngoai? Ve cd ban,<br /> n a m 1654, mai de'n n a m 1660 Batavia mdi lich sii x u a t k h a u tien te N h a t Ban sang<br /> trien k h a i ke hoach thQ hai n h a m b a n che Viet N a m trong t h e ky XVII cd the dUdc chia<br /> su t h u a Id cua Cong ty trong budn b a n vdi<br /> lam h a i thdi ky chfnh; mdi thdi ky dUdc ghi<br /> D a n g Ngoai. Trong n a m dd Toan quyen va<br /> da'u a n b i n g moi loai tien k h a c n h a u . Thdi<br /> Hgi ddng Ddng An yeu c i u thifdng die'm<br /> ky thQ nha't dien r a vao d i u t h e k y XVII, bat<br /> Deshima t h u m u a tien ddng zeni N h a t de<br /> d i u b i n g viec Mac Phu- DQc Xuyen ra sac<br /> dUa sang tieu t h u tai D a n g Ngoai. Cudc t h u<br /> lenh yeu c i u t h i n d a n N h a t chi dUdc luu<br /> nghiem t h d n h cdng td't dep: n a m 1661<br /> h a n h nhQng loai tien c h a t iQdng cao dUdc<br /> thUdng die'm Ke Chd tieu t h u t h a n h cdng<br /> due trong nUdc - mgt nd lUc ciia chfnh quyen<br /> 400.000 ddng zeni N h a t , t h u Idi n h u a n 40%<br /> N h a t B a n n h i m b i n h dn h e tho'ng tien te dat<br /> (31). Tuy nhien, t h a n h cdng Idn nha't cua<br /> nude. Theo dd, tien ddng ngUdi N h a t n h a p<br /> \dgc dUa zeni N h a t s a n g D a n g Ngoai khdng<br /> k h a u tQ T r u n g Qu6'c (toraisen) hdac due<br /> chi ddn t h u i n la va'n de k h u n g Idi n h u a n ,<br /> trong nude d cac thdi ky trUdc (shichusen) bi<br /> md q u a n trgng hdn la viec cung cap phUdng<br /> cam IQU h a n h t a i thi trUdng N h a t Ban.<br /> tien t h a n h toan hdp le de n h a n vien t h u d n g<br /> diem tien h a n h cdc b o a t dgng giao dich, b a n Ngay s a u k h i chfnh s a c h t r e n dUdc b a n<br /> che sQ t h u a Id do bac bi m a t gia trong cuoc h a n h , thUdng n h a n N h a t , T r u n g Qu6'c, Bd<br /> k h u n g h o a n g thieu tien ddng tai D a n g Dad N h a , H a L a n l a p tQc v a n c h u y e n mgt<br /> Ngodi vd'n da keo dai tQ d i u t h a p nien 1650. sd ludng Idn cac loai tien m a t gia t r e n<br /> TQ n a m 1663 den k h o a n g n a m 1679, VOC (toraisen va shichusen) sang tieu thu tai<br /> t h u d n g xuyen n h d p k h a u tien zeni N h a t vdd D a n g Ngoai va dac biet la D a n g T r o n g -<br /> D a n g Xgodi va vdi sd lUdng ngay cdng tang. ndi chfnh q u y e n sd k h a i hg N g u y e n (do<br /> Dieu nay ddng nghia vdi \nec kim ngach bac k h d n g cd n g u d n k h o a n g s i n ddng lai cQng<br /> Kim loai hen RI?at Ban va chuyen bien... 25<br /> <br /> Hinh 1: Ti^n Trirfirng Ky mau djch (genho tsuho) nguiyi Nhat due 6i xuit Tien Trudng Ky mau<br /> khau, giai doan 1659-1685 dich khdng chi quan trgng<br /> vdi Dang Trong (35) - ndi<br /> cdn sd't ddng va tien ddng<br /> h i u nhu khdng bao gid ha<br /> nhiet trong suo't the ky<br /> XVII - ma cdn ddng vai trd<br /> vd cQng quan trgng trong<br /> viec binh dn cudc khung<br /> hoing thie'u tien ddng tai<br /> khdng cd ngudn cung cap tien ddng tQ Ddng Ngoai niia sau the ky XVII. Nhu da<br /> Trung Qud'c) da tan dung to'i da cac ddng trinh bay d tren, diu thap nien 1650 Dang<br /> tien tdt de tieu thu vd nau chay cdc ddng Ngodi rdi vdo cudc khung hoang thieu tien<br /> tien chat iQdng kem de due vu khi va che ddng phin nhieu do ngudn cung cap tien<br /> tac dd gia dung (32). Tai Dang Ngoai, cac truyen thd'ng tQ Trung Qud'c bi ngUng tre<br /> loai tien tren dUdc lUu hdnh song song vdi trong ngi chien giQa trieu Thanh vd cdc the<br /> cac loai tien due ban dia vd tien nhap khau luc phuc Minh tai mien nam Trung Hoa.<br /> true tiep tQ Trung Qud'c. Giao si Alexandre NgUdi Bd Ddo Nha ngay lap tQc dem tien do<br /> de Rhodes de'n Ddng Ngoai cud'i thap nien ngUdi Trung Qud'c tai Macao due sang Ddng<br /> 1620 ghi nhan cd hai loai tien ddng cung Ngodi ban vd thu difdc Idi nhuan rat cao<br /> dUdc song song luu hanh tren thi trUdng: (36). Nhim giam thua Id trong viec dem bac<br /> loai "tien Idn" do Hoa va Nhat thUdng nhap vdo Dang Ngoai, nam 1654 ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> khau vdd dUdc tieu thu rgng rai trong todn thu due tien ddng tai Batavia de cung cap<br /> qud'c, trong khi loai "tien be" due trong cho Dang Ngoai nhUng that bai. TQ dd den<br /> nudc chi dUdc lUu hdnh tai kinh thanh vd nam 1661, khi thQdng die'm Deshima tai<br /> cac tinh lan can (33). Nagasaki cung cap tien zeni Nhat cho<br /> thUdng diem Ke Chd, ngUdi Ha Lan khdng<br /> Thdi ky thQ hai dien ra giQa cac nam<br /> cd nd life nao de kidm Idi tQ cuec khiing<br /> 1659 va 1685 khi ngQdi Nhat tai Nagasaki<br /> hoang thie'u tien ddng tai Ddng Ngoai (37).<br /> dUdc Mac Phu DQc Xuyen cap phep due<br /> Nhan tha'y tiem nang tieu thu cua tien zeni<br /> tien TrUdng Ky mau dich ddnh cho xua't<br /> tai Dang Ngoai, ngudi Ha Lan cung nhU<br /> khau. Ben canh loai tien due rieng cho<br /> Hoa thudng lien tiep nhap khau loai tien<br /> trieu Minh luu vong tai mien nam Trung<br /> Nhat nay vao Dang Ngoai de'n tan cud'i thap<br /> Qud'c vd sau nay la the life Trinh Thanh<br /> nien 1670 vd vdi sd' lUdng ngay cang tang.<br /> Cdng ddn tru tai dao Dai Loan (chii yeu la<br /> Nhd so' iQdng Idn tien zeni nhap khiu, van<br /> tien "Vinh Lich thdng bio" - ngudi Nhat ggi<br /> nan thie'u tien hoanh hanh tai Dang Ngoai tQ<br /> la eiryakusen), mgt iQdng Idn tien TrUdng<br /> diu thap nien 1650 ve cd ban dUdc giai quye't,<br /> Ky mau dich dUdc chuyen sang tieu thu tai<br /> ti gia hd'i doai bac/tien ddng din hdi phuc trd<br /> Viet Nam. P h i n Idn so' tien nay dUdc diic<br /> lai (xem phan tich cu the d phin sau).<br /> theo ddng "Nguyen Phong thong bao" ciia<br /> nha To'ng vd dUdc ngUdi Nhat ggi chung la Thanh cdng cua VOC trong viec tieu thu<br /> genho tsuho (34). tien zeni Nhat d Ddng Ngoai cd y nghia dac<br /> 25 Rghien ciJru Ljch sir, so 12.2009<br /> <br /> biet quan trgng dd'i vdi nen mau dich cua Batavia yeu ciu, thUdng die'm Deshima chi<br /> Cdng ty vdi mien bac Viet Nam tQ sau nam chuan bi .5.000.000 ddng zeni cho thUdng<br /> 1668 - nam Mac Phii DQc Xuyen ca'm xua't die'm Dang Ngoai trong mua mau dich<br /> khau bac Xhat Bin ra ben ngodi. Mac du 1677. Cac bao cao thUdng mai ciia thUdng<br /> bac hi mat gid tram trgng tQ dau thap nien die'm Ke Chd trong cac nam tiep theo kien<br /> 1650, Cdng ty hang nam van phai tie'p tuc nghi tQ nay khdng nen nhap khau tien zeni<br /> dUa vd'n kinh doanh vao Dang Ngoai dudi Nhat vao Ddng Ngoai nQa (40). Vi the VOC<br /> dang bac nen. Xeu nhu trong nam 1668 - chuyen sang boat dgng dUa bac (ca bac nen<br /> nam cudi cung Cdng ty cd the thu bac Nhat vd ddng tien bac) vao Dang Ngoai nhu da<br /> - bac van chiem khoang 40% tdng so' vd'n tQng lam trudc "giai doan zeni".<br /> d i u tu vdo Dang Ngoai thi trong nam tie'p<br /> Xguyen nhan tien zeni Nhat ba't ngd<br /> theo hau nhu khdng cd mgt lang bac nao<br /> ma't gia tai Dang Ngodi nila cud'i thap nien<br /> dUdc difa den, trong khi 15,748.300 ddng<br /> zeni, tri gia khoang 40% kim ngach nhap 1670 van cdn nhieu i n khuat. TrUdc day<br /> khau, difdc Cdng ty dUa vdo mien bac Viet nha nghien cQu Nhat Ban la Iwao Seiichi<br /> Xam. Xam 1074, 23.809.000 ddng zeni cho rang zeni Nhat da mat gia ngay tQ nam<br /> X'"hat chie'm 66°o tdng so' vd'n dau tU cua 1661 - khi sQ bg nha Thanh trong chuyen<br /> VOC vao Dang Xgoai va hai nam sau, cdng du sang Dang Ngodi yeu ciu trieu dinh<br /> 39.400.000 ddng zeni da chie'm den 73% Le-Trinh cam lUu hanh tien zeni (41). Dung<br /> tdng vd'n dau tU. Ndu tfnh todn bd "thdi ky la sQ doan Man Thanh vdi sac phong va qua<br /> zeni' (1661-1677), loai tien ddng Xhat nay tang den Thang Long nam 1662, va ngay<br /> chiem trung binh 22% trong tdng so' vd'n trong nam sau dd chinh quyen Le-Trinh da<br /> dau tu ciia VOC vdo Ddng Xgoai (38). cU sQ bg sang trieu cd'ng nha Thanh (42).<br /> Tuy nhien, sU kien nay khdng anh hUdng<br /> Vi the vQng chac cua VOC trong vdec hay lam ngxfng tre \dec nhap khau va tieu<br /> nhap khau tien ddng zeni Xhat cd le Id thu zeni Nhat tai Dang Ngoai bdi loai tien<br /> nguyen nhdn chinh dan de'n quydt dinh cua nay tiep tuc dUdc ngUdi Ha Lan va Hoa<br /> trieu dinh Le-Trinh nam 1675 cho phep thUdng nhap khau vdi so' iQdng ngdy mdt<br /> ngudi Ha Lan dgc quyen nhap tien zeni vao tang de'n tan nam 1677. Cd nhieu kha nang<br /> Dang Xgoai. Tuy nhien, dac quyen nay tien zeni Nhat ma't cho dQng tai Dang Ngoai<br /> khdng dudc VOC tan dung lau dai bdi ngay bdi: 1) ddng xua't k h i u tien ddng Trung<br /> trong nam tie'p sau dd, zeni b i t d i u ha gid. Qud'c sang mien bac Viet Nam hdi phuc sau<br /> Bao cao tinh hinh budn ban nam 1675 ve mgt thdi gian gian doan do ngi chien tai<br /> Batavia, giam ddc thifdng die'm Ke Chd mien nam Trung Hoa; 2) nhQng nd lUc cua<br /> Albert Brevinck cho biet gid zeni X'hat trieu dinh Le-Trinh n h i m tang san lUdng<br /> glim hdng ngdy (39). Nam 1676, thudng tien due trong cac xUdng due tien nha nUdc;<br /> diem Ke Chd cho r i n g ddng thoi dUdc gia 3) ban than khd'i iQdng tQdng dd'i Idn zeni do<br /> hdn zeni, du loai tien Nhat nay vin cin<br /> thQdng nhan Ha Lan vd Trung Qudc nhap<br /> thiet trong giao dich. Sau khi can nhic bdo<br /> khau vao Dang Ngoai de'n niia cuo'i thSp<br /> cao ciia thudng die'm Ke Chd, Batavia yeu<br /> nien 1670 da dap Qng kha dii nhu cau tien<br /> cau thUdng die'm Deshima cit giim sd<br /> ddng tai mien bac Viet Nam.<br /> iQdng zeni thu mua cho Dang Ngoai nam<br /> dd de tang sd lUdng ddng thoi. Dung nhu (Cdn nita)<br /> Kim loai Hen Rl^at B£in va chuyen bien. 27<br /> <br /> Phu luc 1: Danh muc tif tra cifu<br /> baa, Chios, hockiens (hodng quyen), lings (linh?), toas (lua?), sittouw, sumongij, the thua.-.<br /> (V.) Cac loai lua tam san xua't tai Dang Ngoai,<br /> eiryakusen (N,) Tion Trudng K>' mau dich (Nagasaki trade coins) dtic tai Nagasaki de ban cho trieu Minh<br /> luu vong tai mien nam T r u n g Quoc den khoang dau thSp nien 1680s,<br /> genho tsuho (N.) Tien TrUdng K^ mau dich dtic tai Nagasaki, chii ye'u dc xuat k h a u sang Diing Ngoili va<br /> Dang Trong giai doan 1659-1685,<br /> liasjes (H.) Tien dtic bang dong, kem,,. c6 16 chinh giOa, Tien kasjes luu hiinh d Dang Ngoai c6 the<br /> dUdc diic ban dia, n h a p khau tt^ T r u n g Quoc hoac N h a t Ban,<br /> kronen (H,, ten khac lii leeuwendaalder) Loai tien dting d mien Dong an, tri gia 39 stuivers (1015) and<br /> at 4 8 s t u i v e r s (1639),<br /> kruisdaalder (H,) Dong lien bac dtic tai Hii Lan, trj gia khoang 3,60 guilders.<br /> lb Pound Ha Lan, tUdng dudng 0,495 kg.<br /> Mexicanen (hoac Mexican rials) Dong tien bac Mexico,<br /> musk (Tie'ng Ha Lan: muscus) Xa hudng,<br /> provintiendaalder (H.) Dong tien bac dtic tai \\& Lan, tri gia 2 guilders 8 stuivers (1606), 2 guilders 10 stuivers<br /> (sau n a m 1606),<br /> rial of eight (Tie'ng HS Lan: reaal van achten) Dong tien bac Tiiy Ban Nha, due tai Peru, Mexico, va<br /> Sevilla, tri gia 48 stuivers (trU(5c nam 1662) va 60 stuivers (sau nam 1662),<br /> shichusen (N.) Tien dong do tU n h a n dtic tai Nhat, Trong no Itic binh on he thong tien te ctia Nhat dau<br /> the ky XVII, Mac Phii Dtic Xuyen ciim luu hiinh loai tic'n niiy. Vi the, thuang nhan tiiD each<br /> xuat k h a u loai tifiii shichusen mat gia niiy sang Dang Trong va Dang Ngoiii v6i khoi lUdng<br /> t u d n g doi Idn.<br /> shuin-sen (N,) T h u y e n Chiiu an Nhat,<br /> schuitzilver (H,) Bac nen dtic dudi dang con thuyen nho,<br /> Surat rupee (H, Suratse ropia) Dong tien bac sii diing tai S u r a t (in Do), tri gia 37 1/2 stuivers,<br /> toraisen (N,) Tien dong T r u n g Quoc n h a p khau vao Nhat Ban, Trong no Itic binh on he tho'ng tien te<br /> ctia N h a t dSu the ky XVII, Mac Phii Diic Xuyen cam luu h a n h loai tien nay. Vi the, thudng<br /> n h a n tim each xua't khau loai tien shichusen mii't gia nay sang Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai<br /> v6i khoi lUdng tUdng doi Idn,<br /> (N.) T h u a t ngii chung dUcJc ngudi Ha Lan sU dung trong van ban di; chi cac loai tien dong<br /> (kasjes) dUtic thudng n h a n ngoai quoc nhap khau vao Dang Ngo,ii, Xem them: kasjes,<br /> eiryakusen, genho tsuho, shichusen, toraisen.<br /> <br /> Chu thich: H,: Ha Lan; N,: N h a t Ban; V,: Viet Nam.<br /> <br /> Phu luc 2: Ddn vi do lUdng chinh<br /> Tien te<br /> 1 lang (tael) bac = 10 m a a s = 100 eonderin<br /> = 3 guilders 2 stuivers (trudc 1636)<br /> = 2 guilders 17 stuivers (163(>-1666)<br /> = 3 guilders 10 stuivers (1666-1743)<br /> 1 rixdollar : 48 stuivers (den 1665) = 60 stuivers (sau 1666)<br /> 1 quan tien : 10 tien = 600 dong<br /> 1 lang (tael) bac - 2.000 dong (tien trinh) (trUdc thap m e n 1050)<br /> •- 600-800 dong (tien trinh) (trong hai t h a p nien 1650 va 1660)<br /> '- 2.000-2.200 dong (giai doan 1670-1700)<br /> • T r o n g li^dng<br /> 1 picul = 100 catty = 60 kg<br /> 1 catty : 1 6 t a e l s = 600 gr<br /> 1 tael = 37,5 gr<br /> 28 Rghien ciiu Ljch si]', so 12.2009<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Pieter van Dam, Beschrycinge uan de (9). P h a n Huy Chii, Lich trieu. Tap 3, tr. 63-64;<br /> Oostindische Compagnie, 7 vols, edited by F. W. Wliitmore, "Vietnam and t h e Monetary Flow", pp.<br /> Stapel (The Hague: M a r t i n u s Nijhoff, 1931), Vol. 367-369.<br /> 2-1, pp. 361-362. (10). Xem chi tiet hoat dong xua't- nhap kh^u<br /> (2). Trong so' rat nhieu cong trinh tieu bieu ve cua VOC vdi D ng Ngo i tti Hoang Anh Tuan,<br /> chu de nay, c6 the xem cong trinh mang tinh tong Silk for Silver. Rieng ve td lua co the xem them<br /> hop cao va cQng dang thu hut di((3c sU quan tam tii: P, W. Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse<br /> tranh luan cua gidi nghien ctlu: Gunder A. Frank, zijdehandel van de Vereenigde Oost-indische<br /> Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age Compagnie en het inter-Aziatische verkeer in de<br /> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 17' eeuw", in W, Frijhoff and M. Hiemstra (eds.),<br /> <br /> (3), Co the xem: Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Bewogen en Bewegen: de historicus in. het<br /> <br /> Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 spanningsveld tussen economic and cultuur<br /> (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2007), (Tilburg: Gianotten, 1986), pp, 152-77; Hoang Anh<br /> Tuan, "Mau dich td lua cua Cong ty Dong An H&<br /> (4), Keith W, Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam:<br /> Lan vdi Dang Ngoai, 1637-1670", Tap chi Nghien<br /> Sino-Vietnamese Relations to the Tenth Century<br /> cUu Lich sii 3/2006, tr, 10-20 & 4/2006, tr. 24-34.<br /> and the Origins of Vietnamese Nationhood (Ph.D,<br /> Diss,, the University of Michigan, 1976), pp, 203- (11), Tai Bengal (An Do), kim loai quy - chu<br /> 204, Xem them: Robert S. Wick, Money, .Markets, yeu la bac nen va tien - chie'm tdi 92% tong gia tri<br /> and Trade in Early Southeast Asia, the nhap k h a u cua VOC trong giai doan tii 1708-1709<br /> Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems lo den 1716-1717. Ora P r a k a s h , "BuUion for Goods:<br /> AD 1400 (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e and the Economy of Early<br /> 1992), pp. 19-65. Eighteenth Century Bengal", The Indian<br /> Economic and Social History Review 13 (1976),<br /> (5). John K. Whitmore, "Vietnam and the<br /> (pp. 159-187), p. 163. (Reprinted in Om Prakash,<br /> Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to<br /> Precious Metals and Commerce, Variorum 1994).<br /> Eighteenth Centuries", in J. F. Richards (ed,).<br /> Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early (12), BL OIOC G/12/17-1, English factory in<br /> Modern Worlds (California: Carolina Academic Tonkin to B a n t e n and London, 10 Oct, 1672, fos.<br /> Press, 1983), pp, 363-396, Xem them: D6 Van 36-37,<br /> Ninh, "Tien co thdi Ly-Tran", Tap chi Nghien cUu (13). Paul A. van Dyke, "How and Why the<br /> Lich SI? 6/1979, tr, 26-34, Dutch East India Company Became Competitive<br /> (6), P h a n Huy Chti, Lich trieu hien chUctng logi in I n t r a - A s i a n Trade in E a s t Asia in the 1630s",<br /> chi. 4 tap (Ha Noi: Sd hoc, 1961), Tap 3 (Qudc Itinerario 21/3 (1997), pp. 41-56, Xem them txt:<br /> Dung Chi), tr, 61. Leonard Bluss6, "From Inclusion to Exclusiveness,<br /> the Early Years at Hirado, 1600-1640", in Blusse<br /> (7). Co the xem khai lUdc ve he thong tien te<br /> et al, (eds,). Bridging the Divide: 400 Years the<br /> Viet Nam til U'hitmore, "Vietnam and the<br /> Netherlands-Japan (Leiden: Hotel Publishing,<br /> Monetary Flow", pp. 365-370.<br /> 2000), pp, 13-32; F e m m e G a a s t r a , "The Shifting<br /> (8). Whitmore. "Vietnam and the Monetary<br /> Balance of Trade of the Dutch East India<br /> Flow", pp. 363-396.<br /> Company", in L, Bluss6 a n d F, G a a s t r a (eds,).<br /> Kim loai Hen Rl^at Bim va chuyen bien. 29<br /> <br /> Companies and Trade, Essays on Overseas Trading des Indes Neerlandaises et I'lndochme", Bulletin<br /> Companies during the Ancien Regime (Leiden: de I'ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 37 (1937), p,<br /> Leiden University Press, 1981), pp, 47-69, 140,<br /> <br /> (14), Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel (21), Femme Gaastra, "The Exports of Precious<br /> Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over Metal from Europe to Asia by the Dutch East<br /> geheel Nederlandts-India (The Hague: Martinus India Company, 1602-1795", in J, F, Richards<br /> Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1887-1931) (ed,). Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and<br /> [tii day viet t a t la Dagh-register Batavia] Vol, Early Modern Worlds (California: Carolina<br /> 1636, pp, 69-74. Xem them: Van Dam, Academic Press, 1983), p, 453,<br /> Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie, pp. (22). VOC 1241, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,<br /> 361-365. 6 Nov, 1663, fos. 356-366; Dagh-register Batavia<br /> (15). Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs- 1664, p. 298.<br /> Generaat en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde (23). Dagh-register Batavia 1672, pp. 160, 193-<br /> Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague: Martinus 194.<br /> Nijhoff, 1960-1976) [tiJ day viet tdt la Generale<br /> (24). Dagh-register Batavia 1675, p, 186; 1677.<br /> Missiven] III, pp. 109-110, Thong tin chi tiet ve<br /> pp, 140, 177.<br /> hoat dong tinh che bac "Mallacx" co the xem tti<br /> (25), VOC 1339, J a n Besselman en Tonkin<br /> VOC 1140, Copie specificatie van 't Mallacx zilver<br /> comptoir naar Batavia, 17 Sep, 1678. fos, 500-509;<br /> in Tonquin geraffineert (1641), fos, 158-160,<br /> Dagh-register Batavia 1678, p, 224.<br /> (16), Xin xem: Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse<br /> (26). Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary<br /> zijdehandel", pp, 152-177; Nagazumi Yoko, "The<br /> Flow", pp. 363-396; Do Van Ninh, Tien cd Viet<br /> Tonkinese-Japanese Trade in the Mid-<br /> Nam. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ngi, 1992.<br /> seventeenth Century", Annual Reports of Josai<br /> Graduate School of Economics (Nhat ngii), 8/1992, (27). Generale Missiven II, pp. 651-652, Ve hoat<br /> <br /> pp, 21-46; Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver, dong nhap khau tien dong Trung Quoc vao Dang<br /> <br /> (Chapter 6: The Export Trade (I): Tonkmese Silk Ngoai thong qua ngiMi Bo Dao Nha, xin xem:<br /> <br /> for Japan), pp, 143-164, George B, Souza, The Survival of Empire,<br /> Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the<br /> (17), Tai Ayutthaya (Xiem), ti le bac trong long<br /> South China Sea 1630-1754 (Cambndge:<br /> kim ngach n h a p kha'u cua VOC la 71,5% (giai doan<br /> Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp, 115-120,<br /> 1633-1663) va 76,8%) (giai doan 1664-1694), va<br /> Kliai lUdc hoat dong nhap kha'u tien dong vao<br /> trung binh 74,3% (cho ca giai doan 1633-1694),<br /> Dang Trong, xin xem: Li Tana, Nguyen<br /> George V, Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-<br /> Cochinchina, Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth<br /> Century Thailand (Northern Illinois University:<br /> and Eighteenth Centuries (Ithaca: SEAP, 1998),<br /> Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Special<br /> pp, 90-93,<br /> Report No, 16, 1977), pp, 63, 70.<br /> (28). VOC 1197, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,<br /> (18), Generate Missiven II, pp. 697-702,<br /> Nov. 1653, fos. 598-611; Generale Missiven II, pp.<br /> (19). Tinh toan tii Klein, "De Tonkinees- 697-702.<br /> J a p a n s e zijdehandel", p, 170 (Table 2), (29). VOC 1206, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia,<br /> (20), VOC 677, Batavia Resolutie, 27 Apr, 18 Nov. 1654, fos. 65-90; Buch, "La Compagnie"<br /> 1655, Xem them: W, J, M, Buch, "La Compagnie (1937), p. 139.<br /> 30 Rghien ciru Lich sic, so 12.2009<br /> <br /> (30). Dagh-register Batavia 1661, pp, 49-55, by the Dutch East India Company during the<br /> <br /> (31), VOC 1236, Hendrick Baron n a a r Batavia, Eighteenth Century (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005), p.<br /> <br /> 12 Nov, 1661, fos. 829-855; Dagh-register Batavia 95,<br /> <br /> 1661, p, 89; Generale Missiven III, pp, 450-451, (35), Li Tana, Nguyen Cochinchina, pp. 90-93.<br /> <br /> (32), Luc Dtic T h u a n , "Japan Eariy Trade (36). Generale Missiven II, pp. 651-652; Souza,<br /> Coins and the Commercial Trade between The Survival of Empire, pp. 115-120.<br /> Vietnam and Japan in the l?'*" Century", (37). VOC 1206, Tonkin comptoir n a a r Batavia,<br /> www.VietAntique.com: Whitmore, "Vietnam and 18 Nov. 1654, fos. 65-90; Buch, "La Compagnie"<br /> the Monetary Flow", pp. 363-396. Ve hoat dong (1937.), p. 139.<br /> xuat k h a u Toraisen va Shichusen de'n Dang Trong,<br /> (38). Cac ti le p h d n t r a m tren day dUdc tinh<br /> xin xem: A, van Aelst, " J a p a n e s e coins in southern<br /> toan tii so lieu trong Bang 2.<br /> Vietnam and the Dutch East India Company,<br /> 1633-1638", Newsletter (The Oriental Numismatic (39), VOC 1314, Albert Bre^incq en Tonkin<br /> <br /> Society, 109, Nov,-Dec, 1987), (n,p); Li Tana, comptoir n a a r Batavia, 19 Nov. 1675, fos. 19-22;<br /> <br /> Nguyen Cochinchina, pp. 90-90. Generate Missiven IV, p. 88,<br /> <br /> (33). Rhodes, Histoire du royaume de Tuinquin (40), Generale Missiven IV, 88, pp. I l l , 174.<br /> (Lyon: J e a n Baptiste Devenet, 1651), pp. 59-60, (41), D i n theo Shimada, The Intra-Asian Trade<br /> <br /> (34), R, L, Innes, The Door Ajar: Japan's in Japanese Copper, p, 95,<br /> Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century (Ph,D, (42), CUctng muc II, tr, 296; Todn thU III, tr.<br /> Diss,, University of Michigan, 1980), p, 587; Luc 260, 262, 264.<br /> Dtic Thuan, "Japan Early Trade Coins"; RNTJIO (**) L u a n van dUdc thiic hien dudi sii tai trd<br /> Sliimada, The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper ctia Dai hoc Leiden va Sumitomo Foundation.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> VE GOCT^GUOIV LY C 6 i \ G UA^.<br /> (Tie'p theo trang 9)<br /> <br /> (12). Cuvng mv.c (Cb), 4, 8. B.iti dich, tr. 328. Noi, khoa 1996-2000 ciing cho biet tai Hien Khanh<br /> tim tha'y nhidu di vat thdi Ly-Tran.<br /> (13). Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, Ban Jich, Nxb.<br /> (15). Theo Dia chi Nam Dinh. Nxb. Chinh tri<br /> T h u a n Hoa in lai, 1992, tr. 328, 353.<br /> Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 219-221 thi vung<br /> (14). Xem Hung Dao dgi Vuang vd nhd Tran "Hanh cung IJng P h o n g n a m d giiia k h u vtic Minh<br /> tren que huang Nam Hd. Sd Van hoa Thong tin T h u a n va Hien K h a n h " ndi tii thdi Le ve trildc co<br /> Nam Ha, 1995. TS. Nguyen Van Nam - Giam doc xa H a n h Cung, de'n n a m 1820 doi la H a n h NTian.<br /> sd Van hoa-The thao-Du lich Nam Dinh, roi BCii Rieng 7 thon xa H a n h Cung xUa c6 de'n 39 di tich<br /> Duy H u n g trong .Minh Thuan tU truyen thdng de'n (chua ke n h a Thd Thien chiia giao) trong do noi<br /> hien dgi. Khoa luan to't nghiep Klioa Lich sU - bat la cac thon Phii Lao, Bich, HU(3ng Nghia deu<br /> TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - D,ai hoc Quo'c Gia Ha thd H a u Tac.<br />