Lecture Business statistics in practice (7/e): Chapter 15 - Bowerman, O'Connell, Murphree

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Chapter 15 - Multiple regression and model building. After mastering the material in this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the multiple regression model and the related least squares point estimates, explain the assumptions behind multiple regression and calculate the standard error, calculate and interpret the multiple and adjusted multiple coefficients of determination,...

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Nội dung Text: Lecture Business statistics in practice (7/e): Chapter 15 - Bowerman, O'Connell, Murphree

Chapter 15 Multiple Regression and Model Building McGrawHill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple Regression and Model Building 15.1 The Multiple Regression Model and the Least Squares Point Estimate 15.2 Model Assumptions and the Standard Error 15.3 R2 and Adjusted R2 (This section can be read anytime after reading Section 15.1) 15.4 The Overall F Test 15.5 Testing the Significance of an Independent Variable 15.6 Confidence and Prediction Intervals 152
Multiple Regression and Model Building Continued 15.7 The Sales Territory Performance Case 15.8 Using Dummy Variables to Model Qualitative Independent Variables 15.9 Using Squared and Interaction Variances 15.10 Model Building and the Effects of Multicollinearity 15.11 Residual Analysis in Multiple Regression 15.12 Logistic Regression 153
LO15-1: Explain the multiple regression model and the related least squares point estimates. 15.1 The Multiple Regression Model and the Least Squares Point Estimate  Simple linear regression used one independent variable to explain the dependent variable ◦Some relationships are too complex to be described using a single independent variable  Multiple regression uses two or more independent variables to describe the dependent variable ◦This allows multiple regression models to handle more complex situations ◦There is no limit to the number of independent variables a model can use  Multiple regression has only one dependent variable 154
LO15-2: Explain the assumptions behind multiple regression and calculate the standard error. 15.2 Model Assumptions and the Standard Error The model is y = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + … + βkxk + Assumptions for multiple regression are stated about the model error terms, ’s 155
LO15-3: Calculate and interpret the multiple and adjusted multiple 15.3 R2 and Adjusted R2 coefficients of determination. 1. Total variation is given by the formula Σ(yi ȳ)2 2. Explained variation is given by the formula Σ(ŷi ȳ)2 3. Unexplained variation is given by the formula Σ(yi ŷi)2 4. Total variation is the sum of explained and unexplained variation This section can be covered anytime after reading Section 15.1 156
LO15-3 R2 and Adjusted R2 Continued 5. The multiple coefficient of determination is the ratio of explained variation to total variation 6. R2 is the proportion of the total variation that is explained by the overall regression model 7. Multiple correlation coefficient R is the square root of R2 157
LO15-4: Test the significance of a multiple regression 15.4 The Overall F Test model by using an F test.  To test H0: β1= β2 = …= βk = 0 versus Ha: At least one of β1, β2,…, βk ≠ 0  The test statistic is (Explained variation )/k F(model) (Unexplain ed variation )/[n (k 1)]  Reject H0 in favor of Ha if F(model) > F * or pvalue
LO15-5: Test the significance of a single independent variable. 15.5 Testing the Significance of an Independent Variable A variable in a multiple regression model is not likely to be useful unless there is a significant relationship between it and y To test significance, we use the null hypothesis H0: βj = 0 Versus the alternative hypothesis Ha: βj ≠ 0 159
LO15-6: Find and interpret a confidence interval for a mean value and a prediction interval for an 15.6 Confidence and Prediction individual value. Intervals  The point on the regression line corresponding to a particular value of x01, x02,…, x0k, of the independent variables is ŷ = b0 + b1x01 + b2x02 + … + bkx0k  It is unlikely that this value will equal the mean value of y for these x values  Therefore, we need to place bounds on how far the predicted value might be from the actual value  We can do this by calculating a confidence interval for the mean value of y and a prediction interval for an individual value of y 1510
LO15-7: Use dummy variables to model qualitative independent variables. 15.8 Using Dummy Variables to Model Qualitative Independent Variables So far, we have only looked at including quantitative data in a regression model However, we may wish to include descriptive qualitative data as well ◦For example, might want to include the gender of respondents We can model the effects of different levels of a qualitative variable by using what are called dummy variables ◦Also known as indicator variables 1511
LO15-8: Use squared and interaction variables. 15.9 Using Squared and Interaction Variables  The quadratic regression model relating y to x is: y = β0 + β1x + β2x2 +  Where: ◦ β0 + β1x + β2x2 is the mean value of the dependent variable y ◦ β0, β1x, and β2x2 are regression parameters relating the mean value of y to x ◦ is an error term that describes the effects on y of all factors other than x and x2 1512
LO15-9: Describe multicollinearity and build a multiple regression model. 15.10 Model Building and the Effects of Multicollinearity  Multicollinearity is the condition where the independent variables are dependent, related or correlated with each other  Effects ◦ Hinders ability to use t statistics and pvalues to assess the relative importance of predictors ◦ Does not hinder ability to predict the dependent (or response) variable  Detection ◦ Scatter plot matrix ◦ Correlation matrix ◦ Variance inflation factors (VIF) 1513
LO15-10: Use residual analysis to check the assumptions of multiple regression. 15.11 Residual Analysis in Multiple Regression For an observed value of yi, the residual is ei = yi ŷ = yi – (b0 + b1xi1 + … + bkxik) If the regression assumptions hold, the residuals should look like a random sample from a normal distribution with mean 0 and variance σ2 1514
LO15-11: Use a logistic model to estimate probabilities and odds 15.12 Logistic Regression ratios. Logistic regression and least squares regression are very similar ◦Both produce prediction equations The y variable is what makes logistic regression different ◦With least squares regression, the y variable is a quantitative variable ◦With logistic regression, it is usually a dummy 0/1 variable 1515