MCSE Windows Server 2003 P2

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The Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer program was developed to provide a professional recognition of the skills and understanding required to effectively create and implement technical solutions. The program has seen changes over the years that have been designed to reflect the changing role of the IT professional and to appropriately reflect the demands of their jobs. The MCSE on Windows Server 2003 certification requires the candidate pass seven total exams—six core exams and one elective exam. Of the six core exams, four are exams on the networking system, one exam covers the client operating system, and one design exam is...

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INTRODUCTION MCSE Certification The Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer program was developed to provide a profes- sional recognition of the skills and understanding required to effectively create and im- plement technical solutions. The program has seen changes over the years that have been designed to reflect the changing role of the IT professional and to appropriately re- flect the demands of their jobs. The MCSE on Windows Server 2003 certification requires the candidate pass seven total exams—six core exams and one elective exam. Of the six core exams, four are ex- ams on the networking system, one exam covers the client operating system, and one design exam is required. It is also strongly suggested by Microsoft that the candidate have at least one year of experience in implementing and administering operating and desktop operating systems prior to pursuing the MCSE. The four networking systems exams that every candidate must take are the following: • 70-290: Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment • 70-291: Implementing, Managing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure • 70-293: Planning and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure • 70-294: Planning, Implementing, and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure Every candidate must also choose one of the following exams as part of the core oper- ating system requirement: • 70-270: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows XP Professional or • 70-210: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional To meet the design exam requirement, candidates choose either • 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure xxxi
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide xxxii or • 70-298: Designing Security for a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Finally, candidates must select one elective from the following list: • 70-086: Implementing and Supporting Microsoft Systems Management Server 2.0 • 70-227: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server 2000 Enterprise Edition • 70-228: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition • 70-229: Designing and Implementing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition • 70-232: Implementing and Maintaining Highly Available Web Solutions with Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Technologies and Microsoft Application Center 2000 • 70-284: Implementing and Managing Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 • 70-297: Designing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory and Network Infrastructure • 70-298: Designing Security for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network • 70-299: Implementing and Administering Security in a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network You should note that some of these exams can be used as credit toward either the core or elective requirement. For the latest information on the MCSE credential and current exam objectives, see http://www.microsoft.com/traincert/mcp/mcse/windows2003/. Additionally, any of the following Microsoft certifications may be substituted for an MCSA elective: • MCSA on Microsoft Windows 2000 • MCSE on Microsoft Windows 2000 • MCSE on Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Alternatively, you can also use a combination of CompTIA exams to fulfill the elec- tive requirement: • CompTIA Security+ or • Unisys UNO-101
Introduction xxxiii In this book, you’ll find the information needed to prepare for four of the core ex- ams—70-290, 70-291, 70-293, and 70-294—presented in a format that related to the daily performance of an administrator’s job. The material has been organized by exam and is written to act not only as an exam preparation tool, but also as a reference book after you’ve taken the exams. Every exam objective from each of the four exams is in- cluded in this text and is highlighted to help you prepare for the exams. While this book is designed to help you prepare for the exam, no replacement exists for hands-on experience. We included numerous lab exercises to help guide you through many common tasks, as well as case studies to provide real-world insights into administration. Test Structure If this is your first experience with Microsoft’s testing structure, or if you haven’t taken a Microsoft exam in some time, the first thing you’ll notice is the focus on scenario-based questions. While the actual exam questions remain multiple choice, this structure was developed to help test the candidate’s comprehension and skill at evaluating informa- tion to determine what’s important in developing the solution and what isn’t. These performance or scenario-based questions might include graphic elements as exhibits. These graphics could be screen shots or diagrams, designed to clarify the sce- nario provided. Other questions might include graphic elements as “hot spots.” In this instance, you’re asked to click a portion of the graphic to answer the question. For example, to test your understanding of how to configure TCP/IP properties on a client computer, you might be asked to drag the IP address, the subnet mask, and the default gateway from a series of choices to the appropriate location on a screen that looks like the one you’d find in Windows Server 2003. Microsoft has also developed simulation questions, in which a simulation of the actual product is launched during the test, and you’re asked to answer the question by working with the product. This is yet another method developed to ensure there’s no replacement for hands-on experience. Adaptive test formats are also being implemented by Microsoft, but at press time not all Microsoft exams are available in adaptive format. Adaptive testing provides succes- sively more difficult questions based on correct answers. The initial question posed to the candidate is of moderate difficulty. If that question is answered correctly, the next question is slightly more difficult. If answered incorrectly, the next question is slightly less difficult. Through this interactive evaluation of the candidate’s responses, the exam tailors itself, as necessary, to achieve the proper psychometric algorithm to determine success or failure on the overall exam. Not only does this adaptive format provide added security to the pool of questions, since the number of questions each candidate is ex- posed to varies, it can also reduce the amount of time a candidate needs to take the exam. Taking the Test Microsoft exams are provided through Prometric and Vue testing centers worldwide. You can locate the testing centers nearest you by visiting http://www.prometric.com/ or
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide xxxiv http://www.vue.com/. To register, you need your Social Security number or some other unique ID number when you call. You also need to have the name and number of the test you’re registering to take. On the day of your test, you’re required to provide two forms of identification, in- cluding one photo ID. Plan to arrive early to do any last minute preparations and to en- sure that you’re focused on the exam when the time comes. You’re not permitted to take any notes or study materials into the testing room with you. Most facilities provide scratch paper and pencils in the room for you to make notes during the exam, but all materials must be left in the room when you depart. Microsoft certification is a proven career enhancement, so achieving your MCSE cer- tification should prove well worth the time and effort.
Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment (Exam 70-290) ■ Chapter 1 Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices ■ Chapter 2 Managing Users, Computers, and Groups ■ Chapter 3 Managing and Maintaining Access to Resources ■ Chapter 4 Managing and Maintaining a Server Environment ■ Chapter 5 Managing and Implementing Disaster Recovery 1
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Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical CHAPTER 1 Devices In this chapter, you will learn how to • Install hardware • Use Device Manager • Troubleshoot hardware issues • Use Windows updates and automatic updates • Configure driver signing • Install and manage printers • Install and configure physical disks • Configure basic and dynamic disks • Use disk management • Implement volume types • Implement a RAID solution • Configure compression and encryption Windows Server 2003 supports a myriad of different devices, from SCSI cards to USB cameras, to wireless mice and keyboards, to plain old PCI devices. With the addition of plug-and-play functionality, installing and managing these devices has gotten signifi- cantly easier than it used to be. Remember the days of NT 4.0 when installing a new mo- dem into a server could take the entire afternoon and possibly require reinstalling several service packs along with the manufacturer’s driver? (If you missed that experi- ence, you really didn’t miss anything.) While that was fun, there are many more de- mands made on an administrator now, and there just isn’t time in the day to take a server offline for two hours every time it needs an upgrade! The good news is most de- vices now can be installed painlessly and quickly, often without needing a restart. Microsoft has added new tools to install and troubleshoot hardware devices, and im- proved the functionality of some old tools. The Add Hardware Wizard is improved; so is Device Manager. The Hardware Troubleshooting Wizard is new to Server 2003, and it can be very helpful in troubleshooting hardware issues. As part of this chapter, you will 3
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide 4 learn how to effectively use these tools to implement and manage a variety of hardware devices. This chapter also will teach you how to implement and manage physical disks and use the different kinds of volumes effectively. Knowing how to manage and configure physi- cal disks is a critical part of network management. With the release of Windows 2000, Microsoft changed the way physical disks are implemented and managed. These changes have carried over to the new release of Server 2003. It is important that you understand what these changes are and how to effectively use them in a server. You will learn the available volume types and how each type of volume solves a different kind of problem. You might expect the first chapter of this book to cover installing Windows Server 2003. The installation process could probably fill two to three chapters by itself. How- ever, Microsoft now considers knowledge of the install process to be part of an exam candidate’s baseline knowledge. The installation procedures for a Windows Server 2003 have not changed significantly from the procedures for Windows 2000 or Windows XP. Of course, one of the ways Microsoft has increased the difficulty of their exams is to test on subjects they consider to be “baseline knowledge.” Let’s begin with hardware! Installing, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Devices There are two ways to install hardware: the easy way and the hard way. The easy way to in- stall a device is to simply attach the device or plug it into the computer and voilà, it installs automatically. Plug-and-play technology is definitely the easy way. The hard way? Well, you probably know all about the hard way. The hard way usually involves alternating fits of cursing the machine and supplicating to a higher power to perform a miracle. The good news is that Server 2003 includes plug-and-play support for most hardware devices, and it actually works. The bad news: you won’t get that easy of a test question, sorry! There are no questions like, “Phil has inserted the device and it automatically installs itself. What do you do next? A. Start working. B. Start working. C. Start working.” Installing Devices Using Plug-and-Play The premise behind plug-and-play is the computer should detect a device after it is physically inserted or installed and should automatically install the appropriate soft- ware drivers and configure the device so that it is available and ready to use by the oper- ating system. When plug-and-play works as it was intended, it’s a wonderful tool, and it makes the job of installing new devices a snap. When it doesn’t work…well, we’ll get to that in the next section. For plug-and-play to work properly, you need three things: • A plug-and-play compatible BIOS • An operating system that supports plug-and-play (Windows Server 2003, Windows 2000, XP) • A plug-and-play compatible device
Chapter 1: Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices 5 Most BIOS support plug-and-play functionality, and Windows Server 2003 supports plug-and-play functionality, so usually if the device you are installing is plug-and-play PART I compatible, you’re in business. When you install a plug-and-play compatible device, Windows detects the device and installs the appropriate driver. You will see a notifica- tion bubble in the lower-right corner of your screen notifying you that new hardware has been added and is now ready to use. You can also verify the status of the new device (as well as all devices on the computer) by using Device Manager. Device Manager has been implemented into the Computer Management Microsoft Management Console (MMC). To access Device Manager in Computer Management: 1. Click Start | Programs | Administrative Tools | Computer Management. 2. Expand the System Tools node and click Device Manager. NOTE You can also access Device Manager through the Control Panel. Double-click the System applet to open the System Properties. Device Manager is accessible on the Hardware tab. The System Properties are also accessible by right-clicking My Computer and selecting Properties. The default view of Device Manager shows you connections by type. All devices that are attached to the computer are shown in Device Manager, including CPU, physical disks, network adapters, ports, and system devices. Device Manager can be used to in- stall devices, verify devices are working, update drivers, roll back drivers, enable and dis- able devices, and change device resource settings. After Windows installs a device using plug-and-play, you can verify that it is installed and working properly by using Device Manager. If the device is installed properly, you will be able to see the device listed under its appropriate type—for example, a new mo- dem will be listed under modems. By clicking the device and viewing the properties, you will also be able to verify the device is working correctly. If the device was not installed by plug-and-play or is not working correctly, the device will be displayed with a yellow question mark, as in Figure 1-1. The device also may show as an unknown device. If this occurs, you need to either install the device manu- ally or troubleshoot the device further. We will discuss both these topics in the sections coming up. Installing Hardware Detected by Server 2003 When Windows is able to detect the new device, but isn’t able to locate the appropriate driver automatically, the Found New Hardware Wizard opens, as shown in Figure 1-2, and enlists your help in locating the driver. The Found New Hardware Wizard offers two options: • Install the software automatically (Recommended) • Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide 6 Figure 1-1 Device Manager showing a device that has not been installed correctly Figure 1-2 The Found New Hardware Wizard
Chapter 1: Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices 7 If the first option is selected, Windows will attempt to locate the driver in the Win- dows install files and on any CDs or floppies that have been inserted in the drives. The PART I second option allows you to specify a particular location, such as a downloaded folder. For example, you are attempting to install a new digital camera you just bought. It’s cool, it’s hip, and it’s just a tad bit too new to have its driver included on the Windows Server 2003 disk. You plug the camera’s USB connector into the USB port of your com- puter and up pops the Found New Hardware Wizard. If you select the Install The Soft- ware Automatically option, Windows will search any CDs or floppy disks that have been inserted, as well as the Windows drivers. If you select the option to install the software from a list or a specific location, you’re able to specify a folder on your computer (if you had downloaded the drivers) as the location of the drivers. You can also select a driver from a list. Once the correct driver is selected from the list or provided on the CD, Win- dows installs the driver and activates the hardware. The Found New Hardware Wizard is actually part of the Add Hardware Wizard, which can be manually accessed through the Control Panel or the System Properties. The Found New Hardware Wizard appears only when Windows was able to automati- cally detect the device, but was unable to automatically install the device. Installing Devices Using the Add Hardware Wizard There are many instances where you will need to manually install a hardware device. If Windows fails to detect the device and plug-and-play is unable to complete the driver installation automatically, the Add Hardware Wizard can be used to manually install the device. The Add Hardware Wizard can be found in the Control Panel or on the Hard- ware tab of the System Properties, as in Figure 1-3. Let’s pretend for a moment that you have installed a USB camera, but Windows was unable to detect the device. You are now going to use the Add Hardware Wizard to in- stall the device. Lab Exercise 1.1: Installing a New Device Using the Add Hardware Wizard In this exercise, you will install a device using the Add Hardware Wizard. If you don’t have a device just lying around that you can use, you can use Device Manager to uninstall one of your devices, and then use this exercise to reinstall it. For this exercise, a USB camera is the device chosen, but the device could be any type of device. NOTE Uninstalling a device using Device Manager only removes the driver and uninstalls the device from the operating system, not from the actual machine. If the device is not physically removed from the computer, the next time Windows starts up, the device will be automatically detected and reinstalled. You may also run the Add Hardware Wizard to detect and install the device. 1. Plug in or install your device. If the device is detected by Windows, and the New Hardware Found Wizard appears, click Cancel to cancel the installation.
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide 8 2. Click Start | Control Panel | Add Hardware to start the Add Hardware Wizard. 3. Click Next. The wizard will scan your system looking for new hardware. The Found New Hardware Wizard appears after a moment and identifies the hardware that Windows found. 4. Select “Install from a list or specific location (Advanced)” and click Next. 5. Select the radio button “Don’t search. I will choose the driver to install.” (See Figure 1-4.) Click Next. 6. Select the type of device to install from the Hardware Type screen shown in Figure 1-5. If the type of device is not listed (your camera isn’t), select Show All Devices and click Next. 7. From the next screen, select your device and driver from the list. If your device is listed, select the correct model and click Next. 8. If the device and driver are not listed, click Have Disk. When the Open dialog box appears, navigate to the location of the drivers and click OK. Your device Figure 1-3 System Properties dialog box showing the Hardware tab
Chapter 1: Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices 9 Figure 1-4 PART I Choosing your install options should now be listed, along with the appropriate driver, as in Figure 1-6. Click the device and click Next. 9. Your device is now being installed. You may see the screen shown in Figure 1-7 appear, warning that the driver has not been tested by Microsoft and is unsigned. Click Continue Anyway to finish installing the device. (More about unsigned drivers later in the chapter.) Figure 1-5 Hardware Type screen in the Found New Hardware Wizard
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide 10 Figure 1-6 Select your device to install. 10. The driver is now installed. Click Finish to close the wizard. 11. Open Device Manager and verify the device is installed and working properly. Using the Help and Support Center to Install Hardware If after using the Add Hardware Wizard, the appropriate drivers are not found or not in- stalled, the wizard will display a message informing you that it was unable to install the device. Figure 1-7 Unsigned driver warning
Chapter 1: Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices 11 Microsoft has updated the Help feature and renamed it the Help and Support Center. The Help and Support Center interface is easier to use than previous versions of Help PART I and it includes an online assistance feature, which allows you to connect to a Microsoft support professional or newsgroups. If you choose to connect to a Microsoft support professional, you may request e-mail help with valid (non-pirated) products, get inci- dent support for $99 per incident, or log in using a support contract number and pass- word. The newsgroups are free and are usually very helpful. There is also an entire section in the Help and Support Center dedicated to hardware installation, removal, and management. To open the Help and Support Center, click Start | Help and Support. The home page includes Help Contents, Support Tasks, and Top Issues. The toolbar includes an index, a Favorites option that can be used to mark topics, a History button that keeps track of previous queries, as well as a Support button that takes you online to Microsoft newsgroups. Figure 1-8 shows an example of the Help and Support Center being used to troubleshoot a hardware issue. The Help and Support Center is very straightforward and self-explanatory. It is a valu- able tool and you should definitely devote some time to becoming familiar with how to use the new Help features. Using the Help and Support Center is considered baseline Figure 1-8 The Help and Support Center installing hardware help
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide 12 knowledge, and so is fair game. However, there will probably be very little, if anything, on the 70-290 exam about using the Help and Support Center. Traditionally, Help fea- tures have been ignored as an exam topic. Using Device Manager Device Manager is an excellent tool and should become your friend for installing and troubleshooting devices on your Windows server. Device Manager is accessible through the Computer Management MMC or the Hardware tab on the System applet in the Con- trol Panel. You can also add Device Manager as a separate snap-in to a custom MMC. NOTE The Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is the framework introduced in Windows 2000 for all support tools. All of the Administrative Tools located on the Start menu are preconfigured MMCs. Custom MMCs can also be created by typing mmc from a run command and then adding snap-ins to the MMC. Device Manager can show you devices by type, devices by connection, resources by type, resources by connection, and your hidden devices. Each view enables you to trou- bleshoot devices in a different manner, as described here: • Devices by Type Displays a list of all devices on the computer by type of device. All the network adapters present on the machine will be listed under network adapters, all disk drives are listed under disk drives, and so on. Using this view, it is easy to determine if a particular device is working or not. This is the default view and the view that you will use most often. • Devices by Connection Displays all devices and how they are connected. To see what devices are connected to the motherboard on the PCI slot, for example, you would expand the Standard PC node and expand the PCI bus node. • Resources by Type Displays the status of allocated resources by type of device. When you view resources by type, you are able to see Direct Memory Access (DMA) devices, input/output (I/O) devices, interrupt request (IRQ) devices, and memory devices. This is the view to use if you need to troubleshoot an IRQ conflict. • Resources by Connection Displays the status of allocated resources by connection rather than by type. • Show Hidden Devices Displays all non-plug-and-play devices, and devices that have been removed from the computer but still have drivers installed. Updating Drivers Using Device Manager Probably the most common task you use Device Manager for is to update drivers. If you view resources by type, you are able to see a list of all devices in the computer. When you right-click the device, you will see the following options:
Chapter 1: Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices 13 • Update Driver Allows you to quickly update the device driver. PART I • Disable Disables the current device without uninstalling it from the system. A disabled device is not usable, but is still installed. • Uninstall Uninstalls the device driver only. If the device is not physically removed, it will be automatically installed at next boot or hardware scan. • Scan for Hardware Changes Scans the system for any hardware changes and installs any new hardware automatically. • Properties Opens the Properties dialog box for the device. EXAM TIP The easiest way to solve device conflicts between an onboard or embedded device and a PCI device is to disable the onboard or embedded device by using Device Manager. You may see a scenario on the exam where a new sound card is installed that is conflicting with the onboard sound card. You want to use the new sound card exclusively, but unless you are really good with a soldering iron, you won’t be able to remove the onboard sound card. Uninstalling the old sound card from Device Manager won’t work because the next time the computer is restarted or the hardware is scanned, the device will be found present and will be reinstalled. Simply disable the onboard device to solve your problem. Managing Device Properties It is important, both on the exam and in the real world, that you understand and are fa- miliar with managing devices. When you open a device’s properties sheet, you will see tabs for different properties. Figure 1-9 shows the properties for an Intel network card. The properties available will vary according to the device. The most common properties sheets are • General Properties • Advanced Settings • Driver Properties • Resources • Power Management Each of these was designed to provide specific information and to perform adminis- trative tasks. We will look at some of these in the following sections. General Properties The General tab displays general information about the particular device and the manu- facturer. The General tab also has a Device Status window that displays whether the de- vice is working properly or not. If the device is not working properly, you can click the Troubleshooting button to access Help topics related to the device and access a wizard that will assist you in identifying the problem. For example, if you are troubleshooting
MCSE Windows Server 2003 All-in-One Exam Guide 14 Figure 1-9 Device properties dialog box for an Intel network card a monitor, clicking the Troubleshooter button opens the Help topics associated with video and monitor problems and asks you a series of questions about the problem. Most of the time if a device is not working properly, it is due to an incorrect or corrupt driver, and reinstalling a working driver fixes the problem. You can reinstall or update the driver on the Driver tab. EXAM TIP You will probably see a question or two involving devices with incorrect drivers and how to fix them. A video card with an incorrect driver may only display in 800x600, for example. To correct this problem and allow for higher resolutions, update the driver. You may be able to update the driver from the manufacturer’s CD or from an updated Windows driver list, or you may have to download a new driver from the manufacturer’s web site. Advanced Settings The Advanced tab allows you to set different properties of the device. The Advanced tab allows a great deal of control over the device and includes all of the customizable op- tions of the device. The properties that can be altered will vary depending on the device you have selected. For example, you can alter the link speed and duplex mode of a net- work card, the SSID of a wireless card, extra initialization commands for a modem, or regional settings on a DVD drive. Not all devices have Advanced settings. On some serv- ers, for example, none of the disk drives have Advanced settings. The same goes for some keyboards and video cards.
Chapter 1: Managing and Maintaining Physical and Logical Devices 15 Driver Properties PART I This is the important one! You must know this dialog box for the exam. On the Driver tab, you are able to view details of the installed driver, update the driver, roll back the driver (new in Server 2003), and uninstall the driver completely. The Driver Details button shows you the version of the installed driver, whether the driver is digitally signed or not, and the exact location and file name of the driver. You can use this information for troubleshooting. Updating drivers is simple in Server 2003. By clicking the Update Driver button, Win- dows launches the Hardware Upgrade Wizard and will locate a new driver for your device. If the driver you update to doesn’t work, you can always roll it back to the previous driver by clicking the Roll Back Driver button. When you click this button, Windows will show you all the drivers that have been previously installed and allow you to choose a driver to roll back to. This functionality first appeared in XP Professional and has been implemented in Server 2003. Finally, you can uninstall the driver. Uninstalling the driver does not remove the de- vice. You can uninstall the driver if you have been having trouble with the driver and would like to reinstall the device completely. Uninstall the driver, restart the machine, and then reinstall the driver at bootup. Remember, uninstalling the driver does not re- move the device. So if you uninstall the driver without removing the device, the driver will be reinstalled the next time you boot the computer or scan for new hardware. EXAM TIP The ability to roll back to a previous driver is new, and Microsoft tends to test on new features. The simplest way to fix a recently upgraded device that is causing problems is to roll back the driver. Resources The Resources tab allows you to troubleshoot interrupt request (IRQ) conflicts. By de- fault, you can’t change IRQs if there isn’t a conflict. The option will appear grayed out. Also, you can only change IRQs for plug-and-play devices. You can only change the IRQs of non-plug-and-play devices in the CMOS. Power Management The Power Management tab allows you to specify whether the device can be powered off to save battery life or to bring the computer out of standby. Power Management settings are not applicable to servers. Hardware Profiles Hardware profiles are used to support different hardware configuration on the same ma- chine. Hardware profiles are mainly used for laptops. For example, if a user had a docking station at work and a cable modem at home, you could set up a different hardware profile for home and office. Then the user would be able to select the profile that corresponded to where they are and all their devices would work. Sounds tricky, but it’s really not.