Lecture Gender and Environment - Dr. Annuska Derks

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Lecture Gender and Environment of Dr. Annuska Derks presented: What is Gender?, Emergence of "Women and Environment", Women and Environmental Degradation, Why "gender and environment".

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Nội dung Text: Lecture Gender and Environment - Dr. Annuska Derks

Gender and Environment Dr. Annuska Derks
What is Gender? Sex = biological differences between men and women. Gender = social and cultural construction of sex; meanings that a particular society gives to the physical and biological traits that differentiate males and females.
Emergence of "Women and Environment" 1970s: WID (women in development) 1980s: WED (women, environment and sustainable development) 1990s: WED on international agenda 2000s: MDG (millenium development goals)
Women and environment Some assumptions: 1. Women are seen as closer to nature 2. Women are considered to be more affected by environmental degradation
1. Women and Nature: Women are due to their body and bodily functions more involved with the reproduction of life Women‘s domestic responsibilities bring them closer to nature and thus to an awareness of environmental hazards
2. Women and Environmental Degradation:  Women are considered to be more adversely affected by environmental degradation  Women are considered to be less likely in a position to affect issues of environmental degradation
Two approaches  Ecofeminism = connection between exploitation of women (patriarchy) and exploitation of environment  Feminist political ecology = examination of gender’s place in the political ecological landscape, exploring gender as a factor in ecological and political relations
Why "gender and environment"? Relations with environment are "gendered": Women‘s survival skills are based on different knowledge of environmental processes and systems Rights to access environmental resources tend to be differentiated by gender, as are responsibilities for management of ecological systems Women‘s motivations to social and political action visàvis environmental problems and crises differ from those of men
Example: Chipko movement o Gahrwal Himalaya, India; 1970s o Deforestation; contractor system of the state‘s Forest Department o Nonviolent resistance; tree hugging, esp. women o Movement spread throughout the country o Resulted in 15 year ban on forest felling in Himalayas o Chipko success became example for environmental movements around the world Source: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Chipko_Movement
Chipko: feminist or livelihood movement? Vandana Shiva (1988) Haripriya Rangan (2000) Staying Alive: Of Myths and Movements: Chipko as expression of Idea of "ecological harmony" and essentialist relationship women‘s role in it is a myth based women – nature upon ideas of pristine nature and Local women‘s efforts to simple peasant life restore ecosystem, protect Struggle was not against cutting reproductive power of environment trees, but against the allotment of forest cutting to large timber Challenging masculinist commercial exploitation of merchants nature Local residents also sought = feminist movement revenue from forest exploitation, but on their own terms