Kinh nghiệm đưa đối thoại văn hoá vào hoạt động ngoại giao của ông cha ta trong lịch sử

/ N '<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> KINH NGHIEM DUA DOI THOAI VAN HOA<br /> • •<br /> VAO HOAT DONG NGOAI GIAO CUA<br /> • • •<br /> ONG CHA TA TRONG LICH SlT<br /> PHAM XUAN NAM<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> su, ong cha ta thud ay ma tieu bieu la<br /> V di chien thang lay ICfng cua Ngo<br /> Quyen tren song Bach Dang nam<br /> 938, ach do ho hdn 1000 nam cua phong<br /> nhUng minh quan, hien tu6ng, anh hiing<br /> hao kiet, tri thUc uyen bac thuoc cac trieu<br /> kien phUdng BSc d nu6c ta da cham dUt. Tijf Tien Le, Ly, Tran, Le, Nguyin, Tay Sdn<br /> do, cac vUdng trieu Viet Nam thdi trung dai luon biet chu dong sU dung linh boat, dung<br /> deu mong muo'n tap trung siic de xay dung luc, dung ndi nhieu hinh thiic doi thoai van<br /> va phat trien quoc gia phong kien doc lap. hoa trong hoat dong ngoai giao de hoa giai<br /> Ben canh nhiem vu do'i noi, cac vUdng trieu khong it mau thuan nay sinh trong quan<br /> nay khong the khong thUdng xuyen cham he v6i Trung Hoa. Chinh dieu do da gop<br /> phan quan trong nang cao sUc manh tong<br /> lo de'n linh vUc doi ngoai v6i cac nUdc lang<br /> hdp cua dan toe, gianh lai va giii viing doc<br /> gieng, ma tru6c het va chii ye'u la v6i Trung<br /> lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho quoc<br /> Quo'c. Bdi tie'p sau Han - Dudng, cac trieu<br /> gia, tranh thu dieu kien hoa binh de nhan<br /> dai To'ng, Nguyen, Minh, Thanh lan lUdt<br /> dan dUdc yen on lam an sinh song.<br /> thay nhau tri vi tai dat nUdc Trung Hoa<br /> rong 16n van luon tU cho minh co quyen doi Co the noi, kinh nghiem dUa doi thoai<br /> hoi cac nu6c nho d xung quanh, trong do c6 van hoa vao boat dong ngoai giao cua ong<br /> nu6c ta, phai than phuc, trieu cong va cha ta trong lich sit nu6c nha thdi trung dai<br /> nhan saeh phong ciia ho. The nhUng, do la het siic da dang va phong phu. 0 day,<br /> tham vong banh tru6ng chi pho'i, nhieu khi trong pham vi cua mot bai viet ngan, chung<br /> ho vAn khong thoa man vdi viec dap Ung toi chi tap trung phan tich mot so' sU kien<br /> nhiing doi hoi tren. Trai lai, ho luon rinh noi bat sau:<br /> chd cd hoi de lan chiem dat dai hoae cho<br /> quan tran xuo'ng xam lUdc hong lai bien I. XI/6NG HOA THO VAN SAU DOI<br /> nu6c ta thanh quan huyen ciia "Thien DAU QUAN s i r D U 6 I T H O I T I E N LE<br /> trieu" nhu trUdc.<br /> Theo sd saeh, cong cuoc xay dUng quo'c<br /> Vi the, cung vdi nhufng chien cong hien gia thong nhat ciia nha Dinh sau "loan 12<br /> hach "pha cUdng dich" tren mat tran quan sU quan" dien ra chUa dUdc bao lau thi<br /> <br /> <br /> • GS.TS. Vien Si( hoc<br />  Rghien cmi Lich 5i!r. so 11.2009<br /> <br /> Dinh Tien Hoang va ngUdi con trai trUdng Dau nam 981, dai quan To'ng theo hai<br /> bi Do Thich giet hai. Trieu than dua Dinh dUdng thuy, bo ao at tien vao Dai Co Viet.<br /> Toan mdi 6 tudi len lam vua. NhUng quan xam lUdc To'ng bi quan dan ta<br /> dudi sU lanh dao ciia Le Hoan danh cho tan<br /> Nhan sU bie'n do ci Hoa Lu, Tong Thai<br /> tac. Tudng chi huy giae la H i u Nhan Bao<br /> Tong nghe theo Idi tau ciia vien tri Ung<br /> bi chem chet. Nhieu tUdng khac cua chiing<br /> Chau (Quang Tay) la Hau NTian Bao cho<br /> bi bat song, giai ve Hoa Lu.<br /> dieu dong binh ma sang xam lUdc nUdc ta<br /> hong bie'n "Giao Chau thanh quan huyen" Chap nhan that bai, nha To'ng bai binh.<br /> ciia nha Tong. TrUdc hoa ngoai xam dang Le Hoan nhanh chong cii sti sang To'ng cau<br /> den gan, quan si va mot so' quan trong phong de lap lai bang giao giula hai nu6c.<br /> trieu Dinh suy ton Thap dao Tudng quan<br /> Nam 986, vua To'ng sai Ly Nhudc<br /> Le Hoan len lam vua de ong to chUc va<br /> Chuyet va Ly Giae mang che saeh sang<br /> lanh dao cuoc khang chien. Dung luc do,<br /> phong Le Hoan lam An Nam do ho Tinh<br /> vua To'ng sai Lu Da To'n dUa thu sang doi<br /> Hai quan Tiet do sii kinh trieu quan hau.<br /> Le Hoan phai dau hang.<br /> Khac vdi giong dieu ngao man nUdc 16n<br /> V6i Idi le vila ngao man ve van hoa vcfa<br /> lan trUdc, lan nay che saeh phong ciia Tong<br /> de doa ve quan sU nhan danh "thien trieu",<br /> Thai Tong da phai thita nhan Le Hoan co<br /> bUc thu cua vua To'ng co doan viet: "Giao<br /> "tu each gom nghia diing, bam tinh von<br /> Chau cua ngUdi d xa cuo'i trdi, thuc la ngoai<br /> trung thuan, dUdc long ngUdi trong nUdc...<br /> nam coi. NhUng phan thita cua td chi, vi<br /> Vifa roi Dinh Toan dUdng tuoi tre thd,<br /> nhu ngon ehan ngon tay cua than ngUdi,<br /> khong biet yen v6. NgUdi la tam phiic cho<br /> tuy chi mgt ngon bi dau, bac thanh nhan<br /> than, giii quyen coi quan Iii, hieu lenh ban<br /> lai khong nghi de'n hay sao? Cho nen phai<br /> phat, uy ai deu gom... Nen xiing chdc dijfng<br /> md long ngu to'i cua ngUdi, de thanh giao<br /> d i u coi xa, cung dU hang chu hau ton quy"<br /> cua ta triim toa, ngUdi co theo chang?...<br /> (2).<br /> Dan cua ngUdi bay nhay (y noi ngUdi hdang<br /> da) con ta co ngUa xe; dan ngUdi uo'ng miii Vua Le Dai Hanh nhan che, thet dai sd<br /> con ta thi co cdm rUdu de thay doi phong gia rat hau. Lai dem bon Quach Quan<br /> tuc ciia nude ngUdi; dan ngUdi bat toe con Bien, Trieu Phung Huan la nhiing tu6ng<br /> ta thi CO ao mu; dan ngUdi noi tieng chim giae To'ng bi bat 5 n a m trUdc tra cho ve, the<br /> con ta thi c6 Thi, ThU de day le cho dan hien long khoan dung va thiJc tinh mong<br /> ngUdi... NgUdi co theo ve hay khong, chd muo'n hoa hieu.<br /> mau chuo'c lay toi. Nay ta dang chinh don<br /> Nam sau, nha To'ng lai sai Ly Giae sang<br /> xe CO quan linh, truyen hieu lenh chieng<br /> nu6c ta. Khi Ly Giae de'n chiia Saeh Giang<br /> trong. Ne'u chiu theo giao hoa, ta se tha toi<br /> (3), vua Le sai thien sU Phap Thuan (4) gia<br /> cho, ne'u trai menh, ta se sai quan danh.<br /> lam ngUdi coi song ra don. Giae hay noi van<br /> Theo hay chong, lanh hay giii, tU ngUdi xet<br /> thd. Nhan tha'y hai con ng6ng bdi tren mat<br /> lay" (1).<br /> nude, Giae iing khau ngam:<br /> Vi mud'n nha To'ng hoan binh, Le Hoan<br /> Nga nga liCdng nga nga,<br /> sai sU mang thu sang Tong, noi thac la thu<br /> ciia Dinh Toan thinh cau vua To'ng cho no'i Ngiidng dien hUdng thien nha.<br /> ngoi cha. Vua To'ng khong nghe. (Ngong ngong hai con ngong,<br /> Kinh nghiem dua doi thoai van hoa...<br /> <br /> Ngiia mat nhin ehan trdi). Idn cila dan toe ta thdi bay gid. Tren cd sd<br /> thang Idi a'y, nhd Tien Le dd chu dong<br /> Phap Thuan dang cam cheo, doc noi<br /> rang: ehuyen tii doi ddu quan sii sang doi thoai<br /> vdn hoa vdi nhd To'ng de cung co'quan he<br /> Bach mao pho luc thuy, bang giao hoa binh giiia hai nildc. Vd<br /> Hong trao bdi thanh ba. nhiing cuoc xii&ng hoa thct vdn cua hai nhd<br /> sii niidc Dgi Co Viet thdi Le Dgi Hdnh vdi<br /> (Nude luc pho long trang,<br /> sii gia Tdng dd md ddu cho mgt truyen<br /> Cheo hong song xanh bdi) (5). thdng iing ddi tao nhd, mem mong ve ngon<br /> tii nhiing vdi hdm y rdt sdu xa trong lich sii<br /> Giae lay lam la, khi ve de'n sU quan, lam<br /> ngoai giao Viet Nam.<br /> thd gili tang, trong do co nhQng cau:<br /> II. TRANH BIEN, DOI THOAI TREN<br /> Hanh ngg minh thi tdn thinh du,<br /> BAN H O I NGHI DE DOT DAT 6 BIEN<br /> Nhat than nhi do sif Giao Chdu... C U O N G D U C I I T H O I NHA LY<br /> <br /> Thien ngoai hiCu thien Ung vien chieu, TU sau chie'n thang 981, nhd co thUc lUc<br /> Khe ddm ba tinh kien thiim thu. manh lai biet khon kheo trong hoat dong<br /> doi ngoai, nha Tien Le va tie'p do ba trieu<br /> (May gap thdi binh dudc giiip mUu, vua dau tien ciia nha Ly nhin chung da giii<br /> Mot minh hai lUdt sii Giao Chau... dUdc quan he bang giao hoa binh vdi nha<br /> To'ng trong gan 100 nam.<br /> Ngoai trdi lai co trdi soi niia.<br /> Nhung tif khoang dau nhutng nam 70<br /> Song lang khe dam bong nguyet thau)<br /> ciia the ky XI, thi tinh the da doi khac. Liic<br /> (6).<br /> do d nude ta, sau khi Ly Thanh Tong mat,<br /> Su Phap Thuan dem bai thd nay dang Ly Nhan Tong len ngoi khi con be. Noi bo<br /> len vua Le. Vua cho goi sU Khuong Viet (7) hoang gia va trieu dinh Ly xuat hien mot<br /> de'n xem. Khuong Viet noi: "Thd nay ton be so' mau thuan phe phai, khien ben ngoai<br /> ha khong khac gi vua Tong". Vua khen y nhom ngo. Tinh hinh Trung Quo'c ciing co<br /> thd, tang cho rat hau. PQii Ly Giae tii biet sU bie'n ehuyen. Phia Bac, nha To'ng phai<br /> ra ve, vua sai sU Khuong Viet lam bai tu! doi pho vdi sU uy hiep ciia hai nudc Lieu va<br /> dUa tien, trong do co cau rSng: Ha. 0 trong nUdc, phong trao nong dan noi<br /> day khap ndi. Trudc tinh hinh do, To'ng<br /> Nguyen tUOng thdm y vi hien ciiOng,<br /> Than Tong da cha'p thuan nhiing de nghi<br /> Phdn minh tau ngd hodng. cai each goi la "Tan phap" cua te tUdng<br /> (Xin dem tham y vi Nam cUdng, VUdng An Thach de phan nao hoa hoan cac<br /> mau thuan ben trong. Con do'i vdi ben<br /> Tau vua toi to tUdng) (8). ngoai. Than Tong cung nghe theo Idi tau<br /> Cd the noi, tU cho vua quan nha To'ng tU cua VUdng An Thach "cat 700 dam da't Ha<br /> cho minh la nUdc van minh co thien chiic di Dong bie'u nUdc Lieu" n h i m tam giii yen<br /> khai hoa cho cac nudc man di xung quanh bac thiiy va quay xuong phia Nam danh<br /> de'n cho ho phai ne trong gia tri van h6a Dai Viet vdi y do "danh lay nUdc ye'u de doa<br /> Viet ro rang la mot thang Idi tinh than to nUdc manh" (9).<br />  Rghien ciiru Lich sit, so 11.2009<br /> <br /> Theo doi sat am mUu va hanh dong dUdc mot ganh nang tren vai... Do'i vdi ta,<br /> ehuan hi chie'n tranh xam lUdc cua ke thu, vua To'ng to ve kinh ne. Do'i vdi To'ng, vua<br /> Ly ThUdng Kiet vdi cUdng vi la phu quo'c Ly van tie'p tuc giao hieu" (12).<br /> Thai uy da tau vdi vua Ly Nhan Tong:<br /> Nam 1081, Ly Nhan Tong sai sd bo sang<br /> "Ngoi ddi dich de'n, sao bang danh trUdc de<br /> To'ng cong phUdng vat va xin Dgi tang<br /> be gay miii nhon cua no" (10). Dudc vua<br /> kinh. Vua To'ng het siic lam vifa long vua<br /> ehuan y, cuo'i nam 1075, Ly ThUdng Kiet va<br /> Ly.<br /> Ton Dan dem 10 van quan chu dong tien<br /> cong trUdc sang da't To'ng. Toan bo cac can Nhan sU thong hieu vdi nha To'ng dUdc<br /> cii quan sU va hau can ma nha To'ng xay khoi phuc, nam 1083, vua Ly sai Dao Tong<br /> dung tai cac chau Kliam, Liem, Ung Nguyen tdi hoi nghi Vinh Binh dat van de<br /> (Quang Dong, Quang Tay) de ehuan bi tien doi To'ng tra lai hai dong Vat Ac, Vat<br /> hanh xam lUdc nUde ta deu bi pha huy Dudng ma cac tu trUdng Nung Tdng Dan va<br /> nghiem trong. Muc tieu tien cong hoan Niing Tri Hoi da dem nop de theo To'ng vao<br /> thanh thang Idi, Ly ThUdng Kiet rut quan nhiing nam 1057, 1064 va dUde To'ng doi<br /> ve lap phong tuyen doc song Cau san sang thanh cac chau Thuan An, Quy Hoa. Hoi<br /> don danh dich, vi biet the nao chiing cUng nghi khong di de'n ke't qua. Giiia nam 1084,<br /> keo sang phuc thu. vua Ly lai sai Lang trung binh bo Le Van<br /> Thinh dSn dau phai bo Dai Viet tdi Vinh<br /> Dau nam 1077, vua To'ng sai Quach<br /> Binh tiep tuc ban viec bien cUdng. Ben<br /> Quy, Trieu Tiet mang dai quan sang danh<br /> To'ng, vien do tuan kiem Ta Giang la<br /> ta. Miii tien cong chu yeu ciia chiing bi<br /> Thanh Trac diing dau phai bo.<br /> ehan lai d song NhU Nguyet (11). Nhieu<br /> tran chie'n da'u gay go ac liet da dien ra. Tai hoi nghi, Le Van Thinh noi ro rang<br /> Quan To'ng bi thiet hai nang ne. Quan ta hai chau Thuan An, Quy Hoa vo'n la da't<br /> Cling gap khong it kho khan. Vat Ac, Vat Dudng cua nUdc ta bi cac tii<br /> Trudc tinh hinh do, Ly ThUdng Kiet chu trUdng la'y trom dem nop cho To'ng. Mot<br /> dong dat va'n de dieu dinh n h i m sdm ke't phai vien To'ng noi: "Nhiing da't ma quan<br /> thuc chie'n tranh. Quach Quy lien nhan Idi nha vua da danh lay, thi dang tra cho Giao<br /> giang hoa, rut quan ve nu6c. Quan To'ng Chi. Con nhiing da't ma cac ngudi coi giii lai<br /> riit lui de'n dau, Ly Thudng Kiet cho quan mang nop de theo ta, thi kho ma tra lai".<br /> chiem lai da't de'n da'y. Cac chau Quang Le Van Thinh tra Idi: "Da't thi co chu. Cac<br /> Lang, Mon, To Mau, Tu Lang dUde quan ta vien coi giii mang nop va trdn di, thi da't ay<br /> nhanh chong thu hoi. Cdn chau Quang thanh vat an trom cua chu. Su chu giao cho<br /> Nguyen, hai nam sau (1079) nha Tong ma tu y lay trom da khong tha thd dudc,<br /> cung phai tra no't cho nha Ly. ma trom cua hay tang trii thi phap luat<br /> ciing khong cho phep. Huo'ng chi nay chiing<br /> Chie'n tranh nam 1077 ke't thuc, nha<br /> lai dem da't la'y trom dang, de lam nhd ban<br /> To'ng khong dat dUdc muc dich du dinh la<br /> so saeh nha vua" (13).<br /> thon tinh Dai Viet. Chung chi tam thdi<br /> chiem dUdc mot so' vung da't nhUng roi phai TrUdc lap luan sic ben cua Le Van<br /> tra lai het. Trong khi do, phia Tong bi thiet Thinh to ro sU viing tin vao le phai cua dan<br /> ngUdi, ton cua ra't Idn. Vi the, "tra xong dat toe minh, Thanh Trac da tau gian ve trieu<br /> Quang Nguyen, vua Tong coi nhu da trut rang Le Van Thinh khong ddi da't Vat Ac,<br /> Kinh nghiem dira doi thoai van hoa...<br /> <br /> Vat Duong niia, va xin vua To'ng giang sU toan ven lanh tho quo'c gia Dai Viet. Bi<br /> chieu theo Idi Thanh Trac de nghi (14). De duo'i ly, nhung do long tham banh trUdng<br /> ho trd cho cuoc dam phan tren ban hoi lanh tho chi pho'i, nen vien quan cam dau<br /> nghi, Le Van Thinh da gui mot bdc thu cho phai bo nha To'ng da gid thu doan ta'u trinh<br /> vien kinh lUdc Que Chau liic do la Hung xuyen tac ve de nghi ciia Le Van Thinh vdi<br /> Ban. Thu viet: "Thanh Trac da noi se vach vua To'ng de vua To'ng co "can cd" khong<br /> dai gidi d phia nam mUdi tam xd sau nay: trao tra het nhiing da't ma ke gian da la'y<br /> ThUdng Dien, Ha Loi, On Nhuan, Anh, trom cua nha Ly trao cho nha To'ng.<br /> Dao, Vat DUdng, Vat Ac, Ke Thanh, Cdng, Ket qud Id, viec doi dat cua phdi bo nhd<br /> Luc, Tan, Nham, Dong, Canh, Tu, Ky, Ky, Ly thong qua cuoc ddm phdn ngoai giao,<br /> Huyen va noi nhiing xU a'y deu thuoc trong do bao hdm. cd do'i thoai vd ddu tranh<br /> Trung Quo'c. vdn hoa, dd gidnh diiOc thdng lgi nhiing<br /> Ke boi than tieu tii nay chi biet dung chiia trgn ven.<br /> menh thi nghe chU khong dam tranh cha'p Danh gia ve t h i n g Idi tren, sii gia Phan<br /> (15). Nhung nhiing da't a'y, ma ho Nung da Huy Chu cho ring: "Viec bien gidi ci ddi Ly<br /> nop, deu thuoc Quang Nguyen. dUdc nha To'ng tra lai da't ra't nhieu. Bdi vi<br /> Nay, may gap thanh trieu ban bo' hang trudc do thi c6 oai t h i n g tran, ngUdi trung<br /> van chinh lenh khoan hong. Sao lai chuong chau hoang sd, du lam cho nha To'ng phai<br /> mieng da't day da soi, lam chudng nay, ma phuc, sau thi sii t h i n ban bac, Idi le thung<br /> khong tra lai nude toi, de giup ke ngoai dung, cang them kheo leo..., lam cho Idi<br /> than" (16). tranh bien cua Trung Quo'c phai khuat, ma<br /> the'lUc cua Nam giao dUdc manh" (18).<br /> Ro rang, trong thu gUi Hung Ban, Le<br /> III. DUA NOI DUNG DOI THOAI<br /> Van Thinh da diing Idi le mem mong,<br /> VAN HOA VAO CAC HOAT DONG<br /> nhUng van giii viing lap trUdng doi nha NGOAI GIAO, NHA TRAN TRANH<br /> To'ng tra da't Vat Ac, Vat Dudng cho ta. THIJ KEO DAI THOI KY HOA HOAN<br /> Tuy nhien, do thu di td lai giiia Vinh V6l NHA NGUYEN, CHUAN BI TOT<br /> Binh (Quang Tay) va Bien Kinh thdi a'y HON CHO VIEC D A N H THANG DAO<br /> khong de dang va thong suo't, nen cuo'i QUAN XAM L U O C HUNG HAN NHAT<br /> ciing vua To'ng da quyet dinh theo Idi xin td THOI TRUNG DAI<br /> dau cua Thanh Trac, ma khong cha'p nhan Sau nha Ly, nha Tran phai lan lUdt<br /> Idi de nghi ciia Le Van Thinh trong thU gUi dUdng dau vdi ba trieu dai d Trung Quo'c:<br /> cho Hung Ban. Nha To'ng tra lai cho nha Nam To'ng, Nguyen va dau Minh. Trong ba<br /> Ly. 6 huyen la Bao Lac, Luyen, Mieu, Dinh, trieu dai a'y, nha Nguyen la do'i thii ghe<br /> Phong, Can va 2 dong Tuc, Tang. NhUng gdm hdn ca. Day la thdi ky dan toe ta trai<br /> hai dong Vat Ac, Vat Dudng van bi nha qua nhiing thii thach Idn lao, dong thcfi<br /> Tdng giii lai (17). ciing gianh dUdc ciing chie'n cong oanh liet,<br /> Nhu vay, nhiJng ly le ma Le Van Thinh nhiing thing Idi ngoai giao quan trong,<br /> dUa ra trong cuoc tranh bien trUc tie'p tren trong do co sU gop phan khong nhd cua ca<br /> ban hoi nghi Vinh Binh thi do'i phUdng da'u tranh va do'i thoai van hoa.<br /> khong the bac bo dUdc. Sifc manh ciia Luc ba'y gid, sau gan nda the ky dem<br /> nhiing ly le a'y bat nguon tif y thUc bao ve quan di chinh phuc nhieu nUdc, cac chua<br />  Rghien ciiru Lich 5i3r, so 11.2009<br /> <br /> Mong Co (19) da thanh lap dUdc mgt de Co. Sd bg ta da thoa thuSn dUdc vdi phia<br /> quo'c rgng menh mong td bd Thai Binh Mong Co la ba nam trieu co'ng mgt lan.<br /> Dudng de'n bd bien Hlc Hai.<br /> Thdi gian nay, sau khi Mong Kha chet<br /> Nam 1252, chua mdi ciia Mong Co la (1259), giiia hai anh em Hot Ta't Liet va<br /> Mong Kha sai em la Ho't Ta't Liet va tUdng Aric Buke no ra ngi chien de tranh ngoi<br /> Nggt LUdng Hdp Thai danh chiem nude Dai han. Vi the Mong Co' phai tam ngiing eugc<br /> Ly (Van Nam, Trung Quo'c). Nam 1257, tie'n cong Nam To'ng va to ve xoa diu Dai<br /> Mong Co md eugc tien cong td nhieu phia Viet. Nam 1260, Ho't Ta't Liet len lam vua.<br /> nhim tieu diet trieu Nam To'ng. Dao quan Nam sau (1261), vdi nien hieu Trung<br /> cua Nggt LUdng Hdp Thai d Van Nam dUdc Thong thd hai, y da sai sd mang chieu thu<br /> lenh danh chiem Dai Viet, roi tif dd md mgt sang trieu Tran du ring: "Quan lieu sT thd<br /> miii vu hdi danh vao sUdn phia Nam cua An Nam, pham mii, ao, le nhae, phong tuc<br /> Nam To'ng de pho'i hdp vdi cac dao quan td deu can cd theo le cii ciia nUdc minh, khong<br /> phia Bac danh xuo'ng. phai thay doi... Ngoai ra da ran bao bien<br /> TrUdc khi tien quan vao Dai Viet, Nggt tudng d Van Nam khong dUde tU tien dem<br /> Ludng Hdp Thai da nhieu lan sai sU sang quan lan cUdp ndi cUdng gidi, qua'y nhieu<br /> du vua Tran Thai Tong dau hang. Khong dan chung. Quan lieu s! thd nUde ngUdi<br /> he run sd, vua Tran da ra lenh to'ng giam hay yen on lam an nhU cii" (22). Cung nam,<br /> ta't ca cac ten sU giae. Chd mai khong tha'y vua Mong Co phong vua T r i n lam An Nam<br /> sd trd ve, dau nam 1258, Hdp Thai cho quo'c vUdng.<br /> quan theo luu vifc song Hong tien xuo'ng<br /> NhUng chi it nam sau, khi tinh hinh ngi<br /> xam lUdc nUdc ta. Sau tran ehan danh dich<br /> bg Mong Co da on dinh: Aric Buke dau<br /> d Binh Le Nguyen (Vinh Phiic), de bao toan<br /> hang Ho't Ta't Liet (1264) va Hdt Ta't Liet<br /> lUc lUdng trieu dinh quyet dinh rut khoi<br /> rdi do ve Yen Kinh (sau doi la Dai Do va<br /> Thang Long. NhUng chi hdn 10 ngay sau,<br /> doi quo'c hieu la Nguyen), thi y lien bgc 16<br /> quan ta da md eugc tien cong manh liet vao<br /> ro am mUu thon tinh Dai Viet. Thang 10-<br /> Dong Bg Dau (phia tren cau Long Bien<br /> 1267, Hdt Ta't Liet da gUi chieu thU ddi<br /> ngay nay). Quan dich thua to phai thao<br /> trieu Tran phai thUc hien 6 dieu: "Quan<br /> chay ve Van Nam (20).<br /> trudng de'n chau, con em sang lam con tin,<br /> Mac du viia bi tha't bai trong eugc xam ke bien dan so', xua't quan dich, nap phu<br /> lUdc thu nha't vao dau nam 1258, vai thang thue, dat dat 16 hoa xi'ch (darugatri) de<br /> sau Nggt LUdng Hdp Thai lai sai hai sd de'n thd'ng tri" (23).<br /> du Tran Thai Tong sang chau chua Mong<br /> Co. Vdi khi the cua ngifdi chien thing, vua Td do, Dai Viet bude vao mgt thdi ky<br /> Tran sai troi hai sU Mong Co, duoi ve. Sau quan he ngoai giao ra't khd khan, phUc tap<br /> dd, mgt phan de tranh sU Mong Co sang vdi nha Nguyen (24). Cac thu tif qua lai<br /> saeh nhieu, mgt phan suy xet ky thifc lUc giiia hai ben trong thdi ky nay deu tap<br /> cua Mong Co va cua Nam To'ng, Tran Thanh trung ban cai gilng co ve ngi dung cua hai<br /> Tong (21) da quyet dinh dat quan he bang td chieu ndi tren.<br /> giao vdi Mong Co. Le Tan - vi tUdng tai gidi, Ho't Ta't Liet co' Id nhiing Idi hda ton<br /> diing cam d Binh Le Nguyen - dUdc cd d i n trgng phong tuc tap quan va cUdng gidi Dai<br /> dau sd bg de'n Thiem Tay gap chua Mong Viet da ghi trong td chieu nam 1261, trong<br /> Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hda..<br /> <br /> khi y luon nhic di nhic lai 6 dieu quy dinh cho ve lam dan dinh, mgt long co'ng hien<br /> cua "tien de", traeh vua An Nam khong thien trieu, khdng cd mUu dd gi khac..."<br /> that long quy phu va thue bach vua Tran (26).<br /> phai dich than sang chau. Cd lan, phia Ching nhiing kien quyet cU tuyet viec<br /> Nguyen con traeh cd vua Tran nhan chie'u giup quan cho nha Nguyen danh Chiem<br /> ma khong lay va tie'p sd kh6ng theo le Thanh, ma trUde dd Tran Nhan Tong cdn<br /> vUdng nhan. gui quan va chie'n thuyen giup Chiem<br /> Trai lai, cac vua Tran thi het sdc de cao Thanh cho'ng lai ke thu chung.<br /> td chie'u nam 1261, dung ngay Idi hda cua Viec Ho't Ta't Liet giii chie'u thu sang ta<br /> Ho't Tat Liet de dat y vao the khong di "ndi<br /> va cac vua T r i n gdi thu bieu tra Idi, ve<br /> Idi roi lai nu6't Idi". Ching han, trong thU<br /> hinh thiic dd la sU trao doi nhiing cdng diep<br /> gdi vua Nguyen vao nam 1272, vua Trin<br /> ngoai giao giiia Nguyen va Dai Viet. NhUng<br /> viet: "Nude tdi thd phung thien trieu da<br /> ve ngi dung thi nhiing chie'u thu va thU<br /> dUdc phong tudc vUdng, ha khdng phai la<br /> bieu a'y the hien ro ca tinh cha't da'u tranh<br /> vUdng nhan hay sao? Sd thien trieu de'n lai<br /> va do'i thoai giiia nhiing gia tri van hda<br /> xUng la vUdng nhan, neu dai ngang le thi<br /> khac nhau.<br /> sd nhuc trieu dinh. Huong chi nUdc toi<br /> trudc dd nhan dUdc chieu [chieu nam 1261] TU cho liic dau td ve tdn trgng ao mu, le<br /> bao cd theo tuc cii. Pham nhan chie'u cU de nhae, phong tuc cua Dai Viet, den cac chie'u<br /> yen ndi chinh dien cdn minh thi lai lui thu ve sau, cang ngay Hot Ta't Liet cang<br /> tranh d nha rieng, dd la dien le cii cua nUdc bgc 16 thai do h6'ng hach cua ke dang th6'ng<br /> toi..." (25). tri ca mgt de che phong kien hung manh.<br /> Nam 1279, nha Nguyen diet nha Nam Phia Dgi Viet, trong moi thii bieu giii di,<br /> To'ng, chiem toan bg lanh tho Trung Qu6'c. Idi le luon to ra nhun nhiidng, mem mong,<br /> Td da'y, Dai Viet, Champa (con ggi la nhiing lap luan thi chat che vd khon kheo<br /> Chiem Thanh)... trd thanh muc tieu xam vien cd de kien quyet tii cho'i: Quan triidng<br /> lUdc trUc tie'p cua nha Nguyen. khong than vdo chdu, khong giii con tin,<br /> khong ki bien ddn sd, khong cung cdp quan<br /> Cudi nam 1282, Ho't Ta't Liet sai Toa D6<br /> linh de nhd Nguyen di danh cdc niidc khdc,<br /> dem mgt dao quan vUdt bien danh Chiem<br /> khong nop phu thue', khong lay chieu sdc.<br /> Thanh de roi td dd se danh tho'c len phia<br /> Ddy chinh Id sii the hien rdt dgc ddo vd<br /> nam Dai Viet, pho'i hdp vdi dai quan tU<br /> thdnh cong cua viec diia ddi thoai vdn hoa<br /> phia bic tran xuo'ng. Ho't Tat Liet cdn<br /> vdo hoat dgng ngoai giao nhdm bdo ve dgc<br /> nham hiem ddi vua Tran phai giiip binh<br /> lap, chu quyen quoc gia vd danh dii ddn toe<br /> lUdng cho viec danh Chiem Thanh cua<br /> - nhiing gid tri vdn hoa tinh than thieng<br /> chung.<br /> lieng cua Dgi Viet.<br /> Vua Tran da cd ngUdi sang Nguyen dUa<br /> thu td cho'i. Bdc thU cd doan viet: "Ve viec Cdn viec co'ng sinh phUdng vat thi cac<br /> them quan thi Chiem Thanh thd phu nUdc vua Tran giii dung le 3 nam thUc hien mgt<br /> toi da lau, cha toi chi la'y ddc de che chd, lan. Viec H6't Ta't Liet ddi dat chUc dat 16<br /> den tdi cung no'i chi cha t6i. Td khi cha toi hoa xich, trieu Tran ciing nhUdng bg cha'p<br /> quy thuge thien trieu de'n nay, quan linh nhan, nhUng tim each v6 hieu hda, khdng<br /> 10 Rghien ciiii Lich 5i3r. 5611.2009<br /> <br /> cho chung hanh dgng nhU nhiing ten quan trieu Tran va dong dao dan chung deu bat<br /> "toan quyen". binh va phan dng do'i vdi nhiing chinh saeh<br /> dd.<br /> Bang each dng xU linh hoat cd cUdng cd<br /> nhu nhu vay, nha Tran van giii dUde quan Ldi dung tinh hinh bat dn cua nha Ho,<br /> he ngoai giao vdi nha Nguyen, keo dai thdi cuo'i nam 1406, Minh Thanh To da nhan<br /> ky hda hoan dUdc tren 25 nam (1258-1284) danh "phu Tran, diet Hd" de phat binh xam<br /> de xay dUng da't nUdc, cung cd' quo'c phdng, lUdc nude ta. Vi ma't long dan, cha con Ho<br /> san sang danh bai dao quan xam lUdc hiing Quy Ly chu ye'u dUa vao quan dgi va cac<br /> manh va hung han nhat tren the gidi thdi tuyen phdng thu c6' dinh de cho'ng giae, nen<br /> trung dai. nhanh chong bi cac dao quan cua TrUdng<br /> Phu, Mgc Thanh danh bai.<br /> Vi the, de'n khi nha Nguyen lien tie'p<br /> phat dgng hai cuoc chien tranh quy md Idn The la sau gan 5 the ky dgc lap, nUdc ta<br /> vao cac nam 1285 va 1287-1288 hdng thon lai rdi vao ach dd hg cUc ky tan bao va<br /> tinh Dai Viet, thi chung da nhan dUde tham dgc cua nha Minh trong vdng 20 nam<br /> nhiing bai hge cay d i n g tai Ham Td, (1407-1427). Nhung trong suo't thdi gian<br /> Chudng Dudng, Tay Ke't, Bach Ding. nay, cac eugc khdi nghia cua Tran Ngoi,<br /> T r i n Quy Khoang, Pham Ngge, Le Nga,<br /> rv. DIJNG SlfC MANH CUA NGON TlT<br /> ciing nhu phong trao "ao dd" cua dong bao<br /> THUC HIEN KE SACH "TAM CONG",<br /> cac dan toe thieu so' mien mii lien tiep no<br /> CHAM Dt/T CHIEN TRANH B A N G<br /> ra. Chinh quyen d6 hg hau nhU kh6ng cd<br /> GIAI PHAP HOA BINH, LAP LAI<br /> luc nao cd the ngdi yen.<br /> QUAN HE BANG GIAO LAU D A I V 6 I<br /> TRUNG QUOC D U 6 I T H O I LE Trong boi canh dd, dau nam Mau Tuat<br /> (7-2-1418), sau mgt thdi gian ehuan bi lUc<br /> Sau ba lan chien thang quan Nguyen,<br /> lUdng, Le Ldi ddng len pha't cd khdi nghia d<br /> va tiep dd vdi chinh saeh do'i ngoai viia<br /> •vung rdng ndi Lam Sdn. Trong so' nhiing<br /> mem deo vda kien quyet, nha T r i n da giii<br /> anh hung hao kiet td bd'n phUdng trong<br /> dUdc quan he bang giao binh thudng vdi<br /> nude sdm tim den Lam Sdn tu nghia, cd<br /> phUdng Bic hdn 100 nam.<br /> nha tri thdc Idn Nguyin Trai (27).<br /> De'n cudi the ky XIV - d i u the ky XV, Nguyen Trai trao cho thii linh nghia<br /> nhan sU thoai hda cua may trieu vua Tran quan Lam Sdn ban Binh Ngo sdch, "hie'n<br /> cuo'i Cling, Ho Quy Ly da d i n dan la'n at rdi mUu chude Idn, khdng ndi de'n viec danh<br /> phe trua't nha Tran, lap ra nha Ho (1400- thanh ma lai kheo ndi de'n viec danh vao<br /> 1407). Idng ngUdi" (28), tdc la ke saeh "tam cong".<br /> Hd Quy Ly thi hanh nhiing cai each nhu Le Ldi xem Binh Ngo sdch, khen la phai va<br /> "han dien", "han no"..., thu hdi mgt s6' Idn ludn giii Nguyen Trai d ben minh de ban<br /> rugng da't va ehuyen s6' no ty qua mdc quy muu tinh ke danh quan Minh. Nguyin Trai<br /> dinh cua quy tdc Tran vao tay Nha nude. dUde Le Ldi giao cho nhiem vu thay mat<br /> Tuy cd mat tich cue nha't dinh, nhung minh soan thao tat ca cac thu td giao thiep<br /> nhiing cai each cua nha Ho thien ve viec vdi quan Minh.<br /> dem lai Idi ich cho ddng hg minh hdn la Idi Trai qua thdi ky dau (1418-1423) phai<br /> ich qud'c gia. Ca giai cap quy toe cii dudi VUdt qua mudn van khd khan gian kho "dn<br /> Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hda... 11<br /> <br /> <br /> thudng ne'm mat, ngii thudng ndm gai"; roi dich khac nhau trong tifng thdi diem cu the<br /> den thdi ky dinh chie'n (1423-1427) de "lo cua eugc khang chie'n, cd chii y den ca tinh<br /> ren chien cu", "quyen tien mo linh, giet voi each, tam ly, tU tUdng cua mdi dd'i tUdng<br /> khao quan" (29), td cuo'i nam 1424 trd di, nhan thU.<br /> nha't la trong cae nam 1425-1427 nghla<br /> Dd'i vdi nhiing ten tUdng hieu chie'n,<br /> quan da ehuyen sang giai doan chu dgng<br /> hung bao khdng du liem si de nghe le phai,<br /> tie'n cdng, gianh dUdc nhiing t h i n g ldi ngay<br /> Nguyin Trai kien quyet vach mat chi ten,<br /> cang to Idn.<br /> da kich' t h i n g tay. Ching han, trong mgt<br /> Day ciing chinh la giai doan, tren cd sd bUc thu gdi PhUdng Chinh, Nguyin Trai<br /> cua thang ldi quan sU, ngdi but cua Nguyen viet: "Bao cho may ngUde tae PhUdng<br /> Trai da phat huy de'n mUc cao nhat tac Chinh: Ke dao lam tUdng, la'y nhan nghia<br /> dung "tam cdng", gop phan ra't quan trgng lam gd'e, tri diing lam cua. Nay bon may chi<br /> vao viec lam suy sup y chi xam lUdc cua ke chuong lUa dd'i, giet hai ke vd tdi, ham<br /> thu. ngUdi vao chd chet ma khdng xdt thUdng.<br /> Viec a'y trdi da't khdng dung, than ngUdi<br /> Chi rieng trong hai nam 1426 va 1427,<br /> deu gian, cho nen lien nam chinh phat,<br /> nhan danh Le Ldi, Nguyen Trai da viet<br /> h i n g danh h i n g thua" (31). Ndi dung bdc<br /> tren 50 bdc thU gdi cho cac tUdng Minh<br /> thu hoan toan mang tinh da'u tranh khdng<br /> nhu PhUdng Chinh, Thai Phuc, Sdn Thg,<br /> khoan nhUdng.<br /> VUdng Thdng,... Bing sUc manh cua ngdn<br /> tif the hien trong nhiing bUc thu chieu du Trong trUdng hdp dd'i vdi Vudng Thdng,<br /> dich, Nguyen Trai da buge "mUdi mgt tren thi "mUu phat tam cdng" cua Nguyen Trai<br /> mUdi ba thanh Idn cua giae phai cdi giap ra lai dUdc van dung theo mdt each Ung xd<br /> hang" (30). khac.<br /> Trong Binh Ngo dgi cdo, Nguyen Trai Vudng Thong la loai tUdng da dgc Thi,<br /> viet: "Ta miiu phgt tdm cong, khong chie'n Thii, thudng hay ndi tdi dao thanh hien. Y<br /> cung thdng". cd uy tin vdi trieu dinh nha Minh. Diu<br /> Muu phat tam cdng, mgt mat, la neu cao thang 11-1426, vua Minh Tuyen Tong<br /> dai nghia cua eugc khang chie'n cho'ng (nien hieu Tuyen DUc) cU y lam tdng binh<br /> Minh de keu ggi nhiing ngUdi lam dUdng thanh sdn h i u dem 5 van quan sang tie'p<br /> lac Id'i theo giae trd ve vdi hang ngu nhan vien cho thanh Ddng Quan dang bi quan ta<br /> dan. Nhung mat trgng ye'u nha't cua mUu uy hiep manh. Vdi s6' quan tang vien dd,<br /> phat tam cdng la giai thich cho quan va cgng vdi s6' quan da tap trung ve Dong<br /> quan Minh nhan ra tinh cha't phi nghia, Quan, ta't ca cd de'n tren 10 van ten (32),<br /> phi dao ly va sU that bai khdng tranh khdi VUdng Thdng quyet dinh md eugc hanh<br /> cua eugc xam lUdc. Ve mat nay, trdng quan Idn nham day lui quan ta ra khdi<br /> nhiing bdc thu chu dgng gdi di hoae tra ldi •vning ngoai vi Dong Quan. NhUng eugc<br /> thu cua dd'i phUdng, ngdi but cua Nguyen hanh quan nay bi quan ta danh cho tan tac<br /> Trai to ra het sdc sac ben, ddng thdi ciing d Tot Dgng, Chiic Dgng. Thda thing quan<br /> ra't uyen ehuyen, da dang. Ldi le cd cUdng ta tie'n de'n bao vay thanh Dong Quan.<br /> cd nhu, khi t h i t khi md, luc dga luc ran VUdng Thdng phai cd sd gia mang thu sang<br /> nham thUc hien c6 hieu qua nhiing muc xin giang hda vdi nghia quan.<br />  12 Rghien cmi Lich sii", sd 11.2009<br /> <br /> Td dd, Nguyen Trai thay mat Le Ldi lien Giiia nam 1427, Nguyin Trai viet thu<br /> tie'p viet hang ma'y ehuc bdc thu trao di gdi cho Vudng Thdng, chi cho y tha'y rd nguy cd<br /> lai vdi VUdng Thdng, kien tri thuyet phuc y bai vong khdng tranh khdi cua quan Minh.<br /> cung cac tUdng dudi quyen rut het quan ve Nhung Vudng Thdng van ngdan cd' giii<br /> nUdc de cha'm dUt chien tranh. Ve phia thanh de chd quan cdu vien.<br /> minh, Le Ldi dong y tie'n bieu ciu phong,<br /> Mai de'n thang 10-1427, thi vua Minh<br /> tim Tran Cao lap lam vua.<br /> Tuyen DUc mdi cd Lieu Thang dem 10 van<br /> Tuy nhien, do ban than vdn giao quyef quan td Quang Tay tie'n sang va Mgc<br /> lai bi bgn PhUdng Chinh, Ma Ky xiic xiem, Thanh dUa 5 van quan td Van Nam keo<br /> nen Vudng Th6ng ngoai gia hda nghi, trong xud'ng. NhUng chi trong gan mdt thang,<br /> van sai quan dap them thanh, dao them canh quan cua Lieu Thang da bi quan ta<br /> hao, pha chudng Quy Dien de due sung tieu diet trong chie'n dich Chi Lang - Xudng<br /> 6'ng, lam binh khi, ddng thdi mat phai Giang. "Lieu Thdng phcfi thay d ndi Md<br /> ngUdi ve nUdc cau cdu vien binh. Yen", "Liidng Minh trdn hdm phai bo<br /> minh", "Ly Khdnh ke ciing phdi that cS\<br /> Nguyin Trai lien vie't thu chat va'n "Thoi Tu le gdi xin ddu hdn^', "Hodng<br /> Vudng Thdng: "TrUdc day, vang tie'p thu Phuc troi minh ddnh chiu bdt". Nghe tin<br /> cua ngai cung ldi sd gia deu ndi la "Chi eanh quan Lieu Thang bi tham bai, dao<br /> theo ldi Udc trUdc, kh5ng cd dieu gi khac"; quan Mdc Thanh voi vang thao chay. Le<br /> lai ndi "sang ma tie'n bieu, td'i se rut quan". Ldi sai giai Hoang Phuc, Thdi Tu dem theo<br /> Bdc thu mUc chUa khd, ldi ndi ben tai cdn a'n tin, hd' phu cua Lieu Thang de'n dudi<br /> vang. Nay sif da di rdi, ma ngUdi tiln sii thanh Ddng Quan cho Vudng Thdng tan<br /> cCing da ve rdi, khdng ro ngai cd qua theo mat nhin tha'y.<br /> ldi ndi trudc chang? hay lai cd dieu khac<br /> chang?... Co nhan cd cau: "Khii thiic khii Biet ro ca hai dao quan cdu vien deu bi<br /> binh, tin bdt khd khd' (Ludng an va quan tieu diet hoae chay dai, VUdng Thong<br /> cd the bd dudc, dieu tin khdng the bd dUdc) hoang mang de'n tot do. Tuy vay, y vin<br /> (33), cho nen Van Cdng khdng tham ldi chua dam nghe theo thu du hang cua<br /> danh nude Nguyen, Thudng Quan khdng bd Nguyen Trai, md eda thanh, cdi giap, rut<br /> thudng ddi cay go. Nay ngai la bUc tudng cd quan ve Trung Quo'c. Y sd r i n g ne'u bai<br /> dgc thi thu, lai khdng bang Van Cdng, binh khi trieu dinh nha Minh chUa ra lenh<br /> ThUdng Quan hay sao? dinh bo dieu tin thi trieu dinh se tri tgi.<br /> hay sao?" (34). Nam dUde tam trang dd eua VUdng<br /> Trudc nhUng cau hdi dd va hang loat cau Thdng, Nguyin Trai giai thich cho y bang<br /> hdi khac cua Nguyin Trai trong cac bdc mgt luan diem trong binh phap cua Tdn Td<br /> thu tie'p theo, Vudng Thdng khdng cd each ring: "Dgi tiidng d ben ngoai, menh link<br /> gi tra ldi cho xudi. NhUng h I n v i n vien mgi ciia vua co the co viec khong tuan theo cung<br /> ed thoai thac viec riit quan, cd't keo dai thdi dugc"... "Hud'ng chi viec binh khdng the cl<br /> gian de chd vien binh. Trong khi dd, eugc xa ma dc dac dUdc; viec, co viec hoan vi$c<br /> vay ham cua quan ta lam cho quan giae d ca'p, cd the nha't nha't ddi menh lenh trieu<br /> trong thanh Ddng Quan ngay cang khd'n dinh dUdc u?" (35). Nguyen Trai ciing giai<br /> dd'n. thich cho VUdng Thdng rang rut quan khdi<br /> Giao Chi khdng phai la trao da't trieu dinh<br /> Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hoa... 13<br /> <br /> <br /> cho ngudi khac, bdi vi: "TU ddi xUa, de trinh khang chien chd'ng Minh cua dan tdc<br /> VUdng tri thien ha ching qua chi cd "chin ta. Dieu dd la hoan toan chinh xac.<br /> chau" ma nude Giao Chi lai d ngoai "chin<br /> Song d day, td gdc. nhin cua chu de<br /> chau". Xet ra tU xUa Giao Chi khdng phai<br /> nghien cdu neu tren, chung tdi cdn nhan<br /> la da't cua Trung Qud'c ro lim rdi. Lai khi<br /> tha'y, ve thUe cha't, hoat ddng binh van,<br /> bud'i dau mdi dep yen (Giao Chi), Thai<br /> hoat dgng da'u tranh ngoai giao a'y ham<br /> Tdng hoang de [nha Minh - PXN] cd chie'u<br /> chda ndi dung cua eugc do'i thoai rat dac<br /> tim eon chau hg T r i n de cho giii viec thd<br /> sic giiia van hda Dai Viet va van hda<br /> cung. The la y cua trieu dinh vin khdng<br /> Trung Hoa thdng qua trao ddi thU td giiia<br /> eho da't Giao Chi la da't cua Trung Qud'c"<br /> Nguyin Trai va nhieu tUdng soai Minh, dac<br /> (36).<br /> biet la VUdng Thdng vao gan cud'i nhiing<br /> De'n day, Vudng Thdng hdan toan chiu nam 20 cua the ky XV.<br /> khua't phuc trudc ly le sic ben vdi diy du<br /> Nghe thuat vd bdn linh ddi thoai vdn<br /> can cd viing chic cua Nguyin Trai. Y hoa bdc thay ciia Nguyen Trdi the hien d<br /> "khdng ddi lenh trieu dinh niia ma xin dem cho: Tren cO sd ndm viing Bdc sif, ndm<br /> quan ve trUdc" (37). viing kinh dien Nho gia, hieu ro cd ngi tinh<br /> Hai ben nhat tri td' chUe Hgi the d phia vd tdm ly do'i phUdng, Nguyen Trdi dd dgt<br /> nam thanh Ddng Quan. Tai Hdi the, phia ra trUdc VUdng Thong - tong chi huy dao<br /> ta cam ket bao dam mgi dieu kien cho quan quan nam chinh ciia nhd Minh, ngUdi tiing<br /> Minh an toan rut ve nUdc. Phia bgn Vudng dgc Thi Thu vd binh phdp • hdng loat cdu<br /> Thdng thi the: "Neu khdng cd Idng thUc, lai hoi, buge y phdi tU vdn lUdng tdm khi ddi<br /> tu trai ldi the, (dd'i vdi viec) ngudi phuc dich chieu hdnh vi cua minh vdi chinh nhiing ldi<br /> day noi tieng ciia cdc nhd tU tudng Idn<br /> va eae thuyen da dinh rdi, ciu dap dudng<br /> Trung Hoa. Qua do, ong ddn dat y tii cho<br /> sa da sUa rdi, ma khdng lam theo ldi ban,<br /> khong the bdc bo nhiing gid tri vdn hoa ciia<br /> lap tUc dem quan ve nUdc, cdn keo dai nam<br /> ddn tgc minh de'n cho phdi thda nhdn gid<br /> thang de ddi vien binh; eung la ngay ve den<br /> tri cot loi nhat, cd bdn nhat ciia vdn hoa<br /> trieu dinh, lai khdng theo sU ly trong ban<br /> Dgi Viet Id dgc lap vd chii, quyen quoc gia.<br /> tau, khdng sd t h i n linh nui sdng d nUdc An<br /> Nam lai ban khac di, hoae cho quan quan Cudi cung, Vudng Thdng phai the trUde<br /> di qua dau cUdp bdc nhan dan, thi Trdi, Da't than linh song ndi Viet, chap nhan cham<br /> cung Danh Sdn, Dai Xuyen va than ky cac dUt chie'n tranh, khdng chd lenh vua ma tU<br /> xU ta't dem bgn quan tdng binh thanh sdn minh quyet dinh rut het dao quan xam lUdc<br /> hau la VUdng Th6ng, tU ban than cho de'n ve nUdc, tra lai ndn sdng dat nUdc ta cho ta.<br /> ca nha, than thich, lam cho che't het, va ca Vdi ldi the tren, ve thue cha't, Vudng<br /> de'n quan quan ciing khdng mdt ngUdi nao Thdng da cdng khai tuyen bd' dau hang de<br /> ve dUde den nha" (38). xin dUde an todn dem quan ve nude.<br /> TrUde nay, nhieu nha nghien cdu deu Dung vdo Idc dd, cae tudng si va ngUdi<br /> chd rang nhiing sU kien vifa trinh bay d nUdc ta ra't cam thu quan Minh, vo'n la<br /> tren phan anh t h i n g ldi nJc rd cua hoat nhiing ke tdng tan sat cha eon, than thich<br /> dong binh van, cua viec ke't hdp da'u tranh cua hg, lien ru nhau de'n de nghi vdi Le Ldi<br /> ngoai giao vdi da'u tranh quan su trong qua giet bgn chung di. NhUng vdi mgt tam nhin<br /> 14 Rghien cmi Lich sCt. so 11.2009<br /> <br /> chie'n lUdc va mgt long khoan dung rdng luc phong kien cat cd d Dang Trong va<br /> Idn, Le Ldi da ndi vdi cac tUdng si va ddng Dang Ngoai, tie'n cdng tieu diet cac dao<br /> dao dan chung ring: "Tra thu bao oan la quan xam lUdc td ca hai phia Nam va Bac,<br /> thudng tinh cua mgi ngUdi, nhUng kh5ng bude dau tho'ng nha't da't nude.<br /> thich giet ngUdi la ban tam cua bac nhan<br /> NgUdi anh hung "ad vai" tri diing song<br /> dUc. Va lai, ngUdi ta da hang ma minh lai<br /> todn nd'i bat nha't cua phong trao Tay Sdn<br /> giet thi la diem xau khdng gi Idn bing. Ne'u<br /> la Nguyen Hue. Cud'i nam 1788, tai Phu<br /> cd't de ha noi cam gian trong chd'c lat ma<br /> Xuan, Nguyen Hue nhan dUdc tin td'ng dd'c<br /> mang tieng vdi muon ddi la giet ke da<br /> Ludng Quang Tdn Si Nghi vang lenh vua<br /> hang, thi chi b i n g tha mang so'ng cho dc<br /> Can Long da dem may chue van quan<br /> van ngUdi, de dap tat mdi chien tranh chd<br /> Thanh sang xam lUdc nUde ta, vin cd la<br /> ddi sau, sd xanh ghi chep tieng thdm mudn<br /> khdi phuc nha Le theo Idi cau cdu cua Le<br /> ddi, ha chang Idn lao sao?" (39).<br /> Chieu Thd'ng, va quan giae da tie'n vao<br /> Rd rang, day la mgt cuoc do'i thogi ngi Thang Long. Nguyen Hue lam le len ngdi<br /> vdn hoa ra't dac sac trong lich sU cuoc hoang de', lay hieu la Quang Trung, rdi lap<br /> khang chien ehdng Minh eua dan tgc ta. tUc thd'ng linh dai quan keo ra Bac.<br /> Cude dd'i thoai ngi van hda a'y da dUa den<br /> Mac du hoan toan viing tin vao thang ldi<br /> ket qua la cac tUdng si va ngUdi nUdc ta<br /> cua minh, song vdi tam nhin chien lUdc,<br /> deu ddng thuan vdi chu trUdng sang sud't,<br /> Quang Trung da tha'y trUdc vai trd quan<br /> mang ban cha't nhan dao cad ca cua Le Ldi<br /> trgng cua hoat dgng ngoai giao trong viec<br /> va Nguyen Trai:<br /> cung cd' nen dgc lap dan toe sau chien<br /> Nghi ve ke'ldu ddi cua nhd niidc, thang quan sU. Ong ndi vdi cac tUdng si,<br /> trong dd cd Ngd Thi Nham (41): "Lin nay<br /> Tha ke hdng miidi vgn si binh.<br /> ta ra, than hanh cam quan, phUdng lUdc<br /> Sda hoa hieu cho hai niidc, tien danh da cd tinh san. Chang qua mUdi<br /> Tdt mudn ddi chie'n tranh" (40). ngay, cd the dud'i dUdc ngudi Thanh. NhUng<br /> nghi chung la nUdc Idn gap mUdi nUdc<br /> Tren thUc te, sau sU kien nay, quan he minh, sau khi bi thua mgt tran, at lay lam<br /> bang giao hda binh giiia nUde ta vdi nha then ma lo mUu bao thu. Nhu the thi viec<br /> Minh rdi nha Thanh da duy tri dUdc 360 binh dao khdng bao gid ddt, khdng phai la<br /> nam (1428-1788). phuc eho dan, nd nao lam nhu vay. De'n luc<br /> V, "KHEO LOl LE D E P BINH DAO", ay, chi cd ngUdi kheo ldi le mdi dep nd'i binh<br /> NGAN CHAN CUOC TIEN CONG dao, khdng phai la Ngd Thi Nham thi<br /> PHIJC THTJ CIJA DICH, THIET LAP khong ai lam dUdc. Chd mUdi nam niia, cho<br /> QUAN HE BANG GIAO THAN T H I ^ N ta dUdc yen dn ma nuoi luc ludng, ba'y gid<br /> V 6 l N H A THANH D U 6 l T H O I T A Y nude giau quan manh, thi ta cd sd gi<br /> SON chung?" (42).<br /> <br /> Vudng trieu Tay Sdn dUde tao lap tren VUdt hdn du kien ban dau, chi sau 6<br /> cd sd phong trao ndng dan khdi nghia giiia ngay dem tien cdng manh liet (td 30 thang<br /> the ky XVIII. Phong trao dd da nhanh chap de'n 5 thang gieng nam Ky Dau, tdc td<br /> ehdng phat trien thanh eugc chien tranh 25 de'n 30-1-1789), dildi sU chi huy ky tai<br /> each mang cua ndng dan, danh tan cac the cua Quang Trung, quan ta da hoan toan<br /> Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hda.. 15<br /> <br /> <br /> giai phdng Thang Long, quet saeh 29 van ngoai ai hiep dap, khdng sao nhin dUdc,<br /> quan xam ludc Man Thanh ra khdi da't thanh ra cd ve dudng nhu chd'ng lai Thien<br /> nUdc. trieu" (43).<br /> Sau chie'n t h i n g vang dgi dd, Quang Ldi le trong td bieu la he't sdc nhdn<br /> Trung rut ve Phu Xuan, de Ngd Thi Nham nhudng nhUng van neu cao chinh nghla<br /> d ngoai Bic va trao cho dng trgng traeh cua ta, len an tdi ac cua giae, td ro sdc<br /> dam dUdng cdng viec ngoai giao vdi nha manh cua quan Tay Sdn va su tham bai<br /> Thanh. cua dich. Dac biet, td bieu "quy" mgi tgi 16i<br /> Trudc het, Ngd Thi Nham da nhan danh gay ra chien tranh la do Tdn SI Nghi "tU<br /> vua Quang Trung vie't Bieu trdn tinh ve sU tien gia mao menh vua de lap cdng". Day la<br /> kien diu nam Ky Dau gdi vua Can Long mgt chie'n thuat ngoai giao kh6n kheo<br /> nha Thanh. nham giii the dien cho vua Can Long, lam<br /> eho y de td bd y dinh phuc thu va ciing cd<br /> Td bieu cd doan vie't: "Dd'c bg dudng Ton the de cha'p nhan ehuyen tif dd'i d i u quan<br /> SI Nghi la dai than giii bd coi, khdng biet sU sang do'i thoai van hda de thiet lap lai<br /> xet ro tinh hinh ndi xa, duyen do nha Le quan he bang giao giiia Dai Thanh va Dai<br /> ma't nUdc va duyen cd tdi ra Thang Long Viet.<br /> tau ro vdi hoang de de hoang de phan xU,<br /> cho bd coi dUde yen d'n, mam lean bi dep Cung vdi muc dich dd va vdi nhiing ldi le<br /> tat. Trai lai chi nghe ldi ngUdi dem pha, xe cdn nhun nhudng hdn nUa, td bieu de nghi<br /> vua Thanh chinh thUe plrong cho Quang<br /> vUt td bieu cua tdi xud'ng dat, truyen hich<br /> Trung lam An Nam qud'c vUdng.<br /> treng cdi, la'y cd la khdi phuc nha Le, rdi<br /> dem binh qua cUa ai, nhiing toan cat cd trU Cud'i cung, td bieu ngu y nhic kheo vua<br /> tan gdc, da giet hai bUa bai de td Idng Thanh rang, ne'u yeu cau cua vua Quang<br /> tham... Trung khdng dUdc cha'p nhan, le phai<br /> khdng dUdc thUc hien, thi vua Thanh phai<br /> Ngay mong 5 thang gieng nam nay, tie'n<br /> chiu traeh nhiem ve nhflng hau qua cd the<br /> ra Thang Long, v6'n cdn mong Tdn SI Nghi<br /> xay ra:<br /> nghi lai, may ra la'y nggc lua thay can qua,<br /> ehuyen binh giap lam hgi ao xiem, tdi khan "Thien trieu to Idn, khi nao lai them ke<br /> khoan xin yet kien nhUng khdng he dUdc sU dUdc thua vdi nude nhd va lai dung vii<br /> tra ldi. Hdm dd binh linh cua Tdn SI Nghi lUc hai dan, chae la long chi thanh khdng<br /> den ddn danh trUdc, vda mdi giao phong da nd. Cdn neu van nha't ma viec binh each<br /> thao chay tan tac, dam len nhau ma chet, keo dai khdng dUt, tinh the'vd Id, tdi khdng<br /> thay day rudng, la'p ca sdng ngdi... dUde phan nUde nhd ma thd nude Idn, thi<br /> tdi ciing danh phd mac menh trdi ma khdng<br /> Tdi trom nghi trong khoang binh dao,<br /> dam bie't tdi vay" (44).<br /> thanh nhan cung cho la sU van ba't dac di.<br /> Dai hoang dc' d sau chin tang, cdng viec Do tac dgng manh cua Bieu trdn tinh va<br /> ngoai bd cdi, Tdn Si Nghi chifa tUng tau ciing do nghe theo ldi can cua vien quan dai<br /> len, che la'p tai trdi, de'n ndi cd sU vd Id than gan giii la Hda Than dai y ring: "TU<br /> nhudng a'y. Tdi thifc dau dam dem cang bg xua de'n nay, Trung Qud'c chUa bao gid die<br /> ngUa chgi vdi banh xe. Chi vi cda trdi xa y d nude Nam. Cac trieu Td'ng, Minh,<br /> mudn dam, ddng mdt ti la bi ke biy tdi Nguyen cuo'i cung deu thua chay, gUdng dd<br /> 16 Rghien ciru Lich siSr, so 11.2009<br /> <br /> vin cdn ranh rdnh" (45), vua Can Long cua minh, vua Can Long da giao Phuc An<br /> danh phai tii bd y dinh huy ddng 50 van Khang gdi du mdi vua Quang Trung sang<br /> quan cua chin tinh de sang danh tra thu Yen Kinh. Nhung chae ehan vua Quang<br /> viec thua tran mdi rdi va td y san sang ddn Trung khdng khi nao lai sang chau mgt<br /> tiep mdt sd bg ngoai giao chinh thdc cua ngUdi ma minh vda mdi danh thang. Hdn<br /> Tay Sdn de lap lai quan he binh thudng niia, me vua Quang Trung lai vda ta the.<br /> giiia hai nUdc. Ngo Thi Nham dan dau mgt sd bg len bien<br /> gidi ban bac vdi phai bg Phuc An Khang va<br /> Cdng viec ve phia nha Thanh do Hda<br /> cho hg biet vua dang chiu tang khdng the<br /> Than va Phuc An Khang - tdng dd'c mdi d<br /> di dUdc. Sd mat the dien thien trieu, phai<br /> Ludng Quang thu xep. Ve phia Viet Nam,<br /> bg Phuc An Khang dUa ra mgt "dieu ke".<br /> Ngd Thi Nham va Phan Huy Ich lo lieu.<br /> "Dieu ke" dd la phia Tay Sdn se cd mgt<br /> Thang 4 nam Ky Dau, mgt sd bg Tay Sdn<br /> ngUdi ddng gia vua de sang Yen Kinh va<br /> do chau vua Quang Trung la Nguyen<br /> bao cho vua Can Long la vua Quang Trung<br /> Quang Hien dan d i u da de'n Yen Kinh<br /> se sang. Sd bd gdm 159 ngUdi do Pham<br /> dang bieu ciu phong va trieu cdng.<br /> Cdng Tri - chau vua Quang Trung - ddng<br /> Khoang thang 8-1789, vua Can Long sai gia vua dan d i u .<br /> sd mang sic phong sang chinh thiic phong<br /> Giiia nam 1790, khi ddn tie'p vua Quang<br /> Quang Trung lam An Nam qud'c vUdng. Sic<br /> Trung (gia) sang Yen Kinh, vua Can Long<br /> phong cd doan vie't: "Da'ng vUdng gia khdng<br /> dich than lam bai thd tang vua Quang<br /> ky thi dan, ha lai cau no ban dd de phan<br /> Trung, ldi le hda diu, trong dd dac biet cd<br /> biet. Sinh dan phai cd ngUdi coi sdc de cho<br /> cau ghi nhan viec bai bd le cd'ng ngUdi<br /> yen dn nude nha. Nay cdng bd' an sung, la'y<br /> vang:<br /> lam bing de tran nham. Phong ngUdi lam<br /> An Nam qud'c vUdng, ban a'n mdi... Vudng Thdng trieu vdng sii bi kim nhdn.<br /> hay dem hot Idng thanh, nghiem tue lo<br /> (Ddi xUa dang bi viec kim nhan) (47).<br /> lang, giii viing coi bd de con chau nd'i ddi<br /> lau dai" (46). Rd rang, chu trUdng "kheo ldi le dep binh<br /> dao" cua Quang Trung chinh la diing ddi<br /> Tuy van len mat nUdc Idn, song b i n g thogi vdn hoa thay cho tie'p tuc do'i ddu<br /> viec phong Quang Trung lam An Nam qud'c quan sU. Chd trUdng ay da dUdc Ngo Thi<br /> VUdng, ve thUc cha't, vua Thanh da cdng Nhdm thiic hien mgt cdch xuat sdc. No<br /> khai tuyen bd' thUa nhan ddc lap, chu khdng nhiing gop phdn chgn ddng y do cua<br /> quyen cua nUdc ta. nhd Thanh phdt binh ddnh trd thii Tay<br /> Tiep dd, Ng6 Thi Nham cdn vie't nhieu Scfn, md con thiet lap diigc quan he bang<br /> thu bieu khac gdi vua quan nha Thanh ddi giao thdn thien giUa hai nUdc.<br /> bd le cd'ng ngudi vang va ddi bay chau d Dieu dd la hoan toan phu hdp vdi tinh<br /> Hung Hda ma trUdc kia nha Minh da la'n than cua Quang Trung:<br /> chiem cua Dai Viet.<br /> "Chie'n hoa do ta dinh doat,<br /> Nam 1790, nhan dip "Bat tuan dai "khanh" Thdn thien de ngiidi ciing vui" (48).<br /> Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hoa... 17<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Dai Viet sii ky todn thii, tap I...Nxb. Klioa (16). Hoang Xuan Han. Sdd, tr. 346. Nhflng ldi<br /> hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1993, tr. 218-219. t r a n h bien tai hoi nghi Vinh Binh va bUe thU tren<br /> eua Le Van Thinh, sd saeh cua ta khong ch6p. Hoc<br /> (2). N h u tren, tr. 223.<br /> gia Hoang Xuan H a n da tim tha'y trong Tuc tU tri<br /> (3). Saeh Giang tU: ten chua goi theo ten song thong giam truang bien cua Ly Dao ddi Tong.<br /> chay qua Nam Saeh. Co le bay gid, eung nhu d thdi<br /> (17). Hoang Xuan Han. Sdd, tr. 349-350.<br /> nha T r i n , song Saeh la mot doan cua song<br /> ThUdng. (18). P h a n Huy Chii: Lich trieu hie'n chuang<br /> loai chi, t a p HI. Nxb. Khoa hoe xa hoi. Ha Noi,<br /> , (4). Thien sU P h a p T h u a n (? - 990) ho Do, tru<br /> 1992, tr. 279.<br /> tri chiia Co Sdn.<br /> (19). Cac chua Mong Co trong niia dau th§' ky<br /> (5). Dai Viet sii ky toan thii, t a p I. Sdd, tr. 224.<br /> XIII la T h a n h Cat Tu Han (1206-1227), Ogoday<br /> Co y kien eho r i n g , nhUng cau thd Ung do'i giUa Ly<br /> (1228-1241). Tie'p do la 10 nam cac thu h n h Mong<br /> Giae va P h a p ThuSn la mot giai thoai dep dUdc sii<br /> Co t r a n h gianh quyen lUc. De'n nam 1251, dai hoi<br /> saeh ghi lai.<br /> quy toe Mong Co mdi lai dUa Mong Kha len ngoi<br /> (6). Dai Viet si ky toan thii, tap I. Sdd, tr. 225. han.<br /> <br /> (7). Su Khuong Viet tUc Ngo Chan Luu (933- (20). Xem Lich sii Viet Nam, tap I. Nxb. Khoa<br /> 1011). Nam 971, ong dUdc vua Dinh Tien Hoang hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1971, tr. 195-196.<br /> ban hieu Khuong Viet dai sU. Dudi trieu vua Le<br /> (21). Theo Dai Viet sii ky toan thu, thang 2 nam<br /> Dai Hanh, sU dUde vua rS't kinh trong, pham cae<br /> Mau Ngo (1258), Thai Tong da nhUdng ngoi eho<br /> viec quan quo'c trieu dinh, sU deu dUdc t h a m dU.<br /> con va len lam thUdng hoang; T h a n h Tong Hoang<br /> (8). Dai Viet sic ky toan thii, tap I. Sdd, tr. 225. da len ngoi. Nhung do'i vdi chua Mong Co', thi Thai<br /> Bai tCl do Ha Van Tan dich. Tong v i n la vua An Nam vdi cai ten Quang Binh.<br /> Trong cac viec ngoai giao nhU nhan, gili thU txi qua<br /> (9). D i n theo Hoang Xuan Han: Ly Thudng<br /> lai, tie'p sU Mong Co' tren danh nghla deu do Thai<br /> Kiet - Lich si ngoai giao va tong gido trieu Ly.<br /> Tong. Tren thUc te, b trong nUde T h a n h Tong da<br /> Nxb. Ha Noi, 1996, tr. 157-158.<br /> true tiep dieu h a n h trieu chinh. CUng gidng nhU<br /> (10). Lf Te Xuyen: Viet dien u linh. In trong vay, thang 10 n a m Mau D i n (1278), T h a n h Tong<br /> Tong tap vdn hoc Viet Nam, tSp 3B. Nxb. Khoa hoc da nhudng ngoi cho N h a n Tdng len lam thUdng<br /> xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1994, tr. 193. hoang. N h u n g do'i vdi trieu Nguyen, thi sau khi<br /> (11). Song N h u Nguyet: doan song C i u thuoc Thai Tong ma't, Thanli Tdng mdi chinh thUe len<br /> huyen Yen Phong, BJc Ninh ngay nay. ngdi, va cac thu tU trao doi vdi vua Nguyen v i n<br /> nhan danh T h a n h Tdng (ma t h u tich Nguyen goi<br /> (12). Hoang Xuan Han. Sdd, tr. 331-332.<br /> la Nhat Huyen).<br /> (13). N h u tren, tr. 345.<br /> (22). Dai Viet sii ky todn thU, t a p II. Sdd, tr. 32.<br /> (14). NliUtren, tr. 347.<br /> (23). D i n theo Ha Van Ta'n - P h a m Thi Tam:<br /> (15). Cau nay theo ban dich ciia Tha vdn Ly Cuoc khdng chien chong xdm lUdc Nguyen Mong<br /> Trdn, tap I. Nxb. Idioa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1977, the ky XIII (In l i n thU tU). Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi.<br /> tr. 295. Ha Noi, 1975, tr. 94.<br /> IS Rghien eiJru Lich sii'. so 11.2009<br /> <br /> (24). Hd't T i t Liet dd'i qud'c hieu la Nguyen n a m (35). Nguyin Trdi todn tap. Sdd, tr. 177.<br /> 1271.<br /> (36). Nhu tren, tr. 181.<br /> (25). Ha Van T i n - P h a m Thi Tam. Sdd, tr. 99-<br /> (37). Dai Viet sii ky todn thU, t a p II. Sdd, tr.<br /> 100.<br /> 280.<br /> (26). Nhu tren, tr. 114.<br /> (38). Nguyin Trdi todn tap. Sdd, tr. 186-187.<br /> (27). Nguyin Trai (1380-1442) sinh tai Kinh<br /> (39). Dai Viet sii ky todn thU, t a p II. Sdd, tr.<br /> t h a n h Thang Long, que vdn d lang Chi Ngai (Chi<br /> 281.<br /> 1.<br /> Linh, Hai DUdng), sau ddi ve lang Nhi Khe<br /> (Thudng Tin, Ha Ndi). Ong dd t h a i hoc sinh (tien (40). Nguyin Trdi todn tap. Sdd, tr. 87.<br /> si) nam 1400 va cd ra lam quan cho trieu Hd. Sau<br /> (41). Ngd Thi N h a m (1746-1803): ngudi Ta<br /> khi eugc k h a n g chie'n eiia nha Ho t h a t bai, cha dng<br /> T h a n h Oai, huyen T h a n h Oai, tra'n Sdn Nam, nay<br /> bi giae Minh b i t day sang T r u n g Qude va dng eung<br /> thudc T h a n h Tri, Ha Ndi. Ong dd tie'n si nam<br /> bi quan thu giam long d Ddng Quan (Thang Long).<br /> 1775, tifng lam q u a n vdi T r i n h Sam. Khi Nguyen<br /> De'n nay, ehua ed can cU vflng chae de xac dinh<br /> Hue ra B i c l i n thU hai (1788), dng de'n vdi ngudi<br /> Nguyen Trai vUdt vdng eUdng tda cua giae Minh de<br /> a n h h u n g "ao vai" va dUdc trong dung. Sau chie'n<br /> de'n vdi Le Ldi dung vao thdi gian nao. Cd tai lieu<br /> t h a n g Dd'ng Da m u a x u a n n a m Ky Dau (1789), dng<br /> Ude doan: vao khoang nam 1416 hoae khoang nam<br /> da thay m a t Quang T r u n g t h a o n h i e u van thU giao<br /> 1420, Nguyin Trai de'n Ldi Giang gap thu linh eua<br /> thiep vdi n h a T h a n h . N a m 1802, Gia Long len<br /> nghia quan Lam Sdn.<br /> ngdi, dng bi D a n g T r i n T h u d n g d a n h ddn tai san<br /> <br /> (28). Bai Tua life Trai di tap eua Ngd The Vinh. Van Mieu. Ong che't'sau t r a n ddn thU nay.<br /> <br /> In trong Nguyen Trai: Lfc Trai di tap, do Bui Van<br /> (42). Hodng Le nhd't tho'ng chi. In trong Tong<br /> Nguyen bien khao, chu thieh, gidi thieu. Nxb.<br /> tap vdn hoc Viet Nam, t a p 9B. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa<br /> Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1994, tr. 24.<br /> hdi, Ha Ndi, 1993, tr