Lý thuyết ô tô part 1

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Nội dung Text: Lý thuyết ô tô part 1

!! " #$ % & ' !! ( )( * +, ( (* +, ! -. / # 0 1 /( .( * +, -. / # 0 1 /( 2( * 345 ( 6( 78 9 5 ! : ;8 * " ( ( ! )( > ( 2( ? # @ > ( 6( A! "5 + B $ .& +5 ( ! "#$ % & '( *@ C D< > E D AF +8 9 E D & #G 9F H ' E ! " #$ % & '( ) * $ + '$, - ./0 1+1/ 234 - 5/0 '$, 6$ 3 6 7$ /0 8 6$ 3 6 7$ 93 1 /3 :; $?$ @ 8 =A 8 L30 ( K ++ )* "#$ % ! '( +, * (* +, ! -. / # 0 1 /M
" * +, ( IJ ! -/ # 0 1 /( .I K- / #0 1 /( I96 ! -1 ' #1 "7 1 N ' :; $?$ 1 - # 1:7 P ! F 3Q R B ' :; 96 + + %$ ! 0 ' :; $?$ D :E Y ÷ Y Z ' :; (@ + + 96 "X 0 > + : 8
/* "% & ! '( 0* ^_$ 96 + +0 1 = >L3 ]$ 4) " ]$ 0 " ]$ `3 1:7 P ! 93 :a 6$ 3 6 7$ ,0 = P 1 : 7 ' 3 3 '$, 6$ 3 6 7$ O, 9M @= > + 0 - ' :; R 2$, 7 Q 9K M" ]$ 1 :7 # B 8 6 7$ $ ,) 3 0 %3 - + '$, 0 1+ 1/ B 60 ' :; $?$ Q1 R 9B " 1 3 ) %! $=# :! 9 3 3- D :E #1 6$ 3 6 7$ O , M + '$, @ 9! E , ./1 2 D :E #1 " 96 ! + '$, + '$, ( @ % /H/ > 1 :7 - " ]$ K + '$, ! 1D . 0 1+ 1/ 234 D K 1+ 1/ 234 ! 1D 5 b :; $?$ D :E + '$, ! 1D K ' :; . R 3Q " 6 J )* $ : 3> Q B 1:7 : > >+ ]$ " ]$ ! X1 93 > 3Q J 8 K !- > ]$ ; ! X1 93 > 3Q J K ! 5 . >+ - ]$ c @1 : J ! - %@ d > :E ' 96 1 = >L3 1 : 7 F :a + '$, ! 1D # >Q B D :E '( B Q %3 3@ ( %* 6 + +0 1 = >L3 > 1:7 0 91 S' K S' D> =
> e 0 ÷ 0fg :E 2B >e 0 ÷ 0 g :E % /H/ > + - " 1 A1 6 7$ >e 0 ÷ 0 g :E % /H/ - " 1 A1 6 7$ 1* 23 #$ % ! 4 3" (* R 3 - # 2h= %( /3 + D ( 71 ih= L 1          +  −    =                 I93 - ./ 0 / + '$, `$ : ' :; $?$ D :E #1 ", >j $ ! 3 .1 2 0 . k + '$, `$ ( @ : ' :; $?$ D :E + '$, - 0 "0 k 7' ( 71 2/1 ) * * . $" 7 ' 0 "0 D :E 1 3@ * #0 3 9! / > $0 2 ! 8 + '$, ./ D %( : 3 + D k IJ - :W 8 ! ./ e l / . $ - ./0 / 2 ! 8 1+ 1/ 5/ f = ^= f = I93 - 5/ k 1+ 1/ 234 9* > $?$ .1 ./ k + '$, Rm / k ' :; $?$ :n) 3 n' I - "Q ' 7$ / / / / /1 2 ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ . $ - ./ 0 5/ D :W 8 ! / ./ e l / o 5/ e lp / 8 ./ e l / 0 5/ e lp / 2 ! 8 , K0 ( K + +0 1 = >L3
! 56 5 '( 7 !* 89 :& - ; '( < & -; RQ B D :E '(
η 7$ '$, " = 8)o η 7$ '$, )' 0) * o η 7$ '$, 9$=] Bo ηY 7$ '$, 9$=] ( ,$ o η 7$ '$, 9$=] ( $ a o η2 7$ '$, Q2 1 = >L3 2 ^ 7$ '$, η 82 ! "X ( 71 η v/ %$ ! e Y0wf η v/ Q 9$=] ( 1 ,) e Y0uw η v/ Q 9$=] ( ,) e Y0ug η 5 = >L3 e Y0uu f +!? @ + ' ! 56 5 5+ 1/ 234 F " 2/ 5R > + +0 1 = >L3 $=# P! 82 ! /3 + D '$ η e 5/ η 5R e 5/ w ) Y 5+ 1/ 5R = %* : 3 1 1 (c 8 ]$ $=# 0 %* x `" 2/ :E 1 6" 2/ r !$ %* J) 6 1 ( cR a ]$ $=# + +0 E "X c 5R : 9" cR c ; .& +5 i( cR K ( >L3 ) $= " 2/ .- ) Q ( J %* 6" 2/ . - ( >L3 ) $= cR 1 + +0 1 = >L3 - # 4 8 (Q $=# # $=# :] ) 9E η Y = = I93 - 9> k " > D :E :! 9 ( cR
yE ' ' > + E 41 - # ,= 9> e 9" # 3 9" " > 1:7 " 2/ IJ - - η = h$ O Q3 $A )( < E 2( * +, ( 6( * 345 ( L( M & +8 9 5! : ;8 * " ( N( 7& O =# > #@ > ( P( 7& O "! "5 + B $ .& +5 (
.&" .& +5 " & & 9F 3 !! % ( 6( ; .&" .& +5 # .&" )( ; .&" H .& +5 " # .&"( 2( K& Q $ # .&"( L( ; Q % ! ! D "& ( )( R S "! "5 & 9F 3 ! ! D "& ( 2( ; Q ,( 6( ; Q 39( f '( + ' < :& )* A( + ' B % #$ < :& * # 3 + +0 1 = >L3 - # $=# 8 M F :a ) 2z ` " 2/ :1 )Q - "1 , ! "1 8 9 "X 1 @8 7 ' " 10 >{ 7$ ϕ . $ K " 1 ,) M " 2/ - # 9 8 ) A 1+ 1/ 234 5R - 9! E 9$=] J ER - + +0 1 = >L3 > + # $=# :] ) 9E 8 ]$ - 'Q= 9 > + +0 1 = >L3 $=# 96 3@ _= - 9 98 E ^7 ' " 1 ϕ ` " 2/ :E 1 ?' ` ( >L3 ) $= ( @' 9 @ #1 ) 2z `" 2/ :E 1 0 :E Q 9K d D %* 6" 2/ - IQ 9K d D K 9K 8 " 10 >{ 7$ [ϕ ϕ= ϕ 5 _z - # M %$ 7' " 1 ( 7' 1 ' ` :A # K $=# :E $ I$= 6 F" 2/ + +0 1 = >L30 3 + ;) * $ >Q B "1 ` " 2/ :E 1 IJ + D - #2 ! 8 ( >L3 ) $= ( @) ' /3 ]$ > 7 " 1 ` " 2/ :E 1 cR 1 2 e ϕ [ϕ f
.$ K| )Q ( d - J1 %* 6" 2/ M |e[ ϕ . $ K cϕ ( " 1 -+ D cϕ e ϕ [ϕ e ϕ | q ]$ > 7 # " 2/ > + "! 9 8 L3 ) $= cR # + + $=# :] ) 9E ( >L3 ) $= ( @ cR 1 2 ) Q O 3 "X ( " 1 cϕ ≤ ⇒ ≤ϕ g ϕ I93 - 5R 1 2 1+ 1/ 234 ( @ F " 2/ . A 2L ,= ( " 1 cϕ S 7 $A :E 7 ' " 1 ϕ : 9K IJ + D q 8 " 1 [ϕ i( >L3 ) $= E , "! E @ "F ( " 1 cϕ }3 - # 'C %* ( >L3 cR 1 2 J 9$=] 2$ 0 4 (Q $=# M_ 7 ' " 1 ϕ0 B )Q B ( " 1 cϕ "X B 9K 8 " 1 [ϕ 3 B Q :E 3@ 2/ - 30 # B ( " 1 cϕ - # %a 3@ " - :,$ 3 = 'C %* ]$ _$ #B 9K 8 "1 :E 1 = >L3 1 : 7 96 4) 96 _$ `" ) - :,$ 3 3 4) >~1 :E " ) " ) * - :,$ L) 3 4) d 61 1 " " "X L) .3 9 #B 7 ' " 1 ; - # 4) 61 9K 8 ) * =" 1 61 E : 3 " 2/ #B 9K 8 " 1 [ϕ F 1 ' 1 = >L3 r %a _$ # 'C %* 3 " 9K 8 1 = >L3 'C %* 93 !M /* C 5& #@ 5 < :& * ^7 ' " 1 ) * $ : 3 ]$ = $ yA 7$ 0 :A 7$ " 2/ I9@ > +0 E 0 0 1 )d 0 •0 1 R ,$ ",$ : 1 c* $ :3 ]$ > 7 'C %* > Q 9K %* 6" 2/0 ) '$, 93 )0 $=# 2/0 98 ` " 2/ :E 1 0 _$ 7 ' " 1 ϕ B RB ) '$, ) F 93 ) M" 6 @1 9! 9! ' " 1 ϕ 3 - M %_ %_ @ Q1 2$ [ 9! ) '$, F 93 )1 @ - @E , ) '$, > $=6 6 %a :E J 3@ ) yA $=# 2/ B 6 M 7 ' " 1 Q1 JJ
K& Q $ # .&" )( !T 2( D& # @ > T .D U % ! !T D Q >' V : & 9F 3 .& +5T 9D >W H .& R EMQ F ) '$, 0 :A 0 Q 9K d D %* 6" 2/ :E 7 ' " 1 E > 71 7 ' " 1 - F 96 D :E 7 ' " 1 2 ! 93 2/0 > 7$ ϕ2 . 3 1 ) d %K 0 D 93 1 ) d $=# " 9 ; - 7 ' " 1 93 1 ) d X1 d - :E 1 ) d %K 0 K 0 > 7$ ϕ= 7' " 1 ϕ2 # %a ) ) )> $ Q , %a 1 2/ 9 E >L3 2/ ' $ 0 > - 2/ ' $ 8 ) D 3 3 €$ ( > " 8 ( " 1 cϕ 2/ ' $ . $ " 9K 8 " 1 F 2/ ' $ [ϕ - #2 7 ' " 1 ϕ2 ϕ ϕ= ! s ϕ I93 3 'C %* 7 ' " 1 9$ "M 0)* $ : 3 3@ /3 "Q
^7 ' " 1 ϕ2 i3@ :M 9@ 1 ( 3 "6 + k > + : '@ Y0t k Y0u kE Y0fg k Y0qg , k ) 'L 0 > + Y0g k Y0s kE Y0 k Y0q k> + Y0 k Y0f kE Y0q k Y0g ^7 ' " 1 : ( " 1 - { •
I96 ' - [ k 9K 8 3" 2/ c> k ( >L3 ) $= F " 2/ cl k ( Q B F " 2/ "! cl k ( Q B F " 2/ 5l k 1+ 1/ Q B F " 2/ "! 5l k 1+ 1/ Q B F " 2/ cω k ( Q > + > c ‚ k ( Q 2/ $=# c 1 k ( Q F 1- >L3 > + + >L3 13- | 0 | k ( ) ) $= 1 %* 6" 2/ "! : /* ,* R" 2/ $=# 96 1 'W 2$, 7 ( Q B %* '3 '3 :E 1 : 8 ]$ :E ]$ $=# + + @ :a ) 2z `" 2/ :E 1 i( Q B ) ' %3 - '( " %@ ): 0 %3 1 ' F "] 1 ) 2z ` ) : I - #3( Q B 3@ ( %* 6" 2/ J ) > 2/ $=# :-# /3 + D cl e cl ƒ cl t I93 - c l e | l„ cl e | l u l„ 0 l k ^7 ' Q B F " 2/ "! :" 2/ I93 3 - #3 l el el c l e | ƒ | l e [ l 3'α R - w -α 93 - 6 1 R + + k 1 = >L3 $=# 96 X1 - cl e [ l Y ^7 ' Q B ) * $ : 3 2/0 , 3@ I93 ) @1 : : \ uY >1n 0g 1n' 7 ' l - 9! '$ i3@ ^7 ' Q B l i3@ ^7 ' Q B l k ( Y0Y g k Y0Y u k ,>+ Y0Y g k Y0Yfg k "6 + Y0Y k Y0Y g k ,E Y0YgY k Y0 gY k 9Q Y0Y f k Y0YfY k Y0 Y k Y0fY 1* &* R + + k 1 = >L3 $=# 96 % 9K 8 + + k 1 = >L3 'W 8 )h )_
[ 3'α k %* d - :E 1 [b αk %* '3 '3 :E 1 [ 3'α h= 6 )Q ( |0| F " 2/0 ' 9 ( Q B cl 0 cl F " 2/ 9 E : ' $ [b α - E 8 :E ]$ $=# + +0 Q 9F '( $=# + + k 1 = >L3 > 6 % K ( Q 6% c c e[b α α3 5D % 1 - # # 7 E % R + + k 1 = >L3 2$ % Mc - a ]$ :E ]$ $=# 2/0 z - c - : 9; x 98 3 $=# 2/ . :A= > 2/ 6 % c 1 %,$ ƒ : > 2$ % c1 %,$ k IJ " #$ D Y0 0 -# ( Q P > ++k 1 = >L3 $=# 96 % cψ e cl ±c e [ l 3'α ± [ b α e [ l 3'α ± b α ≈ [ l ± e [ ψ f ψel± q k 7' Q P > + + k 1 = >L3 $=# 6% h$ O Q3 $A )( XQ @ .&" H .& +5 " ( 2( ? # .&" .& +5 " ( 6( K& Q $ # .&"( L( R S "! "5 & 9F 3 ! ! D "& ( N( XQ @ & +& O Q ,( P( XQ @ & +& O Q 39(
f . %$ "Q )( ; Q ! ( 2( ; 1 & ! ! D "& ( 6( ; Q "- ( L( * % ! ! D "& - % % ( G* * R + + k 1 = >L3 $=# 93 1+ 9 > + > 'W h= 6 '( %! $=# ) _ C > + > " 3 + > :E $=# + + k 1 = >L3 I > 7$ ( Q = cω i( = F h1 %7 Q %7 + + k 1 = >L30 1 1 > 3Q ω: -# '$ c ω e R … :Y g I93 - Rk 7' Q > + > 0 ) * $ : 3 M %@ 0 , 8 "] 1 > + > .' n1q + +0 1A :Y k :A ` + + : > + > 1n' …k%7 Q %7 + + k 1 = >L3 k % 7 M $1 + + k 1 = >L3 6 1 ) d :$+ - :E 9* %K z ^7 ' Q > + > R + + k 1 = >L3 = P 93 ) @1 : 9, 9 $j /3 %@ > K z † + :A Q : 1 = >L3 - %@ > K >+ 41 z $=# F ,) 6 ( Q > + > - # "O :E %@ > K3 Q3 # Q1 ( Q >+ > I $=# ` ++: > + > :Y e : ± : s : k :A ++ : k :A - },$ ƒ > ]$ $=# ++: - 8 $ },$ k > + + $=# a ]$ - I ' R… K h Q >+ > : 8 > 7$ ‡ ‡eR… t IJ - 8 cω cω e ‡ :Y u y7 2 ! A 2ˆ % 7 Q %7 … ) ]$ > - > B :M 93 ( 'C %* + D_z
† + :A Q …e ^ fY † + %$ ! … e Y0u Y ^ f ]$ 9 E , + +o Y ^ ]$ 3 E , + +o ]$ 9 'F ++ R S +& O 9 Q 9 ! !( }7 Q %7 …: h Q >+ > ‡ 8 K /3 9! ' $ R .' n1q i3@ 2/ …1 ‡ .' n1 † + %$ ! k :O > Y0 Y k Y0fg 0s k 0u Y0f k Y0w k :O F Y0qY k Y0gY 0g k 0Y Y0s k 0Y † + :A Q Y0sY k Y0tY f0Y k g0Y 0u k f0g †+ F> Y0 g k Y0qY q0g k s0g 0Y k 0s †+ $ Y0 f k Y0 g 0Y k 0f Y0 f k Y0 u R + + k 1 = >L3 - 61 13- M 7' Q > + > R B w k fg Z0 $j /3 13- - 8 " 9 ' = 2 :E + + k 1 = >L3 H* I '( !* R + + k 1 = >L3 $=# > + P ! 0 $=# - ,= F z B = Q1 0 'W 2$, 7 ( L3 9K 9 ‚ $=# ! + + k 1 = >L3