Một cách nhìn từ biển bối cảnh vùng duyên hải miền Bắc và Trung Việt Nam (Tiếp theo và hết)

«'<br /> MOT CACH NHIN Tir BIEN<br /> •<br /> <br /> <br /> BOI CANH VUNG DUYEN HAI MIEN BAG VA TRUNG VIET NAM<br /> (Tiep theo vd het)<br /> <br /> <br /> LI TANA*<br /> NGUvflN T I £ N DUNG (Dich)'<br /> <br /> <br /> 4. V a n Don v a Hai DUdng mpt nhanh chfnh ciia sdng Hong, ngfiy nay<br /> la nhanh ehi'nh kdt nd'i Nam Dinh vfi Thai<br /> Tff nhiJng tranh lufin tren cd the thfi'y<br /> Binh), vfi nhu hien nay chiing ta thfi'y. Van<br /> r i n g Van Don - eang thi chfnh eiia Dai Viet<br /> Ddn la mpt tuyen giao thdng chi'nh. Tuydn<br /> thdi Trfin va dau thdi Le sd - khdng phai do<br /> dudng thiiy nay da phat trien trong "Cach<br /> chinh quyen lua chpn nglu nhien, va vao<br /> mang thUdng mai" lan thQ nhfi't ciia Trung<br /> CUOI thdi Dudng, nd cQng khdng the phat<br /> Qudc dudi thdi Td'ng, va n i m b trung tam<br /> trien thinh dat ndu nhu Cao Bien khdng di<br /> eiia vung thudng mai vinh Bic Bp giQa Hai<br /> ddi nhQng chudng ngai vat dpc theo bd vinh<br /> Nam va Kham Chau. Ca hai ndi nfiy Ifi<br /> Bae Bp. (Ca John Whitmore vfi Momoki<br /> diem dQng chan thudng xuyen eiia cac<br /> deu chl ra ring, cae eang thi eua Dai Viet<br /> thUdng nhan Phiie Kidn, Chfim vfi thUdng<br /> vfio giai doan sdm la thupe vCing Nghe An -<br /> nhan Hoi giao (47). Chfnh sach Uu ai cua<br /> Ha Tinh) (46). Su that thi dudng nhu Van<br /> nhfi Nguyen vdi cac tin do Hoi giao vfi<br /> Ddn, mpt dia diem n i m vifa each xa va vCla<br /> thUdng nhan b Phuc Kidn chic chfin la<br /> tach biet lai dupe lUa chpn nhu mpt eang<br /> dpng lUc thuc day sU vUdn dfiy ciia vung<br /> thi chinh cua qud'c gia. Dieu dd gdp p h i n<br /> thUdng mai do ngUdi Hdi giao giQ v\ tri<br /> minh ehiing eho quan diem ring, eae trieu<br /> trung tam nfiy.<br /> dai Viet Nam mud'n cho boat dpng ngoai<br /> thUdng dupc td chiSe b nhQng vj tri cfing xa Su ton tai ciia mpt vung thUdng mai ke<br /> kinh dd cfing tdt vfi gia dinh r i n g nhQng tren eang trd nen ro rang khi ehung ta kdt<br /> boat dpng nay rat quan trpng dd'i vdi nen nd'i ehiing vdi cae trung tam san xufi't gdm<br /> kinh td. Thd nhung, ndu chiing ta lien sQ ciia Dai Vipt vao thdi gian nfiy. Su phat<br /> tudng den thd ky XV, con dudng thiiy chfnh trien dang kinh ngae ve dan sd vfio nhQng<br /> nd'i kinh dd ciia Dai Viet vdi bd bien Trung nam 1200-1340 (theo Yumio Sakurai thi<br /> Hoa chinh la sdng Bach Ding (sau nay Ifi dan sd tfing gfi'p ddi trong thdi gian nfiy)<br /> <br /> <br /> ' PGS.TS. Trung tam Nghien cdu chau A vfi Thai Binh DUdng - DH Qudc gia Austraha<br /> " Trudng DHKHXH&NV-DHQG HN<br />  root each nhin tir bien.<br /> 51<br /> <br /> chfic hfin da tao ra su phan hoa lao ddng vfi su da dang trong hang hoa trao ddi thdng<br /> khuyen khich phat trien cac mat hang thu qua cae he thd'ng thUdng mai ndi tiep d<br /> cdng (48). Gdm sQ dupe san xufi't d nhieu Ddng Nam A. NhQng md'i quan he giQa<br /> ndi, chfing ban nhu Thanh Hoa, Thien Cham - Philippines trong thdi ky nfiy dupc<br /> TrUdng (xem ben dudi). TQ nhQng nfim nghien cQu ky bdi Geoff Wade etmg cfi'p<br /> 1350 trd di, mpt so'Id go'm tu nhan dUde xay them bang chdng cho he thd'ng budn ban<br /> dung d Hai Dudng da san xua't nhQng mat mang tinh phQc tap, rdi loan trong vung<br /> hfing go'm sQ tinh xao, danh da'u mot budc (51).<br /> phat trien mdi ve san xufi't gdm sQ cua Dai<br /> Chung ta cung ed the ap dung each nhin<br /> Viet. H i u hdt trong sd tam Id go'm nfiy deu<br /> hudng bien dd'i vdi nganh nghe thii cdng d<br /> dupe tim thdy b Chu Dfiu, dia diem n i m Hai Dudng. Ra't nhieu thudng nhan d<br /> khdng each xa Van Don la ma'y. Thi Thfing Long tdi tQ 36 phdphUdng co nguon<br /> trudng tieu thu cac san phdm gdm sQ nay gdc tQ Hai Dudng. Hp la thd xay dung, thd<br /> chu ydu Ifi b cac khu vUc eua ngUdi Cham mpc, thd nhupm, thd lfim da giay va nhQng<br /> va Hoi giao vfi can phai nhfi'n manh r i n g thd thii cong lanh nghe chuyen ve due,<br /> sU thinh dat eiia gdm sQ Viet trung hdp khae go hoac la in a'n, hay la thd kim khi d<br /> vdi thdi hofing kim cua Champa dudi thdi phd Hang Dong, Hang Bac. Mpt gia dinh ed<br /> vua Chd Bong Nga. Cd b i n g chQng cho nghe gia truyen lam kim khf gan day cung<br /> ring, go'm men lam dUdc san xua't la do tim tha'y nguon gd'e ciia minh la d Hai<br /> dfit hfing cua cac thudng nhan tdi tQ thi Dudng (52). Ta't ca nhQng boat dpng buon<br /> trudng Tay A, tham chi nhQng san pham ban khae biet nfiy gdi y ring, Hai Dudng dfi<br /> tinh xao cdn dUdc xufi't khau den Ba Tu, cd lich sQ lau dfii ve buon ban hang thii<br /> Ai Cfip va Thd Nhi Ky. Do gdm Viet cung cdng, my nghe, cd le la con hdn ca Hfi Npi.<br /> dupe tim thdy cl cac khu vUc gan vdi ngUdi Qua thUc, vao dau the ky XIII, khu v\fc nay<br /> Hoi, chang ban b Sulawesi vfi trung tam da dupe biet den vdi nghe thu cdng ndi<br /> vfi Nam Philippines. Go'm Chfim tQ Gd tieng do la lam ndn Ma Ldi, c6 nhieu diem<br /> Sfinh cung dUdc tim thfi'y d cung cac dia khae biet so vdi nghe lam ndn cua Hud xufi't<br /> diem nay (49). hien vao theky XVIII (53).<br /> Vdi vipc thidt kd do gdm sQ de danh Cac boat dpng trao ddi tren khong chi<br /> rieng eho xufi't khau da cho tha'y moi tUdng ddn thuin thu hut thd thii cdng; moi ngfinh<br /> tae giQa qud'e gia vdi thi trUdng khu vUc. nghe cd le phai cfin den hang nghin nhan<br /> Chung ta biet r i n g nhQng do go'm vdi nhieu eong. Chfing han nhu nghe lfim gdm, c£n rfi't<br /> hinh dang khae nhau dUde san xua't danh nhieu cdng doan. Mpt san phfim ed the phai<br /> rieng cho Ddng Java, theo mau dat hang trai qua ban tay eiia it nhfi't 12 ngUdi. Nghe<br /> cua trieu dinh Majapahit. Dua theo nhQng lam gaeh cd ve it phQc tap hdn nhUng lai bao<br /> hinh dang ciia do gdm dd, chiing ta cd the gom khdng chi thd thii cdng ma ca lao dpng<br /> doan dinh r i n g , ehung dupc sin xufi't d thong thudng de cit gd tren rQng lfim than<br /> vung Hai Dudng (50). Mot dieu thu vi ring ciii va dfio, lam nhuyen da't set (54). d rieng<br /> nhieu dd gdm sQ Viet Nam dUde khai quat Van Don, cd bay ngoi den dd nat thdi Trfin,<br /> tQ con tau d i m d Nam Philippines vao nam cd the cho thfi'y ring, mpt khdi lUpng ldn vfit<br /> 1995 bao gom ea nhQng chuoi hat gdm va lieu xay dUng dfi dUde vfin chuyen tdi day.<br /> nhQng vdng b i n g dong. Dieu nay cho tha'y So nhan cdng lam viec trUc tidp trong cac<br /> 62 Rghien cuu Lich siir. sd 8.2009<br /> <br /> nganh nghe thii cdng b Hai DUdng chfing kinh te dUdc tfip trung cho viec xay dUng<br /> ban nhu lam dudng, chuyen ehd dudng eae dinh chua vfi ngUdc lai, dinh chua phat<br /> thiiy chfic h i n cung rfi't ldn (55). huy vai trd phan phdi, dieu chinh lai kinh<br /> td dia phudng. Vdi each nhin nfiy, ehung ta<br /> Day la nen tang cho "sU phat trien eiia<br /> ed the cfi'u tnic lai mpt md hinh vdi nhieu<br /> thi trUdng phd thdng" (56) nhu Momoki<br /> boat dpng kinh td khae nhau trong cung<br /> Shiro da chi ra. Nganh san xufi't gdm sQ<br /> mpt bdi canh vfi tha'y dUdc mdi lien he ciia<br /> ciia Hai Dudng vi the khdng phai dUde hinh<br /> chiing vdi xa hpi Dai Viet vfio thd ky XIV.<br /> thanh mpt each ngfiu nhien bdi ndng dan b<br /> Dong thdi, nd cung chi ra phan tfch dinh<br /> cac lang xa va khdng phai chiing tach biet<br /> lupng ve nhQng tac dpng cua ngoai thUdng<br /> vdi viec trao ddi budn ban. Gid'ng nhu nhieu<br /> trong ca'u tnic cua nen kinh te (59).<br /> trung tam thUdng mai b Trung Hoa, nd Ifi<br /> nganh thu cdng ed tfnh cha't dfic biet, cd Mpt dieu thii vi khi ehung ta thay ring,<br /> mdi lien he mat thiet vdi cac nganh khae nui Yen Tii, trung tam Phfit giao eua Dai<br /> ching ban nhu cac nganh da ke b tren, vfi Viet vfio cudl thd ky XIII, lai n i m b vung<br /> nd cung cd lien he mfit thidt vdi cac nghe Udng Bf, thupc Quang Ninh ngay nay. Day<br /> ddng tau thuyen, lam mud'i, hay may mac. Ifi ndi ma vua Tran Nhan Tdng lfip nen mpt<br /> Ket qua la, nganh s i n xufi't phuc vu xufi't thien phai Phat giao eiia rieng Viet Nam Ifi<br /> khau cua Dai Viet khdng the chi dupc danh Tnic Lam, n i m ngay trun^ tam ciia vung<br /> gia ddn gian dUa tren phan tram ddng gdp thUdng mai nay. Mpt chua khae, Quynh<br /> eiia nd vdi tong the boat dpng ciia nen kinh Lam, cung dUdc xay dQng d khu vUc nay bdi<br /> te qud'c gia, nhU Kishimoto Mio da chi mpt nha sU ndi tieng, Phap Loa, ngUdi da<br /> trong bdi canh Trung Hoa (57). due 1.300 pho tUdng Phat trong sud't cupc<br /> ddi ciia minh (60). Viec lfim cua dng ta chfic<br /> Trong khi ehung ta tiep tuc phai nghien chfin ddi hdi rat nhieu tien vfi cdng sQc,<br /> cQu nhieu hdn nQa cac td chQc s i n xufi't thii nhQng dieu dang chu y la ve sd lUdng dong<br /> cdng, thi eae den chua Phfit giao ed the dung de due, mfi nhu ehung ta dfi bidt Dai<br /> ddng vai trd chii dao trong viee ket ndi tang Viet thdi gian nay khdng san xufi't dong. Cd<br /> ldp quy tpc, s i n lUdng, va thi trudng. Cd ngudi cho r i n g Champa, thdng qua mdi<br /> mpt dieu rd rang ring, den ehua Ifi ndi tieu quan he vdi cac thUdng nhan tQ Trung A,<br /> thu nhieu nhfi't gdm sQ vfi cac vat lieu xay cd the da cung cfi'p loai dong nfiy. Bing<br /> dung. Chl rieng ve vai vdc dfi eho thfi'y nhu chQng ve sU cung cfi'p ddng ciia Champa cd<br /> ciu cua hp gfi'p nhieu Ian so vdi trieu dinh. the tim thfi'y trong danh sach eae dd cdng<br /> Cung cd the ehinh nhfi chua dQng ra Ifim tfing cua Lam Ap tdi Trung Hoa gdm 10,000<br /> chii hoac hfiu thuan cho cac ngfinh thii catties vang, 100,000 catties bae, vfi<br /> cdng. Mdi lien he cua hp vdi ngoai thudng 300,000 catties ddng (61). Champa cd the<br /> the hien ra't rd. Qua nhieu the ky giao da dap Qng nhu cau ve eae dd cung te cho<br /> thUdng, cac di vat tdn giao Ifi boat dpng Dai Viet giai doan nay. De nhfin ra ring<br /> quan trpng trong thUdng mai Trung Hoa - Phfit giao Dai ThQa (Mahayana Buddhism)<br /> Nam chau A cung vdi cae loai hUdng lieu deu giQ vai trd rat quan trpng b ca Dai Vipt<br /> phuc vu cho le nghi tdn giao (58). Nhieu va Champa va dieu dd giai thich tai sao<br /> vua T r i n Nhan Tdng den tham "ngUdi<br /> hpc gia b cac nUde Ddng Nam A luc dia<br /> hfing xdm phfa Nam" (62).<br /> cung nha'n manh ring, sU phat trien ve<br /> niOf cich nhhi Kr bien. 63<br /> <br /> Khu vUc nay ddng thdi eung Ifi trung hoa An Dp va Hai Nam nhU la mdt ndi xa<br /> tam chfnh tri thUe thu eua trieu T r i n trong xdi heo lanh ching ai biet tdi. Mac du ve<br /> vdng hdn 150 nfim. Nhu nha T r i n da tU mat dia ly, ehung n i m canh nhau, nhUng<br /> thQa nhfin ring, ddng hp T r i n khdi dUng ba dia diem nay cd vi the rieng vdi mpt vfii<br /> ti!f vQng bien. Vfio d i u nam 1239, trieu hoac tham chi la khdng cd diem ehung ve<br /> dinh T r i n xay them mpt loat cac cung dien van hoa va kinh td. NhQng bing chQng ve<br /> cl que hUdng Thien TrUdng, gin vdi Nam khao CO hpc d mien Trung Viet Nam trong<br /> Dinh ngfiy nay, la ndi gin bien hdn ra't vfii the ky qua da tiet lp nhQng bing chQng<br /> nhieu so vdi Thfing Long. Gid'ng nhu khdng the chdi eai ve sU anh hUdng cua vfin<br /> Ayutthaya sau nay, trung tam ehinh tri nfiy hoa Chfim, eung vdi An Dp. Trong khi mpt<br /> dupe bao bpc bdi eae eon nUdc va bd bien thi vai anh hudng cua Trung Qud'c tdi trUc tidp<br /> trfin ngfip hoa thdm. Thuyen be di lai vui ve tQ Trung Hoa lue dia, phan ldn ehung dupe<br /> nhu chdn bdng lai. Vua thudng xuyen d dUa tdi thdng qua vai trd trung gian cua<br /> Thien TrUdng hdn Ifi b Thang Long, lam cho Giao Chi, Hai Nam nhd vfio boat ddng<br /> khu vUc nay mang dang ve ciia mpt kinh dd. thUdng mai. NgUdc lai, anh hUdng cua<br /> Nhu Whitmore da ehi ra, mac du kinh dd Champa vfio dai Viet dUdng nhu sau sfic<br /> khdng gin bd bien nhu Pegu vfi Ayutthaya, hdn nhQng gi ehung ta da thQa nhfin. Kdt<br /> nhUng vung duyen hai thUe sU ddng vai trd qua khai quat gfin day nha't d eung dipn<br /> nhu Ifi mpt kinh dd (63). cua nha Ly, Trin va Le sd d Hfi Npi da cho<br /> tha'y nhQng anh hUdng manh me eiia nghp<br /> NhQng trung tam ve ehinh tri, tdn giao,<br /> thuat va kien tnic Cham, qua dd gpi y ve<br /> vfi thUdng mai tren thudng d gin nhau va<br /> sU anh hUdng qua lai manh me giQa hai<br /> thudng gin vdi cac trung tam s i n xufi't gdm<br /> khu vUc nay (65).<br /> sQ chinh. Dieu nfiy giup khing dinh md<br /> hinh ciia cac chinh the thdi cd d mien 5. Mot b a n dd sac toe k h a e<br /> Trung Viet Nam, md hinh mfi cac hpc gia NhQng thao lufin tren da gpi md eau hoi<br /> Vipt Nam vfi Nhat Ban da ap dung tQ ve nhQng ngUdi sd'ng quanh vung vinh Bic<br /> nhieu the ky trUdc. Chinh the dUa vao sdng Bp thdi gian nfiy. Ddng bing song Hdng da<br /> nude la td chQc bp ba quyen lUc, trong dd dUdc md ta la bao tdn tinh thuan nhfi't cua<br /> trung tam tdn giao (thudng d vung nui), ngUdi Viet trong sud't cac thdi ky lich sii.<br /> trung tam chfnh tri (d ddng bing phu sa) Day gin nbU la trUdng hdp duy nhfi't trong<br /> vfi eang thi dupe nol kdt vdi nhau bdi dUdng so' cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A. Dieu nay c6<br /> thuy (64). Vi dy ve sU lien ket giQa trung the xay ra sau the ky XV, nhUng Viet sit<br /> tam tdn giao vfi eang thi cd the ke den My luge, bp sii dupc viet vfio the ky XIII, ghi<br /> Sdn vfi Hpi An b mien Trung, giQa Cat Tien chdp ring cudl nfim 1206, mpt phin ldn<br /> (Lam Ddng) vfi C i n Gid (ngay nay Ifi quan vung duyen hai dupc dat dudi sy kiem soat<br /> ngo^i thfinh cua Tp.Hd Chi Minh). ciia cac thu linh dia phUdng. Mot trong sd<br /> NhQng lap luan b tren da cho thfi'y mpt dd Ifi tpc 'Xiao" (Lieu) trong tieng Hoa, cd<br /> viing vdi nhieu mdi tUdng giao khu vUc vfi the dd ehinh la tpc Lao hoac mpt nhdm dan<br /> npi vQng mfi trUdc day da khong dUde ehi tpc khae. d ba't cQ trUdng hdp nao, hp<br /> ra. Cac hpc gia da coi Dai Viet nhu la mpt khdng phai la ngUdi Viet (66). Cung sdng<br /> thi,le the n i m dudi anh hUdng ciia Trung vdi cac tpc khae d dpc theo vung bien gidi<br /> Hoa cdn Champa lai bi quy dinh bdi vfin Vipt - Trung, ngUdi Vipt phai trai qua B\f<br /> 64 Rghien cuu Lich si3r. sd 8.2009<br /> <br /> hda trdn sic tpc ea ve chieu rpng va sau. quo'c gia Ddng Nam A, b Giao Chi den giQa<br /> NhQng mdi quan he cung nhQ nhQng tiep the ky XIV thieu nhan lUc mpt each trim<br /> xuc dd khd cd the ddn gian hoa bing thuat trpng. Nhu da trinh bay b tren, ngudi Hoa<br /> ngQ Viet hoac Han de tQdng phan vdi dupc mua ban nhu nhQng nd le. NhQng tpc<br /> nhQng eU dan mien nui, ma phai la ket q u i ' ngUdi du mue d Quang Tay thudng dot kfch<br /> tQ qua trinh giao thoa va tich hdp lau dai. cU dan dia phUdng - hp cd the Ifi ngudi<br /> Sau qua trinh nfiy, tinh b i n sac mdi dUde Nung (Zhuang- Choang d Trung Qudc)<br /> dinh hinh chat che va chic chin hdn d thdi hofic cac nhdm tpc ngUdi khae trong vung -<br /> hien dai. va ban hp den Giao Chi (70). Hdn nhan<br /> eung dien ra giQa ngUdi Viet vfi ngUdi Hai<br /> Theo Linh ngogi dgi dap vfio the ky<br /> Nam, nhu dudc chi ra trong truyen thuyet<br /> XIII, mpt nUa dan so' Dai Viet den tQ vung<br /> ve ba chua Li. TrUdc "Ky nguyen thUdng<br /> Nam Trung Hoa. Chac chan day la con sd<br /> mai", Giao Chi la dia diem ly tudng nhat de<br /> phdng dai, nhUng nd cd the chQa dQng<br /> ngUdi Hoa di cU va tni an. Khi Mdng Co<br /> trong dd mpt phan sQ that. Gid'ng nhu the,<br /> xam lUdc Dai Viet, ehung da b i t hdn 400<br /> mpt ngudn tfii lieu quan trpng dupc bien<br /> quan chQc ty nan eua nhfi Tdng d Dai Viet,<br /> soan tQ thdi Td'ng ed chep ve dan tpc 'T)an"<br /> vi thd khdng nghi ngd r i n g so' lUdng ngUdi<br /> (phd bien d vung Nam Trung Hoa) cd<br /> Hoa cd the cdn nhieu hdn. NgUdi Champa va<br /> ngudn gd'e tQ Giao Chi. Hp dUdc ghi chep<br /> ngudi Lao cung cd the ed mat nhieu b Dai<br /> nhQ Ifi "Dan Giao Chi" (Jiaozhi Dan). Dien<br /> Viet. Chfnh quyen nhfi T r i n thUdng nhic lai<br /> hinh cho each sd'ng sdng nUdc, hp la nhQng<br /> sic lenh han chd nghiem ngat ddi vdi each<br /> ngUdi den tQ Kham Chau mang theo ca va<br /> ndi cua ngUdi Cham va ngUdi Lao eung vdi<br /> nhQng thQc pham tQ bien khae de trao ddi<br /> viec fin mac theo ldi ngUdi Hoa (71).<br /> vdi gao va quan ao (67). Khdng ed b i n g<br /> chQng rd rfing ring, hp ed phai Ifi nhQng Theo nhu mpt eau chuyen tQ thdi Tdng,<br /> ngUdi dupc mieu t i trong cud'n Dgi Nam khu vUe thUdng mai Kham Chau Ifi ndi da<br /> nhdt thd'ng chi la da di chuyen tQ dao tdi md dudng cho hoang tpc T r i n den Viet Nam.<br /> ddng bing sdng Hdng va sd'ng dQa vfio Cau chuyen chi ra ring, vua Trin diu tien<br /> danh ca vfi lfim mudi, ben canh viec trdng Ifi ngudi tQ huyen Changle cua Phuc Chau<br /> lua nQdc. Vi nhQng cU dan dd khdng ndi (Fuzhou). Nha vua da mao hiem danh ddi si^<br /> thao tieng Viet, ngdn ngQ cua hp dUdc cho giau sang eiia gia dinh de tdi vung Kham<br /> la "tieng vung bien" (68). Mpt so' ddi den Chau. Vi nhiing quy tpc ngUdi Viet thUdng<br /> duyen hai Nam Trung Hoa, trd thfinh hofic den dd de budn ban, dng gap chau gai cua<br /> bda nhfip vdi dan tpc 'T)an". Mpt trong<br /> nha vua, ngUdi ed tinh cam vdi dng ta vfi sau<br /> nhQng ngUdi lam nghe chai lUdi Ifi Mac<br /> nay hp kdt hdn vdi nhau. Trong khi eau<br /> Dang Dung, ngUdi thiet lap trieu Mac d Dai<br /> chuyen nay dUdc xem nhu mpt cau chuypn<br /> Viet vfio the ky XVI, da xay dung va phat<br /> hu ca'u, nd bd sung cho eae cud'n sii bien nien<br /> trien quyen lUc sau nfiy. Ong ta Ifi ngUdi<br /> ve ngudn goc nha Trin. Do dd hofing de diu<br /> Hai Dudng, nhUng td tien cua dng ta la tpc<br /> tien cua nhfi T r i n la hau due ddi thQ tU cua<br /> ngUdi "Dan" den tQ Quang Dong (69).<br /> ngUdi nhap cU den tQ Phuc Kien (72). Nd<br /> SQ pha trpn cU dan thUdng xuyen vfi lap eung gdp phan xac minh ghi chep tQ Linh<br /> lai nfiy lfim tfing them sinh khi mdi cho ngogi dgi ddp, dd la budn ban tien hfinh cl<br /> nha Ly va nha T r i n . Nhu phan ldn cae vung Kham Chau rfi't phdn thinh vfi qu^<br /> Wflf cbch nhin Kr bien.. 65<br /> <br /> tdc ngudi Viet tharn, gia tich cue vfio cac Nam, dupe coi nhu ngUdi "Cha" dan gian<br /> boat dpng. ciia ngudi Viet (75). Tfi't ea dieu nay giup<br /> ehung ta nhin nhfin lai tinh ddng nha't ve<br /> Ngudn gdc Hoa eiia nhfi Tran dUdc biet<br /> ban sic vfi vi tri dia ly cua dan tpc Viet,<br /> den vfi dupc thQa nhan trong tfip sii bien<br /> nhQng thQ da bi phQc tap hoa vfi xdi mdn<br /> nien Todn thU. Mpt cau hoi Ifi, sQ ndi len<br /> bdi niiQng cau truyen t r i n g den, dung sai<br /> ciia nhfi T r i n la tU than vfi ngfiu nhien<br /> trong each chdp siJ mang dam tfnh dan tpc<br /> nhu each hieu thdng thudng cho tdi nay,<br /> chii nghia.<br /> hay Ifi hp dUa vao cac mang ludi lien minh<br /> ciia minh? Ndu la lien minh, vay day la 6. Ket l u a n<br /> kieu lien minh gi? Cac hpc gia da ddng y NhQng thao lufin tren day dfit ra nhieu<br /> ring chinh tfnh linh hoat trong the chd cau hoi hdn la giai dap de trong mpt chQng<br /> chinh tri vfi xa hpi da giup nha T r i n phat mQc nfio dd cd the lam hai long cac hpc gia.<br /> trien. Chung ta cung e i n tha'y ring, mpt Cach nhin hQdng bien da dfit ra nhQng<br /> quan cai tri dudc coi la thfinh dat d Ddng nghi ngd ve nen tang ndng nghiep cua mo<br /> Nam A Ifi ngUdi vupt len tQ mpt nhdm cae hinh kinh td, chi'nh tri vfi tpc ngUdi eua<br /> thii linh dia phUdng hoac quy tpc rudng Viet Nam giai doan sdm, tUdng ddng vdi<br /> da't khdng ngQng canh tranh l i n nhau. cac the ehe khae d Ddng Nam A. NhQng gi<br /> Moi ngQdi deu xay dung cho minh mpt he mfi ehung ta vQa chi ra chi Ifi nhQng dieu<br /> thdng lien minh. Trong bdi canh nay, cau khiem nhUdng trong bQc tranh tdng the ve<br /> hoi dfit ra la lieu khu vUc mfiu dich vinh viing duyen hai Dai Viet. Cd the thfi'y<br /> Bie Bp cd eung cfi'p mpt vu dai cho nha nhQng mdi lien kdt da trai rpng tQ bd bien<br /> Trin phat huy the lUc vUdt len cac ddi thu nfiy den bd bien khae d vung vinh Bic Bp<br /> khae. NhQng gi da xay ra cd le la nhu vfiy cung nhu giQa vinh Bic Bp vdi vung hai<br /> (73). G i n day, cae hpc gia Viet Nam dUa dao va xa hdn nQa. Qua la ehung ta eon<br /> ra quan diem r i n g , cd sd kinh te nha T r i n bidt rat it ve vi the trung gian trong khu<br /> bao gdm chai ludi va ndng nghiep da giup vQc mfiu dich nang dpng nay, chfing ban td<br /> hp gianh dUdc ngai vang (74). Quan diem chdc sin xua't gdm, mdi quan he eua nd vdi<br /> sQ phdn thinh va suy vong cua cac trung<br /> nfiy thQa nhfin nhQng thanh p h i n kinh te<br /> tam, khu vUc thUdng mai.<br /> khae hdn Ifi ndng nghiep da tham gia vao<br /> qua trinh hinh thfinh lich sii kinh td Viet Cach nhin hudng bien giiip ehung ta<br /> Nam, cQng nhQ nha'n manh vai trd quan pha vd nhQng y niem ve bien gidi, lanh tho<br /> trpng eua bien ddi vdi sQ phat trien ciia Viet Nam. Viee thiet lap dUdng bien gidi<br /> nha Trin. Dat nhfi T r i n vfio bdi canh lich hien dai vfi sQ tfip trung chu y ciia gidi hpe<br /> sii ehung, ehung ta thfi'y hien ra mpt ddng gia vfio cac thdi ky lich sii nha't dinh (chfing<br /> hp vdn xua't than la ngUdi Phuc Kien, sdng ban nhQ thdi Tdng, Dudng, Minh), hofic vao<br /> bing nghe di bien va thong gia vdi vUdng cac the ehe ddn biet nhu Viet Nam, Trung<br /> trieu L^ nhd vao sU giau cd. Day Ifi md Qudc, Champa... dfi lfim cho Giao Chi<br /> hinh lich sii ehung eua nhieu qudc gia Dudng trd thanh mpt vung bien diy nhQng<br /> Ddng Nam A thdi ky nfiy. Dat T r i n Qudc khdi bang thuan nha't va vQng chic. Rfi't<br /> Tufi'n trong bdi canh ljch sU nay cung nhfic khd de cd the tUdng tUdng ring, trUdc khi<br /> cho ehung ta thfi'y ngudn gdc Hoa cua nhQng khdi bfing trd thfinh vQng chfic vfi cd<br /> ngudi anh hung loi lac ciia dan tpc Viet lfip, ehung tQ mpt bien vfi lien he vdi nhau<br /> 66 Rghien cijru Lich sir, sd 8.2009<br /> <br /> tQ ngpn gd'e. Vi the, ehung cd moi tQdng ddng ciia mdt vung mfi tren cd sd dd cac<br /> quan ve ngudn go'c. Cach nhin tQ bien cho qud'e gia dupe hinh thfinh sau nay.<br /> tha'y nhQng cau chuyen mang nang tinh<br /> Hieu dinh: Pham Vdn Thuy<br /> dan tpc da ehe da'u nhu the nfio sU nfing<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (46). Whitmore, "Elephants can actually swim" 1993, tr. 230 - 248. CQng c6 thi xem them nhQng<br /> trong Marr va Milner, Southeast Asia, p. 130; ghi eh6p vl thfldng nhan Hai Dfldng d pho Hfing<br /> Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp. 11 - 12. Dfio, Hfi Ngi, trong Tuyi'n.tdp vdn bia Hd Ndi, Nxb.<br /> (47). VI "Cugc cfich mang thfldng mai" (the Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1978, tfip 11, pp. 146 - 8.<br /> cgmmercial revolution) dflde thao lufin trong Mark VI pho Hfing Dong vfi Hfing Bac xem Nguyin Vinh<br /> Elvin, 77i,e pattern of the Chinese past, Stanford Phiic vfi Trin Huy Ba, Dudng phdHd Ngi, Nxb. Hk<br /> University Press, Stanford, 1973; vl Bach Dang xem Ngi, 1979, tr. 153 - 9, 176. VI gia dinh thi? kim hofin<br /> Dfio Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, p. 37. dflde tham khao trong mgt phdng sU tren Vi§t Nam<br /> (48). Victor Lieberman, Strange parallels: TV channel 3, 30 thang 4 nfim 2004.<br /> Southeast Asia in global context, c. 800 - 1830, (53). Yuean lishi, Renmin Chubanshe, Beijing,<br /> volum 1: integration on the mailand, Cambridge 1977, p. 212.<br /> University Press, Cambridge and New York, 2003, (54). He Xiling et al., Daogung Fuliang xiamhi<br /> p. 368, trich tfl tfii lieu vilt tay eua Sakurai nhan (Gazetteer of Fuliang distric, Jiangxi), juan 8, pp.<br /> de Vietnam after the Age of Commerce (Viet Nam 37 - 43, trich tfl Zhongguo Jindai Shougongye<br /> sau ky nguyen thfldng mai). ziliao (Tfii lieu quan trgng vl lich sii nghi thii cdng<br /> d Trung Quoc hi^n dai), vol I, Sanlian Press,<br /> (49). Rosanna Brown, The ceramics of Southeast<br /> Shanghai, 1957, pp. 19-24. Thdi Minh,<br /> Asia, Oxford Universityn Press, Singapore, 1988, pp.<br /> Jingdezhen, trung tam gom sir cua Trung Qudc,<br /> 88 - 89; John Stevenson vfi John Guy, Vietnamese<br /> dflde eho Ifi e6 hfing trfim, hfing nghin ngfldi lfim<br /> ceramics: A separate tradition, Art Media Reosources,<br /> viee lien tuc ngfiy dem. Diu nhiJng nfim 1990, cic<br /> Chicago, 1997, p.54. Do go'm nfiy trinh bfiy trong<br /> hgc gia Vi$t Nam dfio d Hai Dfldng 40. 000 m2 vdi<br /> tuyen tfip quo'c gia, e6 sfl tham gia hen kit vdi gom sfl<br /> chilu sau 2m , tai day hg tim thfi'y hdn 100 16 glin,<br /> Trung Quoc d Van Nam va d diu thdi Minh. VI Go vdi hdn 10.000 hi§n vfit c6 gia tri. d nhiJng ngdi<br /> Sfinh xem Champa ceramics pnxiuction and trade - lfing gin dfi'y, hg ciing tim thfi'y 1 ho dfii 1,5 m gJfm<br /> Excavation report of the Go Sdnh kiln sites in Cental vfi sau 2 m, day dfl(Jc cho Ifi nhiing trung tam gdfm<br /> Vietnam, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2002, sfl phat trien dfldi thdi Trin vfi diu thdi LS; Vfl<br /> pp 8 - 9. Toi (Li Tana) xin giii ldi cam dn Mdmoki cho Ngge Linh, Ldng cd truyin Viet Nam, Nxb. Thanh<br /> ph6p sil dung ngudn tfl heu nfiy. nien, Hfi Ngi, 2004, pp. 227 - 228. Nhflng ng6i<br /> (50). Brown, Ceramics of South - East Asia, p. lfing nfiy ngfiy nay chi trong lua cdn k j ngh$ san<br /> 23; Stevenson va Guy, Vietnamese ceramics, p. 58. xufi't gom dfi bi thfi't truyin hfing trfim nfim (p.<br /> (51). ACRO Update, bien tfip bdi Ho Chuimei 323).<br /> (Chicago, 1996), no. 1, p. 3, trich trong ibid, p. 56; (55). VI nhQng ngoi chiia xem Do Vfin Ninh,<br /> Geoff Wade, "On the possible Cham orign of the Huyin ddo Vdn Ddn, Uy ban Nhan dan huy$n Vin<br /> Philippine scripts". Journal of Southeast Asian Don, 1997, tr. 177 - 99. Gom sfl dfl(?c tim thfi'y d H^i<br /> Studies, 24, 1 (1993): 44 - 87. An tren nhflng con tfiu dfim thu$c Cfl Lao Chim<br /> (52). Nguyen Thfla Hy, Thdng Long - Hd Ngi the dfl^c thfla nhfin rang c6 nguon goc d Chu D$u, dfl^c<br /> ky XVII - XVIII - XIX. Hoi sfl hgc Viet Nam, Hfi Ngi, vfin chuyen theo dfldng song din Van Ddn ho$c m^t<br /> n^f cdch nhin Kr bien. 67<br /> <br /> s i eang thi d vdng vinh Bfic Bg, sau d6 duqc vfin Vi§t doi vdi cfic vi t h i n va nghi le ton giao An Dp.<br /> chuyen len nhQng chile t h u y i n mfinh vfldt dai Toi thu dflde nhflng hieu b i l t v l Khao eo hgc<br /> dfldng; A sunken ship at Hoi An: Treausures from th Champa tai mgt khu vfle khai qufit d mien Trung<br /> Hoi An hoard (Butterfield, 2000) p. x. Viet Nam nfim 1998 cung vdi mgt so nghien cflu<br /> (56). Momoki, "Dgi Viet", pp 2 - 3. cua Prof Fukui Hayao, d i n do, toi cam thfi'y rfi't<br /> (57). Kishimoto Mio, 'The Nanhai trade and the may mfin. Toi cung xin gfli ldi cam dn den Momoki<br /> structure of the Qing economy during the 18"" century". Shiro vfi Nguyin Tien Dong v l nhflng gdi md ciia<br /> Proceeding of the 13"" Intemational Association of hg doi vdi bfii viet nay vfi Vien khoa hgc xa hgi<br /> Historians of Asia Conference, 1994, p. 2. Viet Nam da tao d i l u kien cho toi den cfic dia diem<br /> (58), (61). Wang, Nanhai trade, pp. 48-53, 48. khai qufit d Hfi Ngi t h a n g 5 - 2004.<br /> (59). Toi xin giii ldi cfim dn chfin thfinh den (66). Day Ifi vflng dflde xac dinh nfim gifla cae<br /> Victor Lieberman v l nhQng lufin diem q u a n trgng tinh Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh vfi Hflng Yen ngfiy<br /> nfiy; v l vi tri kinh t l cua cac ngoi ehfla xem nay; xem Viet sd luge, 3: 17b, 18b.<br /> Strange parallels, pp. 95 - 96; vfi Richard 0' (67). Zhou, Lingwang daida, p. 196; Mao<br /> Connor , "Sukhothai: Rule, religion and elite QUing, Mansi hezhi (Mgt bao cfio hofin chinh ve<br /> rivalry", trong The Ram Khamhaeng controvesy, ngfldi dan tgc vfi the c h l cua hg), trong Siku<br /> bien tfip bdi J a m e s Chamberlain, Siam Society, quanshu cunmu congshu. History 227, Zhuangyan<br /> Bangkok, 1991, pp. 288 - 91. wenhua Shiye, Taipei, 1996, juan 15, p. 698.<br /> (60). Hfi Vfin Tfi'n, Nguyen Vfin Kfl vfi P h a m (68). Vu Tfl Lfip, Vdn hoa ud cU ddn ddng bdng<br /> Ngoc Long, Chua Viet Nam; Buddhist temples. sdng Hong, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hoi, Hfi Ngi, 1991, p.<br /> Social Sciences Publing House, Hfi Ngi, 1993), pp. 160; Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, tfip HI, Nxb Thufin<br /> 206 - 19 (True Lam) vfi 110 (Quynh Lam). Chi H6a, Hue, 1992, tr. 334.<br /> rieng nfim 1329, qu^ tgc T r i n due 1300 tfldng (69). Yan Congjian, Shuyu zhouzi lu (NhQng<br /> Phfit, vfi nfim 1324 hg due 1000 bflc khae; Khdo cd ghi ch6p v l cfic quoc gia lang gilng), Zhonghua<br /> hgc Viet Nam, Hfi Vfin Tfi'n (chu bien), tfip III, Shuju, Beijing, 1993, p. 233; sfl bfiy td eua Mac<br /> Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 2002, p. 150. Kinh Thfl d i n t r i i u dinh Qing 'To tien eua toi Ifi<br /> (62). Michael Vickery, "Cambodia and its ngfldi lfing Chaxiang, huyen Dongguan, Quang<br /> neighbours in the 15"' century". Working Paper no. Dong (Guangdong)", Beijing National Archives No.<br /> <br /> 27, Asia Rersearch I n t i t u t e , Singapore, 2004, p. 6; 1, vol 7775, no. 25.<br /> <br /> Mabbet, "Buddhism in Champa", p. 304. (70). Yaolu (Ghi ch^p v l ngfldi Yao), juan 69,<br /> (63). Whitmore, "Rise of coast"; Sfl mo ta v l trich tfl Gudai Zhong - Yue guanxishi ziliao<br /> Thien TrUdng trich tfl LS Trfic, An Nam chi luge, xuanbian (Tfii lieu chinh y l u ve quan h? lich sii<br /> <br /> juan 1, p. 19. V l n g u i n goc ven b i l n cua nhfi T r i n Vi^t - Trung), Zhongguo Shehui Kexue<br /> <br /> xem Todn thU, 6: 7a. Chubanshe, Beijing, 1982, pp. 242 - 243.<br /> <br /> (64). Momoki Shiro, "A short introduction to (71). Todn thu, 7: 41b; Lieberman, Strange<br /> Champa studies", trong The dry areas in Southeast parallels, p. 362. Cugc tfi'n cong cua Mong Co d<br /> <br /> Asia: Harsh or benign environment, chu bien Yuanshi, "An Nara", juan 209. Bflc tranh tong the<br /> <br /> Fukui Hayao, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, giong nhfl dong bfing song Mekong ngfiy nay, ndi<br /> mfi ngfldi Viet hoa dong vdi ngfldi Khmer, Chfim, vfi<br /> Kyoto University, 1999, p. 70. Trong boi canh<br /> ngfldi Hoa, vfi phfin bo cac nhfin to vfin hoa; Phihp<br /> Dong Nam k mo h i n h song nfldc dflde ap dyng ddi<br /> Taylor, "The ethnicity of efficacy: Vietnamese<br /> vdi Srivijaya vfi C h a m p a ; xem Hall, Maritime<br /> goddess worship and the encoding of popular<br /> trade, dfic bifit d chfldng 4, pp. 190 - 3.<br /> histories", Asian Ethnicity, 3, 2 (2002): 85 - 102.<br /> (65). Lieberman, Strange parallels, p. 357,<br /> nhQng ghi ch6p dfing chu 5' cua cung di^n ngfldi<br /> (Xem tiep trang 46)<br />