Kim loại tiền Nhật Bản và chuyển biến kinh tế - xã hội Đàng ngoài thế kỷ XVII (Tiếp theo và hết)

x^ ^'<br /> KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN<br /> KINH TE XA HOI DANG NGOAI THE KY XVII<br /> (Tiep theo vd het) .<br /> <br /> <br /> HOANG ANH TUAN*<br /> I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 3. Tac dong cua kim loai tien Nhat Mdt lUdng Idn kim loai Dang Ngodi dung<br /> Ban den kinh te - xa hoi Dang Ngoai trao ddi tien ddng Trung Qudc Id bae n6n<br /> Nhdt Ban, b ca'p dp tha'p hdn Id loai bae<br /> a. Tdc ddng de'n tigid bgc/tien dong<br /> nen dUdc due tQ ddng bae rials Tay Ban<br /> NhQ da trinh bay cl cac p h i n trUdc, cac Nha, eae loai ddng bae Ha Lan va rupees<br /> trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam tQ the ky An Dp. Theo each phan loai cua thUdng<br /> XIII de'n the ky XVIII tim each giam tai sy nhan phUdng Tay, ve ed ban cd 4 loai bae<br /> thieu hut tien iQu hanh trong nQde bang chinh dUdc lUu hanh tren thi trUdng Dang<br /> each dung bae va vang de trao dd'i tien Ngodi. Loai td't nhd't dUde gpi Id lysee 100%<br /> ddng Trung Quo'c. Cudi thap nien 1680, bae nguyen chd't; ba loai cdn lai Id ddng bae<br /> mdt nhd du hanh va thUdng nhan chau Au rials Tdy Ban Nha (94%), rixdollars (85%)<br /> md ta boat ddng nay nhu sau: vd bae nen Nhdt Ban schuytzilver (82%)<br /> (44). Cdc boat dpng mau dich quy md ldn cd<br /> Mdt can trd khdc vdi boat dpng mau<br /> the dung bae n6n de thanh todn trong khi<br /> dich Id hp [trieu dinh Le-Trinh] cho phep<br /> budn bdn le vd tieu pha hdng ngdy can tien<br /> mdt lUdng ldn bae do thudng nhan nude<br /> ddng. Bdi bae Nhdt chiem ti trpng ldn trong<br /> ngodi dem vdo vUdng qud'e (thudng khoang<br /> tdng sd' vdn dau tU ciia ngUdi Hd Lan va<br /> mpt trieu dd la mdi ndm) dUde xud't sang<br /> ngUdi Hoa, nd dUde cei Id loai bae "chuin"<br /> Bowes vd Trung Qude n h i m dd'i Id'y tien<br /> trong giao dich. Vi the, eho den trUde ndm<br /> ddng - vd'n len hay xud'ng tuy theo viec<br /> 1668, loai "bae" thUdng nhdn ngoai qudc de<br /> Chova [Chua] chi phdi theo ldi ich eiia Ong<br /> cap den trong "ti gid hdi doai bac/tien ddng"<br /> ta. Ngoai ra, be mat cac ddng tien ndy se bi<br /> nhieu kha nang la bae Nhdt Ban (45).<br /> bdo mdn trong mdt vdi ndm nen md't gia tri<br /> luu hanh, gay thiet hai Idn cho thUdng Sy thieu byt cdc ngudn tU lieu ngan trd<br /> nhan vd tao dinh kien trong cdng ludn. Va viec phuc dyng todn canh bQc tranh nhdp<br /> the la bae chay ra ngodi ma khdng de thu khau bae cua thQdng nhan ngoai qud'e vdo<br /> ddi lUdng thUc - day qua Id mdt chinh sdch Ddng Ngodi. Tuy nhien, kho tQ lieu VOC<br /> te hai (43). eho chung ta mdt cdi nhin bao qudt ve kim<br /> <br /> ' TS. Khoa Lich sQ - TrQdng Dai hpc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN<br /> 54 Rghien cuu Lich siir. so 1.2010<br /> <br /> ngach nhdp khau loai kim loai quy ndy tQ kho tQ lieu VOC gdi y r i n g , ve dai the, sd<br /> nam 1637 den nam 1668 - nam Mac Phii iQdng bae (cung chii yeu la bae Nhdt Ban<br /> DQc Xuyen nghiem ed'm xuat k h i u bae vd mdt sd' bae tQ My Latin qua kenh trao<br /> Nhat (46). Trong khoang thdi gian ndi tren, ddi Manila) md Hoa thQdng mang vao<br /> Qdc tinh khoang 2.527.000 lang ehu yeu la Dang Ngodi khdng k6m qua xa sd'lUdng bae<br /> bae Nhdt (tQdng dQdng 7.000.000.000 ngUdi Hd Lan dUa den. Ben canh dd, cho<br /> guilders Hd Lan) da dQdc VOC dQa vdo de'n nifa dau thdp nien 1630 mdt sd' lUdng<br /> Ddng Ngoai. Sau khi md't ngudn bae Nhdt dang ke bae Nhdt da chay vdo Dang Ngodi<br /> Ban tQ nam 1668, VOC thu mua eae loai theo thuyen budn eiia Hoa - Nhat thUdng<br /> ddng bae khde nhau nhu vd ngudi Bd Ddo Nha. Bd qua cac so' lieu<br /> provintiendaalder, kruisdaalder, Mexican cdn thieu byt tren va ehi tinh den kim<br /> rials va Surat rupees. TQ thdi diem nay, so' ngach khdp khau eiia ngUdi Ha Lan cung<br /> iQdng bae nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngodi ciia dii de eho tha'y tam quan trpng ciia ngudn<br /> VOC cung sut giam dan do ldi nhuan thu bae tren ddi vdi he thd'ng tien te, vd rdng<br /> dQdc tQ nen mdu dich vdi vQdng qud'e hp hdn la nen kinh te hang hda tren dd md<br /> Trinh ngdy cdng kem di trong nifa cudl the rdng ciia Ddng Ngodi.<br /> kyXVn(47).<br /> Kim ngach nhdp khau bae hdng nam<br /> Mac du khdng ed ghi chep day dii ve sd' anh hudng ra't manh den ti gid quy ddi<br /> iQdng bae do cdc thQdng nhan ngdai qud'e bae/tien ddng cung nhu gia ca mua bdn b<br /> khde nhdp khau vdo Ddng Ngodi the ky Dang Ngodi. Mdt thudng nhan Anh tai Ke<br /> XVII, nhQng thdng tin trich iQde dQdc tQ Chd nam 1696 da md ta rd't sinh ddng hien<br /> <br /> Bieu do 1: Nhap k h a u bae va tien zeni Nhat cua VOC va sU dao dong ti gia bac/tien<br /> ddng tai Dang Ngoai, 1637-1697<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> nrr i i r'l i i i i i i i i i i T I I I I I I I I I I I I T I I I I I I I I I'I r I I I I I I I I I I I<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> •Ti j^ia hacltien ddn^ 'Bae nhap khdu •Zeni nhdp khdu<br /> <br /> NguSn: Bdng 1 \l 2; thfing tin trfch luge tiJ Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren, G/12/I7-1 de'n G/I2/171010 \hDagh-regi.ster Baiavii<br /> 1624-1682.<br /> Chii thich: TI1 j gidbac/iien d6ng: d6ng ti^n/l lang bae; Bae nhap kh^u; x 100 lang; Ze/i/nhflp khdu: x 1.000 d6ng.<br /> <br /> ..-^<br /> Kim loai tien Rljat B^n va chuyen bien... 55<br /> <br /> <br /> tUdng ndy: •''' ''••! i*.i : .'•. i,. , . : cua bae, ddn den sy sut giam cua ti gid hdi<br /> Gia tien ddng [cassies] ra't cao, mdt nen dodi bac/tien ddng. Trong nam 1653, nhdn<br /> HO lang] bae ddi dUde 24.000-25.000 ddng. vien Hd Lan tai Thang Long nhan thd'y<br /> Ddi khi tieng dn cua mdt con tdu den [Ddng mpt xu the rat phd bien: ti gid bdi dodi<br /> Ngodi] vdi sd lUdng ldn bae vd'n lam [cho gid thudng suy giam t r i m trpng vdo thdi diem<br /> tri cua bae] tut den 30-40 phdn tram, ldm tdu budn ngoai qud'e den Dang Ngodi. Vi<br /> tang gid ca hdng hda. Viec nay kinh mong the, nhan vien thQdng diem VOC tai Ke<br /> cdc Ngdi [Ban Gidm dd'e Cdng ty Ddng An Chd lap ke hoach ddi bae trQdc hoac sau<br /> Anh tai Luan Ddn] xem xet vd, nhu da de mua mau dich de giam bdt sy thua thiet.<br /> trinh trQdc day, Cdng ty cua chung ta se ldi Day la mdt ke hoach thieu tinh kha thi bdi<br /> biet bao neu cd [...] ngudn vd'n dy trQ cho thUdng diem se rat thu dpng trong budn<br /> budn bdn, bdi tien [ddng] d day khdng phai ban (49). Nam 1660, Resimon - thUdng<br /> luc ndo cung cd the thu mua/ddi dQdc vdi ti nhan ngudi Nhdt - len tieng dd ldi viec ti<br /> gid hdi dodi xud'ng thd'p cho ngQdi Hd Lan,<br /> gid phai chdng (48).<br /> ket tdi viec VOC nhap khau qua nhieu bae<br /> Vdi ba nhdn to' dinh iQdng la bae nhdp vdo Dang Ngodi da ddn den tinh trang suy<br /> khdu, zeni nhap khau vd ti gid bac/tien thodi vd rdi ty do cua ti gid bac/tien ddng<br /> ddng, bieu dd 1 dUde xdy dyng n h i m the (50). Vd'n de ndy phu thupc vdo gdc nhin<br /> hien cdc xu the dao ddng trong vd'n de ti gid cua mdi cd nhan. Sy khan hiem tien ddng<br /> hdi dodi qua ede thdi ky khde nhau. Cdn cQ tai Dang Ngodi thdp nien 1650 tac ddng rat<br /> theo bieu dd 1, khi VOC thiet lap quan he ldn den sQ suy thodi ti gid hdi dodi, trong<br /> chinh thQc vdi Ddng Ngodi nam 1637, mdt khi khdi iQdng ldn bae Nhdt Ban, chu yeu<br /> lang bae tri gid khoang 2.000 ddng. Vdo do thQdng nhdn Hd Lan vd Trung Qud'e<br /> cudi thap nien 1640, ti gid bac/tien ddng dQa vao, da gdp p h i n ldm cho van de them<br /> b i t d i u suy thoai, dQng d ngQdng 1/1.500 t r i m trpng. Vi vay, ed the ndi ldi bude tdi<br /> vdo dau thdp nien 1650, gin nhQ rdi ty do cua Resimon danh eho ngUdi Ha Lan khdng<br /> xud'ng cdn 1/800 vao thdng 4 ndm 1654, va phai Id khdng cd can cQ, mac du khdng<br /> cd nguy cd xud'ng thd'p den 1/700-500 trong hodn todn chinh xdc.<br /> nhQng thang tiep theo. Tinh trang am dam<br /> cua ti gid hdi dodi edn k6o dai den diu thap Bieu dd-1 cung ddng thdi phan anh mdt<br /> nien 1660, trQdc khi ngQdi Ha Lan va Hoa hien tQdng thu vi khdc: trdi vdi xu the ti le<br /> thQdng bdt dau thay ddi thanh phin kim ngbich giQa san iQdng bae nhdp khdu vd ti<br /> loai nhdp khdu vdo Dang Ngoai. gia hdi doai, viec nhap khau tien zeni Nhat<br /> NhQ dQdc the hien sinh ddng trong bieu ti le thuan vdi - tham chi cdn kich thich -<br /> dd 1, ti gid bac/tien ddng suy thodi vao thdi chieu hQdng hdi phuc cua ti gid hdi dodi<br /> diem san iQdng bae nhdp khdu vdo Ddng bac/tien ddng. Sau khi thii nghiem tieu thu<br /> Ngodi dQng d mQc cao. Vd'n de dat ra la hai thanh cdng tien zeni nam 1661, ngQdi Ha<br /> xu hQdng trai chieu nay cd quan he tUdng Lan thQdng xuyen nhap khau tien zeni vdo<br /> hd tdi mQc ndo? Chieu hQdng thay ddi eiia Ddng Ngoai den tan nQa cudl thdp nien<br /> hai nhan to'bae vd ti gid hdi dodi trong bieu 1670. Khdng nghi ngd gi nQa, viec VOC<br /> dd 1 gdi y r i n g sd' iQdng bae VOC nhdp (cung nhQ Hoa thQdng) gidi thieu thdnh<br /> khau vdo Ddng Ngoai den trQdc thap nien cdng vd nhdp khau deu dan tien zeni trong<br /> 1650 da tdc dpng rd't ldn den sy ma't gia hai thap nien 1660 vd 1670 da giup Ddng<br /> 56 Rghien curu Lich siir. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> Ngodi khic phue edn ban tinh trang khan gia ca cua cdc san pham khde cd chieu<br /> hiem t r i m trpng tien ddng, ddng thdi binh hQdng dao ddng xung quanh vipc tang hoac<br /> dn ti gia hdi doai vd'n da vd dang dao ddng giam ciia gia gao. Ndi tdm lai, gia mua vd<br /> manh tQ d i u thdp nien 1650. Bieu dd 1 cho bdn cdc san pham phu thupc chat che vao<br /> thd'y mdt thyc te rd rang: cung vdi sy tang sy hpi thu cua mua vu ndng nghiep, bao<br /> trudng ve sd' ludng zeni nhdp khau, ti gid gdm ca thu hoach (Jau t i m - vdn rd't can<br /> hdi doai bac/tien ddng tai Ddng Ngodi ddng cho ngdnh thu cdng nghiep td vd lua. Gid<br /> thdi hdi phuc. Vao nam 1672, ti gid hdi doai ca thQdng tdng trong nhQng nam md't mua<br /> ve cd ban da tang den 1/1.200; dat ngUdng ddn de'n khan hiem hdng hda va lUdng<br /> 1/1.450 vdo ndm 1676. Vdo d i u thdp nien thyc, nhung sdm trd lai trang thai binh dn<br /> 1680, ti gid hdi dodi bac/tien ddng da cd ban khi mua vu sau dUdc mua. Gia ca cung bi<br /> trd ve ngudng cua thdp nien 1630, dQng b anh budng nghiem trpng khi tien ddng<br /> miic trung binh 1/2.200 (51). Nhd ngudn khan hiem d Dang Ngoai.<br /> cung ed'p tien zeni ddi ddo, khdng chi sy<br /> khan hiem tram trpng tien ddng - vd'n da Cd hai nhdm gia ca chinh thu hut sy<br /> anh hQdng nghiem trpng nen kinh te Dang quan tam dac biet cua ngUdi Hd Lan cung<br /> Ngodi trong sud't thdp nien 1650 - dUde giai nhu cdc thUdng nhan ngoai qudc khdc budn<br /> quyet triet de, md ti gid bae hdi doai ban tai Dang Ngodi. Nhdm thQ nhd't - ddng<br /> bac/tien ddng cung hdi sinh manh me trong thdi Id nhdm dUdc quan tdm nhd't - bao<br /> cdc thdp nien cudl ciia the ky XVII. gdm ede thUdng pham dia phUdng ddnh cho<br /> xud't khau, dac biet la cdc san pham td lua.<br /> b. Tdc ddng de'n gid cd TQ nam 1637 de'n trUde khi Dang Ngodi<br /> gdnh chiu cuoc khiing hoang thieu tien<br /> Khao sdt xu the chung eiia gid ea b Viet<br /> ddng tram trpng dau thdp nien 1650, gia<br /> Nam the ky XVII va XVIII, nhd nghien cQu<br /> mua td sd'ng tai Ddng Ngodi dao dpng trong<br /> Nguyen Thdnh Nha da nhan xet rd't xac<br /> khoang 3,5 guilders/catty. Gia td tang<br /> dang ring trong khi mat b i n g gid ca cd xu<br /> manh trong hai thap nien 1650 va 1660,<br /> hudng dn dinh trong mdt thdi ky ddi, gid ca<br /> dQng d mQc trung binh 5 guilders/catty,<br /> mdt so' san p h i m eu the ed xu the tdng<br /> trQdc khi trd ve mQc gid cua nhQng nam<br /> giam trong nhQng thdi diem nhd't dinh (52).<br /> 1630 vd 1640 trong cdc thdp nien tiep theo<br /> Ket ludn nay nhin chung phu hdp vdi<br /> (53). Td lua ra't re tai mien blc Viet Nam<br /> nhQng thdng tin dQdc phan dnh trong nhdt<br /> trong thap nien 1680 khi thi trQdng Nhdt<br /> ky budn bdn ciia thQdng diem Hd Lan (vd<br /> Ban khdng edn man md vdi san pham Ddng<br /> Anh) tai Dang Ngddi. Theo cac ngudn tQ<br /> Ngodi nQa. Vao nam 1687, gia td thu mua<br /> lieu phUdng Tdy, sd ludng bae nhdp kha'u<br /> tai Dang Ngoai tham chi da rdt xudng<br /> vdo Ddng Ngoai tdc dpng manh den ti gid<br /> tham hai, dQng cl mQc trung binh 2<br /> hdi doai bac/tien ddng vd, nhu mdt he qua,<br /> guilders/catty cl thi trQdng ty do (54). Gia<br /> dan den sy tang bode giam gid nhe ciia mpt<br /> ca ciia cac mat hang xua't khau khac ciing<br /> sd mat hdng dia phudng vao nhQng thdi<br /> dao ddng tQdng ty nhu gia td.<br /> diem cu the. Tuy nhien, sd lUdng kim loai<br /> tien te do ngUdi nudc ngodi nhap khau vdo Nhdm hang hda thQ hai chii yeu bao<br /> Ddng Ngoai ve cd ban khdng tdc ddng den gdm nhu yeu p h i m hang ngdy. TQdng ty<br /> chieu hQdng gid ca trong sud't the ky XVII. nhQ, bode tham chi cdn phy thupc chat che<br /> Vd bdi gao la san pham mang tinh ban le. hdn, cac thQdng pham xud't khau, gid ca cac<br /> Kim loai tien Rl^al B&n va chuyen biefn... 57<br /> <br /> Bang 3: Gia mot so san pham tor lua xua't •• LQdng ehi tieu tren Id qua cao so vdi<br /> khau tai Dang Ngoai nam 1642 mQc sd'ng cua dai da sd thQdng dan Ddng<br /> Ngodi, ndi mpt ngUdi thd mpc bode thd det<br /> Td sd'ng 152.380 dong/picul<br /> Sittouw (taddu?) 3.400 - dia phUdng khd ed the Idm ra 40 ddng mdi<br /> Que 11.000 - ngdy (57). Trong thap nien 1690, mdi chiee<br /> Sumongij 2.810 ddng/ta'm<br /> bat an edm cua Ddng Ngodi md ngUdi Anh<br /> Baa 3.200 -<br /> Hockiens (hoang 1.200 •~ -• • , « • / •<br /> thu mua de dUa sang An Dp ed gid trung<br /> quy in?) I'. 5 i : ' binh 3,7 ddng. NhU vay, mpt ngudi thd gd'm<br /> Pelings (linh ?) 3.600<br /> Zenuwasche [?] 1.400 _ ^ :M^ fi;. can phai ban khoang 30 san phim bat an<br /> hockiens • - . ^ . , • •<br /> edm de cd dii tien mua mdt con gd, hoac it<br /> Nhung 7.000 - nha't 5 chiee de mua mpt can gao (58).<br /> Chio 1.400 -<br /> Nsnidn: Tfnh to^n lil VOC 1146, Governor Paulus Traudenius<br /> Nhin chung, trong khi boat ddng mau<br /> 10 Antonio van BrouckhorsI, Dec. 1642, fos. 708-711. dich xua't nhap k h i u ciia thUdng nhan<br /> Chii thich: 1 lang bae = 2 guilders 17 stuivers = khodng 2.000 ngoai qud'e ed the dd tdc ddng de'n tinh hinh<br /> dSng ti^n (500 dfing = 1 quan). gia ea eiia eae thUdng phim xud't khiu, viec<br /> loai thyc pham phy thupc rd't Idn vao tinh lUu t n i va sinh boat hdng ngdy cua hp<br /> hinh mua vy thu hoach hang ndm. NhQng dUdng nhu khdng anh huSng den xu the gid<br /> so lieu c h i t Ipc dQdc cho thd'y - ne'u khdng ea eae loai lUdng thyc thyc pham. Mdt<br /> ke den nhQng thdi diem khd khdn do thien trong nhQng ly do ed ban Id sd iQdng<br /> tai, md't mua vd chien tranh - gid ea eiia thQdng nhan ngoai qudc IQU tru tai Ddng<br /> cdc loai iQdng thyc va thyc pham hau nhQ Ngodi tQdng ddi nhd nen khd cd the tac<br /> khdng thay ddi trong sud't the ky XVII. Vao dpng den gia ca sinh boat vd dich vu tren<br /> d i u thdp nien 1640, mot can gao cd gid xd'p pham vi ldn.<br /> xi 20 ddng trong khi mpt eon gd thit ed gid<br /> c. Tdc ddng den nhdn liic<br /> khoang 110 ddng. Den thdp nien 1670, gid<br /> tien mpt con gd thit vdo khoang 80 ddng Trong nghien cQu cua minh ve tac dpng<br /> (55). ciia cdc cdng ty Ddng An chdu Au den kinh<br /> te Bengal sd ky cdn dai, nhd nghien cQu<br /> Theo phan dnh trong nhdt ky thQdng ngQdi An Dp Om Prakash ke't ludn: "hien<br /> diem Ha Lan vd Anh, nhan vien ciia eae thyc cua sy tdng trQdng ngoan mue trong<br /> thQdng diem chau Au an ud'ng vd chi tieu thu nhdp, d i u ra vd sQ dung nhan cdng<br /> khd xa hoa trong thdi gian iQu tni tai Dang xud't phdt tQ viec nen mdu dich giQa chdu<br /> Ngodi. Chi phi sinh hoat hdng ngdy rd't cao Au vd Bengal khdng phai la mdt nen mdu<br /> so vdi mQc song trung binh cua cQ dan dich 'Tainh thQdng" lien quan de'n boat ddng<br /> Dang Ngodi cung thdi diem. Vao nam 1642, trao ddi hdng hda Id'y hang hda, ma la mpt<br /> mdi ngay mpt nhan vien thQdng diem Ha nen mdu dich thien ve trao ddi kim loai quy<br /> Lan tai Ke Chd tieu trung binh 129 ddng; ld'y hdng hda, ham nghla ve thdng dQ xud't<br /> cac loai thyc p h i m thQdng dQdc mua la gd, khau cho Bengal" (59). Cin phai khdng<br /> ngdng, ca, gao, rau, trQng, eua, tdm, qua... dinh ngay tQ d i u rang tQ than nen ngoai<br /> Ba mQdi nam sau, khau p h i n an hdng thQdng vdi phUdng Tay ciia Ddng Ngodi<br /> ngdy cua moi nhan vien thQdng diem Anh khdng the so sanh vdi Bengal ea ve quy md<br /> Id 223 ddng (56). va thdi gian tdn tai. Tuy nhien, ban chat<br /> 58 Rghien cihi Lich sit, s61.2010<br /> <br /> ngoai thUdng cua hai khu vyc cd nhieu n^t Trong giai doan 1637-1699, VOC d i u tU<br /> tUdng ddng neu ta dat va'n de phan tich khoang 13.524.028 guilders chu yeu vao<br /> ban chat eiia nen mdu dich kieu "kim loai san p h i m td lua Dang Ngodi, tUdng dUdng<br /> ddi hdng hda" - ey the la bae vd ddng ddi vdi 215.000 guilders mdi nam (62). Thdi ky<br /> lay td lua vd vai sdi - vd'n Id ddc trUng cd ndy cung chQng kien sy phdt trien manh<br /> ban eho ed'u true thUdng mai giQa cdc Cdng me ciia nen mau dich ciia Hoa thUdng vdi<br /> ty Ddng An chau Au vdi ca Bengal vd Ddng mien blc Viet Nam. Mac du chung ta<br /> Ngodi. Vi the, Bengal ed the dQdc sif dung khdng ed tu lieu ehi tiet ve d i u tU budn ban<br /> nhQ mdt thyc the so sdnh phu h(?p trong eua Hoa thUdng, nhQng thdng tin gidn tiep<br /> nghien cQu cdc khia canh npi tai cua ngoai tQ ngudn tu lieu VOC cho tha'y tdng d i u tU<br /> thQdng Ddng Ngoai, dac biet Id vd'n de eua ngUdi Hoa vdo budn bdn vdi Ddng<br /> nhdn cdng lao ddng, trong the ky XVII. Ngodi ude tinh dat 2/3 tdng vd'n d i u tU ciia<br /> De chi ra dQdc nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai VOC. Neu ude lUdng ndy Id chinh xdc,<br /> thUdng den tinh hinh sil dung nhan lyc, khoang 9.009.352 guilders da dUde Hoa<br /> nhd't Id nhan lyc trong ngdnh thu cdng thUdng d i u tQ chii yeu vao td lya Ddng<br /> nghiep td lua, thiet nghi cin khai qudt tinh Ngoai trong khoang 7 thdp nien cudi eiia<br /> hinh san xud't td lua vd vai vdc tai Ddng the ky XVII (63). NhQ vay, tdng d i u tU vdo<br /> Ngodi the ky XVII. NhQng ghi chep cua Dang Ngodi, ehu yeu vdo td lya, ciia rieng<br /> ngQdi phQdng Tay cho thd'y san iQdng td ngUdi Hd Lan vd ngQdi Hoa giai doan<br /> lua san xua't hang ndm tai Ddng Ngodi da 1637-1700 da len tdi 22.523.380 guilders,<br /> tdng len ddng ke trong nQa d i u the ky tQdng dQdng vdi 350.000 guilder mdi ndm -<br /> XVII. Mdt so' trung tam td lua phat trien chQa ke de'n cac khoan d i u tU ciia eae<br /> ngay trong hoac gan pham vi kinh thdnh thudng nhan ngoai qud'e khdc, ddng chu y<br /> Thang Long (60). Mae du vay, mot khdi Id ngUdi Nhdt vd ngUdi Bd Ddo Nha trong<br /> iQdng ldn td sd'ng vd lua tam vdn dQdc ndng giai doan trUde dd cung nhu ngUdi Anh va<br /> dan san xud't hdng nam d ndng thdn dQdi Phdp trong khoang 3 thdp nien cudi the ky<br /> dang san pham thii cdng truyen thd'ng. XVII (64).<br /> Khoang d i u thap nien 1640, Qdc tinh Dang<br /> Ngodi cd 953.810 hd gia dinh (khoang Vay khdi lUdng Idn vdn dau tU ndy da<br /> 4.769.050 ngQdi); p h i n ldn tap trung tai tac dpng nhu the ndo den nganh thii cdng<br /> chau thd sdng Hdng vd eae vung phu can nghiep td lya Dang Ngodi, cu the hdn Id sd<br /> (61). Mac du p h i n da eae hp gia dinh tham lUdng nhan cdng lao dpng? Mae du khd cd<br /> gia hoac trye tiep hoac gian tiep vdo boat the dUa ra con so' chinh xac cho cau hdi<br /> ddng san xud't td lua dQdi cdc quy md ldn tren, hien thyc phat trien ngoan mue ciia<br /> nhd khac nhau, hp it khi ehu trQdng ngdnh td lua Dang Ngodi trong niia diu<br /> chuyen ddi hodn todn dd't canh tdc tQ lua the ky XVII gidn tiep cho thd'y nhu cau Idn<br /> sang dau. Td lua vi the v i n chi xep b hdng cung nhu ngudn vd'n d i u tU tQ ben ngodi dd<br /> thQ ye'u trong ke hoach canh tac thQdng vdo ngdnh thii cdng nghiep trpng ye'u ndy.<br /> nien ciia ndng dan Dang Ngoai. Tuy nhien, Vao giQa thdp nien 1630 khi san pham td<br /> san iQdng td lua san xud't hdng ndm vdn lya mien bae Viet Nam cdn dUde Ua chuong<br /> rd't ldn, dap Qng dii nhu cau thu mua ciia tai thi trudng Nhdt Ban va san lUdng td lua<br /> ngQdi nude ngodi do mpt sdlUdng ldn hd gia san xud't hdng ndm edn b mile tUdng ddi<br /> dinh tham gia san xud't. cao, ngUdi Hd Lan ude tinh hdng nam Ddng<br /> Kith loai H^n Tlftii B^n va chuyen biefn... 59<br /> <br /> Ngodi san xud't va xua't k h i u khoang 1.500 Phai IQU y mdt dieu Id ph6p tinh tren<br /> pieul (tUdng dudng 90 ta'n) td sd'ng vd ddn thuan mang tinh cd hpc gian ddn bdi<br /> khoang 6.000 td'm lya cdc loai nhu pelings, nd chQa xet den ede vd'n de lien quan nhQ<br /> baas, chio, sumongij, hockiens...(65). ndng ddn trong thyc te thQdng phai bdn<br /> mdt iQdng san pham nhd't dinh eho chinh<br /> Mpt dieu chac chin Id mpt sd' lUdng ldn<br /> quyen d mQc gia thd'p nhieu gid thi trQdng<br /> nhdn lyc da tham dy, du trye tiep hay gidn<br /> kem thee eae khoan thue vd chi phi. Tuy<br /> tie'p, vdo viec san xud't khdi lUdng ldn san<br /> nhien, nd dii sang td de cho thd'y ddng gdp<br /> phdm td lua ndi tren. Viec cdc ngudn tU<br /> quan trpng ciia ngdnh thii cdng nghiep td<br /> lieu khdng cung ed'p thdng tin chi tiet ve<br /> lua (vd gd'm sQ) trong viec thu hut nhan<br /> san lUdng td lya trung binh do mdi hp gia<br /> cdng lao ddng vdo san xud't hdng hda xud't<br /> dinh san xua't bupe chung ta phai suy ludn<br /> khau, tdc ddng trQc tiep den sy md rdng<br /> tren cd sd nhQng dQ lieu lien quan va mang<br /> eiia nen kinh te hang hda va ngoai thUdng<br /> tinh dai dien. Theo ket qua khao sat gin<br /> Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Dieu ddng tide Id<br /> day tai mdt sd hd san xud't td lya truyen<br /> cdc san pham td lua vd gd'm sQ Ddng Ngodi<br /> thd'ng tai Vu ThQ (Thai Binh) thupc chau<br /> - nhQ da dQdc chi ra treng ede chuyen ludn<br /> thd sdng Hdng, mdt hp ndng dan - ben canh<br /> nghien cQu gan ddy - nhin chung chi Id cac<br /> canh tdc lua - thu hoach tdi da khoang 10<br /> san pham ddng the cho cdc mat hdng td lua<br /> can td mdi nam tQ viec trdng dau nudi t i m .<br /> vd gd'm sQ den tQ Trung Qud'e (vd d chQng<br /> Gia sQ moi hp gia dinh Ddng Ngodi the ky<br /> mye ndo dd Id td lua Bengal). Vi the, khi td<br /> XVII cung thu hoach trung binh 10 can td<br /> lua vd gd'm sQ Trung Qud'e xud't hien trd lai<br /> nhQ tren, it nhd't 9.000 hd hoac 45.000<br /> tren thi trQdng khu vyc vd qudc te thi san<br /> nhan cdng (tQdng dQdng 1% dan sd Ddng<br /> pham Ddng Ngodi lai nhanh chdng ddnh<br /> Ngodi luc dd) da tham gia vdo viec san xud't<br /> md't vi the eua minh (66).<br /> 90 tan (1.500 pieul) td sd'ng hdng ndm. Dd<br /> Id chQa ke den mdt sd' lUdng ddng ke nhdn Theo ghi nhdn cua ngUdi Hd Lan, tQ<br /> cdng nhu thd det, nhudm, tay, theu... tham cudl thap nien 1660 ngQdi Dang Ngodi bat<br /> gia vdo qua trinh san xud't lua tdm. Neu ta d i u chuyen nhieu bai trdng dau sang canh<br /> thyc hien mdt phep tinh ddn gian r i n g mdi tdc lua vd boa mdu - he qua cua mdt nen<br /> hd gia dinh tham gia san xua't td lya (chua thu cdng nghiep td lya dang tren dd suy<br /> tinh den nhQng khoan d i u tQ vd chi phi thodi do md't thi trQdng tieu thy Nhdt Ban.<br /> trong san xud't) thu hoach khoang 10 can ThQdng diem Hd Lan cho biet nhQng ndm<br /> (166,5 catties) td sd'ng mdi mua, d mQc gid gan day thd det Ddng Ngodi thQdng khdng<br /> trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty, moi hp thu tien hdnh cdng viec mdt cdch ehu ddng md<br /> nhdp khoang 60 guilders tQ boat ddng san dpi den khi thQdng nhdn nQde ngoai dd den<br /> xud't td lya. (3 mot xQ sd t h u i n ndng nhQ giao tien dat hdng. Vdo cudl thdp nien<br /> Dang Ngodi - ndi gid ca ede mdt hdng xoay 1680, "thQdng nhdn thQdng phai iQu tru 3<br /> quanh gid gao - 60 guilders ed the mua hdac 4 thdng sau khi dat tien mdi cd the<br /> dQdc khoang 39 piculs (tQdng dQdng 2,3 nhdn dQdc hang bdi vi ddm thd ngheo chi<br /> tan) gao b mile gid 15 tien (khoang 1,5 thue dQdc khi tdu vdo ben vd tien cdng da<br /> guilders) moi pieul. Sd gao ndi tren nhin dQdc trao" (67). Sy suy thodi trong san xud't<br /> chung tQdng ddi dQ dat cho mpt hd gia dinh vd budn ban td lua tac dpng khdng chi den<br /> ndng ddn, thd thu cdng md ea ede giai tang<br /> vdi trung binh 5 nhan khau.<br /> 60 Rghien curu Lich sJr. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> khde nhu thUdng nhan, ngUdi mdi gidi... A. Gidi nghien cQu tQ lau cung da nhdn<br /> Viec ngUdi Anh vd Ha Lan rdi bo Ddng thQc ro tac dpng manh me ciia ngudn bae<br /> Ngoai l l n lUdt trong cac ndm 1697 vd 1700, tQ Tan The gidi (chu ye'u tQ Peru va<br /> ehUa ke den viec nhieu Hoa thudng da rdi Mexico) de'n eupe "each mang gia ca" (price<br /> bd Ddng Ngoai tQ cudl thdp nien 1680, da revolution) tai chau Au the ky XVI (68). Va<br /> gdp p h i n ldm suy giam ddng ke sd' iQdng g i n day Gunder Frank da khai quat hoa<br /> nhan cdng Dang Ngodi tham gia trye tiep mpt each thuyet phuc xu the va tac dpng<br /> bode gidn tiep vdo ngdnh san xua't td lua ciia cac ddng di chuyen kim loai quy den<br /> xud't khau. kinh te' va xa hpi chau A, tieu bieu la xa hpi<br /> Trung Qude, giai doan can dai sd ky (69).<br /> 4. Ket l u a n<br /> Theo dd, xung lyc manh me vd tac dpng<br /> Do ban che ve thdi iQdng, bdi viet khdng hang xuyen cua cac ddng kim loai tien te<br /> the di vdo thao luan toan bp cdc khia canh (ke ca cac ddng chay cua kim loai Nhdt<br /> kinh te - xa hdi dudi tac dpng ciia khoi Ban) de'n cac nen kinh te chau A thdi ky<br /> lUdng Idn kim loai tien te Nhdt Ban do ndy la dieu khdng the phii nhan.<br /> ngUdi Hd Lan va cdc thUdng nhan ngoai<br /> Vdi Ddng Ngoai, ne'u nhU the ky XVI<br /> qude khdc nhdp khau vdo Dang Ngodi giai<br /> mien bae Viet Nam vdn hi cd lap tQ cac<br /> doan 1637-1700. Tuy nhien, viec phan tich<br /> ludng hai thUdng quo'c te qua khu vyc Bien<br /> ba vd'n de cd ban la ti gia hdi doai bae/tien<br /> Ddng (70), the ky XVII chQng kien sy tham<br /> ddng, gia ca hang hda vd ngudn nhan lyc<br /> tham gia vao mdt sd' ngdnh thii cdng dy, du edn thieu chii dpng, cua Ddng Ngoai<br /> nghiep mui nhpn (td lya, gd'm sQ) cung da vdo he thd'ng thQdng mai chau A cung nhu<br /> cho thd'y hien thyc ve tdc dpng manh me, cdc ludng hang hai A-Au. Ne'u nhu Surat<br /> trye tie'p vd hang xuyen cua bae, ddng vd (An Dp) tQ lau v i n dUdc coi la "canh tay<br /> tien ddng den sy md rpng cua ngoai trdi" (linkearm) trong mang lUdi budn ban<br /> thQdng, vd rpng hdn Id todn bd nen kinh te hUdng lieu cua VOC vdi khu vyc Moluccas<br /> hdng hda. Dang Ngodi the ky XVII. Thay vi (71), nhQng nghien cQu g i n day ve quan h?<br /> lap lai cac ket ludn vd'n da dQdc dQa ra day VOC-Ddng Ngodi eho tha'y Dang Ngoai<br /> dd trong bdi viet dan xen vdi viec phan tich cung Id "canh tay trai" cua nen mau dich<br /> dQ lieu, phan ket ludn xin khdi qudt ve ciia VOC vdi Nhat Ban (72). Trong bdi canh<br /> mang ludi trao ddi kim loai tien te qud'e te td lua Trung Quo'c khan hiem tren thi<br /> the ky XVII vd dinh vi Dang Ngodi trong trUdng khu vUc va quo'c te, td lua Dang<br /> cac ludng mdu dich kim loai ndi tren. Ngoai trd thanh chiee chia khda van nang<br /> de VOC mcl toang canh ciia thi trUdng kim<br /> TQ vdi thap ky qua khai niem "toan cau<br /> loai quy Nhat Ban n h i m thu mua bae,<br /> hda giai doan cdn dai sd ky" (early modern<br /> ddng, tien ddng, vang - loai vo'n dau tU<br /> globalization) da trd nen ngdy cdng thdng<br /> khdng the thieu cho nen thUdng mai "kim<br /> dyng trong gidi sit hpc qude te, nha't Id<br /> loai ddi hang hda" (bullion-for-goods trade)<br /> nhQng ngQdi nghien cQu lich sit todn elu<br /> ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan tai phUdng<br /> (global history). Mot trong sd cdc nhan td<br /> Ddng. ThUe te tren da gdp phan dUa Dang<br /> then chd't gdp p h i n tao nen qua trinh toan<br /> Ngoai trd thanh mot m I t xich tUdng ddi<br /> cau hda sdm la sy hinh thanh eae nhip c i u<br /> quan trpng trong mang ludi buon ban kim<br /> thQdng mai va bang giao qudc te, ke't ndi<br /> loai tien te lien hodn cl khu vue Ddng A the<br /> khdng ehi chau Au md ca chau My vdi chau<br /> Kim loai Hen RI)a! B^n va chuyen bien.. 61<br /> <br /> ky XVII nhu da dUdc John K. Whitmore chi dUde phan tich b tren. Hi vpng nhQng<br /> ra rd't xac dang tQ nhieu nam qua (73). nghien cQu sau ndy ve sy md rdng eiia kinh<br /> TUdng ty nhu tai cdc qud'e gia phUdng te hang hda rieng, bien ddi kinh te xa hdi<br /> Ddng khdc the ky XVII, sy phdt trien ciia ndi chung, d Dang Ngodi the ky XVII se<br /> kinh te hang hda Ddng Ngodi mdt mat dudc hQdng nhieu hdn den viec tim hieu ye'u td<br /> kich thieh, mot mat hi tdc ddng manh, bdi ngoai sinh nay ben canh nhQng ye'u to' npi<br /> khdi lUdng ldn kim loai tien te do thUdng sinh vd'n da vd dang dQdc phan tich khd ky<br /> nhan ngoai qud'e dUa vdo de ddi ld'y td lua trong cdc cdng trinh nghien cQu tQ trQdc<br /> vd cdc san pham xua't khau khde, nhu da de'n nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (43). Samuel Baron, "A Description of the G/12/17-6: fo. 272. Xem them hoat dong nhap<br /> Kingdom of Tonqueen", in John Pinkerton (ed.), A khiu tien zeni Nhat vao Dang Ngoai trong cac<br /> Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages ph£n trudc cua bai viet.<br /> and Travels in AU Parts of the World, Vol. 9.<br /> (52). Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau economique<br /> (London, 1811), p. 664.<br /> du Vietnam, p. 200.<br /> (44). BL OIOC G/12/17-1, Tonkin Factory to<br /> (53). Xin xem cac thao ludn chi tiet vi hoat<br /> London, 7 Dec. 1672, fos. 41-55.<br /> ddng xua't kha'u td lua Dang Ngoai sang Nhat Ban<br /> (45). Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau economique thong qua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan VOC cung<br /> du Vietnam aux XVIIe et XVIIIe Siecles (Paris: nhu gia mua vao (tai Dang Ngoai) va ban ra (tai<br /> Cujas, 1970), Tham khao ban dich tie'ng Viet cua Nhat Ban) tif: Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver,<br /> Tu heu Khoa Lich sQ, TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV, pp. 143-164.<br /> DHQGHN. , , .^, ,,, ,<br /> (54). Tinh toan til so' lieu trong Buch, "La<br /> (46). Xem so lieu chi tiet vi hoat dpng nh9p Compagnie" (1937), pp. 183-184.<br /> kha'u bae vao Dang Ngoai cua VOC tU Bang 1.<br /> (55). VOC 1140, Specificatie van de on- ende<br /> (47). Xem cac phan tich ve hoat ddng nhllp montcosten anno 1642 in Tonquin gevallen.<br /> kh^u bae vao Dang Ngoai ciia VOC d ph£n diiu cua<br /> (56). Tinh toan tU VOC 1140, Specificatie van<br /> bai viet.<br /> de on- ende montcosten anno 1642 in Tonquin<br /> (48). BL OIOC G/12/17-9, Tonkin factory to gevallen; BL OIOC G/12/17-1, Tonkin factory<br /> Fort St. George, 24 Nov. 1696, fo. 460. records, 20 Aug. 1672, fos. 29-30.<br /> (49). VOC 1197, Tonkin comptoir naar Batavia, (57). Ve va'n de nhan cdng va gia ca, cd the<br /> Nov. 1653, fos. 598-611; Generate Missiven II, pp. tham khao tit Nguyen Thua Hy, Economic History<br /> 697-702. of Hanoi in the 17"', 18"' and 19"' Centuries (Hanoi:<br /> (50). Generate Missiven III, pp. 346-347. ST PubUshing House, 2002), pp. 221-270; Nguyen<br /> Thanh Nha, Tableau economique du Vietnam.<br /> (51). Sd lieu trich lUdc tQ nhat ky va tai lieu<br /> kinh doanh ciia thudng diem Anh tai Dang Ngoai: (58). BL OIOC G/12/17-9, Tonkin factory<br /> BL OIOC G/12/17-1: fos. 41-55; G/12/17-3: fo. 169; records, 25 Dec. 1693, fo. 340.<br /> 62 Rghien eiiru Lich siir. so 1.2010<br /> <br /> (59). Om Prakash, "Bulhon for Goods", pp. 159- chi VUdt qua sd vdn diu tU ciia ngUdi Ha Lan. Vi<br /> 187; Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company du, nam 1664 Hoa thUdng mang de'n Dang Ngoai<br /> and the Economy of Bengal 1630-1720 (Princeton: 200.000 lang bae (xa'p xi 570.000 guilders) dl thu<br /> Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 234-248. mua td lua cho thi trUdng Nhat Ban, trong khi<br /> Xem them: Femme Gaastra, "Geld tegen ngUdi Ha Lan chi dUdc cung ca'p 347.989 guilders<br /> Goederen: Een Structurele Verandering in het eho mila budn ban nam do. VOC 1252, H. Verdonk<br /> Nederlands-Aziatisch Handelsverkeer", Bijdragen to Batavia, 23 Feb. 1665, fos. 209-248; Buch, "La<br /> en Mededelingen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der Compagnie" (1937), pp. 161-162.<br /> Nedertanden 91-2 (1976), pp. 249-272.<br /> (64). Iwao Seiichi Ude tinh rSng moi thuyen<br /> (60). Xin xem Nguyen Thua Hy, Economic Chau An Nhat ra budn ban d Ddng Nam A mang<br /> History of Hanoi, pp. 154-169. Hoang Anh Tua'n, theo trung binh 50.000 lang bae (hoac 155.000<br /> Silk for Silver (Chapter 2: An Economic guilders). Neu ta cha'p nhan con so Ude lUdng tren<br /> Background) de co them thong tin chi tiet ve tinh ciia Iwao, khoang 2.000.000 lang bae (hoac khoang<br /> hinh san xuS't td lua tai Dang Ngoai the'ky XVII. 6.200.000 guilders) da dUdc thuy§"n Chau a'n Nhat<br /> dUa den Dang Ngoai tii nam 1604 den nam 1635.<br /> (61). Theo ude tinh eua Li Tana, Nguyen<br /> Seiichi Iwao, Shuin-sen Boeki-Shi no Kenkyu<br /> Cochinchina, p. 171.<br /> [Nghien cQu hoat dong mSu dich Chau An thuyen]<br /> (62). Td'ng kim ngach dJiu tu eua VOC tai Xiem<br /> (Tokyo: Kobundo, 1958), pp. 49, 269.<br /> trong 62 nam (1633-1694) la 9.934.526 guilders,<br /> trung binh 160.234 moi nam (So'lieu tinh toan tii (65). Dagh-register Batavia 1636, 69-74. Xin<br /> Smith, The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century xem them tii Hoang Anh Tua'n, "Mau dich td lua<br /> Thailand, pp. 63, 70). Tuy nhien, c^n lUu y mot cua Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan vdi Dang Ngoai,<br /> thue te la cfl'u true thUdng mai VOC-Xiem the ky 1637-1670", Tap chi Nghien ciu Lich si 3/2006, tr.<br /> XVII tUdng dd'i khac biet vdi cS'u tnic thUdng mai 10-20.<br /> VOC-Dang Ngoai cung thdi diem. Trong nhiing<br /> (66). Xin xem nhflng thao lucln ve va'n de ddng<br /> nam dau ciia quan he vdi Ayutthaya (tii nam<br /> the cua san phim Dang Ngoai tren thi trUdng qudc<br /> 1604), VOC toan tinh sQ dung Xiem nhu cQa ngd<br /> te tii: Klein, "De Tonkinees-Japanse zijdehandel",<br /> de md quan he vdi Trung Quo'c va thu mua thUdng<br /> pp. 152-177; Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver<br /> pha'm Trung Hoa. Sau dd Xiem trd thanh nguon<br /> (Chapter 6); Ho Chumei, "The Ceramic Trade in<br /> cung ca'p lUdng thuc (chu yeu la gao) eho Batavia<br /> Asia, 1602-1682", in, A. J. H. Latham and Heita<br /> va cac thudng pham xuS't kh£u sang Nhat,<br /> Kawakatsu (eds.), Japanese Industrialization and<br /> Formosa, Malacca, An Do, chau Au. Mae du vay,<br /> the Asian Economy (London and New York:<br /> vin ed the nhan tha'y rang kim ngach cua VOC<br /> Routledge, 1994), pp. 35-70; Bennet Bronson,<br /> trong buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai the ky XVII diing d<br /> "Export Porcelain in Economic Perspective: The<br /> miie tUdng dd'i cao so vdi Xiem, dac biet la vdi Lao<br /> Asian Ceramic Trade in the 17"' Century", in Ho<br /> va Campuehia (Ve budn ban ciia VOC tai Lao va<br /> Chumei (ed.). Ancient Ceramic Kiln Technology in<br /> Campuehia, ed the tham khao tii Buch, "La<br /> Asia (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1990),<br /> Compagnie" (1937), pp. 195-237.<br /> pp. 126-150; Hoang Anh TuS'n, "Gd'm sQ Dang<br /> (63). Theo nhiing thong tin trich lUdc dUdc tit tU Ngoai xua't kha'u ra Dong Nam A th6' ky XVII: TU<br /> lieu VOC, trong nhieu nam so' lUdng vdn dau tU lieu va nhan thiic", T^p chi Nghien ciu Lich si<br /> vao budn ban vdi Dang Ngoai ciia Hoa thUdng tham 11/2007, tr. 26-39. ,v^ i i =r;! . -i^l,' n<br /> Kim logi Hdn R I } ^ B i n va ehuyin bi6i... 63<br /> <br /> <br /> (67). William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries (70). Xem lufln diim vk khdi qudt hda vl<br /> (London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), p. 49. , ,- _ Thang Long ciing nhU Dang Ngoai ndi chung trong<br /> (68). Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and bdi canh hai thudng khu vUc t h i ky XVI tQ:<br /> the Price Revolution in Spain (Cambridge, Mass., Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of<br /> 1934). Xem them c6c tham luftn chuyen dl vl vft'n Commerce 1450-1680 (Vol. II: Expansion and<br /> di kim loai tiln t$ trSn pham vi toin ciu vko Crisis) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993),<br /> trung dai m^t ky-cftn dai sd ky trong J. F. pp. 62, 63, 71 va cac trang tilp theo.<br /> Richards (ed.). Precious Metals in the Later<br /> (71). Femme Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de<br /> Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (California:<br /> VOC (Walburg Pars, 2002).<br /> CaroUna Academic Press, 1983).<br /> (69). Xin xem nhiing luftn diim thu vi vl cac (72). Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver, pp. 219-<br /> dong chay cua kim lo^i tiln t§ vio chflu A trong: 220.<br /> Frank, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, (73). Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary<br /> pp. 131-164. Flow", pp. 363-396.<br /> <br /> <br /> NCHi TAM Td NAM KY THdl THU$C PHAP<br /> (Tiep theo trang 27)<br /> •tn^sii -;i.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mpt khi xu&'t k h ^ u dutjc td sdng, trien K^ Ua chupng chu ye'u Id p h y e vy s a n xua't<br /> vong n g a n h t ^ m td N a m K^ se ra't Idn. Theo cua cac gia dinh. Thdi giein tdi, p h a i tim each<br /> mpt thong bao chinh thQc ciia Bp ThUdng che tao nhQng co m a y I^p dSt theo h ? thdng<br /> mai P h a p , t r o n g n S m 1910 vi$c n h d p k h ^ u cd khi cua P h a p , nhUng p h a i re tien hdn va<br /> td sdng va cac p h e p h ^ m cua td t ^ m vao thich n g h i vdi eae phUdng p h a p b a n xQ, de<br /> nu6c P h a p se t a n g len 340 tri$u francs. CO t h e cung ca'p n h i i n g s a n phllm tdt hdn vd<br /> V l nhQng budc cai tie'n tie'p theo, P h a i cha't lucjng ciing nhU gia trj b i n g hda. Tuy<br /> dodn cho rling: cac d y n g cy Udm td d$t l y a nhien, nhiing be Udm vd k h u n g c i i eua cac<br /> dang dU