Phân tích lỗi sai về tổ hợp "V+NP" trong tiếng Việt của sinh viên Trung Quốc từ góc độ đối chiếu

NG6N NGP & Ddi S6NG<br /> <br /> Sol0(240)-2015<br /> <br /> PHAN TICH LOI SAI VE TO HgfP "V+NP"<br /> TRONG TIENG VIET CUA SINH VIEN TRUNG QUOC<br /> Ttr GOC DO DOI CHIEU<br /> ERRORS IN VIETNAMESE 'V+NP' COMBINATION MADE BY CHINESE STUDENTS<br /> FROM THE CONTRASTIVE ERROR ANALYSIS<br /> NGUYfiN H O A N G ANH<br /> (PGS.TS; Dgi hpc Ngogi ngii', DHQG Hd Npi)<br /> Abstract: The Vietnamese and Chinese "verb + noun/noun phrase' combinations, though<br /> sharing several similarities, have many subtle differences, which are the causes of errors<br /> made by Chinese students when using these combinations in Vietnamese. Through analyzing<br /> this type of errors, this article suggests some impHcations in relating Chinese-Vietnamese<br /> contrastive analysis studies with teaching Vietnamese and Chinese as foreign languages.<br /> Key words: 'Verb + noun/noun phrase' combination; error analysis; Vietnamese-Chinese<br /> contrastive analysis; foreign language teaching.<br /> 1. DltvAnde<br /> Tilng Hdn vd tieng Vipt diu thupe logi<br /> hinh ngdn ngtt don Igp phan tich tinh, deu cd<br /> md hinh cAu tnic cSu Id SVO. DJc bi$t do<br /> qud trinh tiep xiic ngdn ngtt, giiia tilng Vipt<br /> vd tilng Hdn cdng cd nhilu diem tucmg dong<br /> trfin cdc binh dito ngtt dm, til vyng, ngft<br /> phdp. T I hpp "ddng tvr + danh ttt/cym danh<br /> tii" (sau nay vilt tat la; to hpp "V+NP") Id<br /> mdt trong nhttng tl hpp thl hito dupc nhilu<br /> dilm gilng nhau gitta hai ngdn ngtt, tiic cAu<br /> tnic uu tito cua to hpp ndy trong cd tilng<br /> Vipt vd tilng Hdn diu Id cAu triic<br /> "d|ng+tdn", vi v|y thudng duprc sinh vito<br /> Trung Quoc khi hpc tieng Vi^t tgn dyng dl<br /> nhanh chdng phdt triln, md rpng giao tilp.<br /> Song chinh vi cd nhilu dilm giong nhau, md<br /> sinh vito Trung Quoc ddi khi dS bd qua cdc<br /> khdc bipt tl nhi gitta chiing, dAn din nhibig<br /> l5i sai trong qua trinh stt dyng vd H gidi to<br /> hpp "V+NP" trong tilng Vipt. Sau hai hpc ki<br /> gidng dgy mon hpc "Dilm bdo tilng Vi^t",<br /> vdi myc dich viia gidng dgy ki ndng dpc bdo<br /> vtta r6n luyto cdc kl nSng thuyet trinh, tranh<br /> lujn bang tilng Vi|t cho hai ldp sinh vi6n<br /> ndm thli 3, chuyto ngdnh tilng Vift, chiing<br /> tdi da thu thap dupc mpt so 111 sai ciia smh<br /> vito vl tl hpp "V+NP" thdng qua hai htah<br /> <br /> thtic; (1) ghi ch6p lli ty nhito ctta sinh vito<br /> trong qui trinh dien dgt tilng Vi$t vd (2)<br /> thilt ke m|t sl vi dy tito lupng sinh vito c6<br /> the mdc 111 vd de nghj sinh vito dat cdu ho^<br /> dich. Ttt vipc phdn logi, phan Uch nguy6n<br /> nhdn lli sai ciia sinh vito, chiing tdi da dua<br /> ra cdc dl xuAt ve kit hpp nghito cihi dii<br /> chiiu Vi|t-Hdn vdi gidng dgy tilng Vi|t,<br /> tieng Hdn nhu mpt ngogi ngtt.<br /> 2. Cic kilu lli sai vl tl hyp "V+NP"<br /> trong tilng Vift ciia sinh vito Trung Quic<br /> 2.1. Thiiu giii tir gilta dfng tit vd dank<br /> tit<br /> VDI: * Bdi bdo ndy ndi sue khoi/ndi c6<br /> ddu Viel Nam<br /> [Bdi bdo ndy ndi vl siic khotf ndi vl cd<br /> dau Vipt Nam].<br /> Sd di sinh vito Trung Quic mdc lli sai *<br /> VDI vi da coi d|ng til "ndi" trong tilng Vift<br /> gilng nhu d|ng ttt "iS" ciia tilng Hdn. Lli<br /> ndy mOt phAn do sinh vito qud y lgi vdo tir<br /> dien song ngtt Hdn-Vipt, khi cdc til dik<br /> song ngtt tiidng thudng chi nto sy dii tog<br /> ve -j nghia ttt ngtt md khdng phdn bift cdch<br /> dimg. Theo khdo sdt cua chiing tdi, d|ng til<br /> "ndi" vdi nghia "Phdt ra thdnh tieng, thdnh<br /> ldi de dien dgt mpt n$i dung trong giao tilp"<br /> <br /> s6io(240i-2nis<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & B6I S6NG<br /> <br /> (Tiir diin tiing Vi$l, 1997) thi cd mpt vai<br /> nghia hgt nhdn Id vai nghia bilu thi ndi dung<br /> ldi ndi. Tuy nhito vai nghia bilu dii npi<br /> dung Idi ndi ndy trong tilng Vift tiiudng Id<br /> cdc danh ngtt, trong dd danh tCi trung tdm Id<br /> cdc danh tu khoi mang tinh khdi qudt nhu<br /> 'Van de/ npi dung/ vifc/ lihh vyc/ chi dilm/<br /> de tai,...", dinh ngtt Id cdc danh ttt hojc vi tu<br /> chl npi dung cy till. Vi dy: "ndi vln dl vifc<br /> Idm/ndi chu dl giao thdng/ ndi vifc bdo vf<br /> mdi tnrdng,...". Nlu vai nghia ndy Id cdc<br /> danh ttt chi ndi dung hay llnh vyc cy till thi<br /> chiing thudng phdi dupc xuat hito vdi sy ho<br /> trp ciia gidi ttt 'Vl". Vi dy: "ndi vl cdng<br /> vifc/ ndi vl hdn nhdn/ ndi vl giaotiidng/ndi<br /> vl bdo vf mdi trudng". Trong khi dd d tilng<br /> Hdn, dfng ttt "iS" cd till tnfc tilp mang tdn<br /> ngtt la danh ttt bilu thj cdc npi dung cy thl.<br /> <br /> Vi dy:<br /> <br /> ^mm/Tiimmp^iams.mmii^<br /> <br /> VD2: * Bdi tho ndi tinh thdn veu nude<br /> [Bdi tho ndi vl/lto tinh thAn yto nude]<br /> 0 VD2 dpng ttt "ndi" cdn cd nghia<br /> "Thdng qua m^t tdc phAm hojc tu lifu dl<br /> phdn dnh mft nfi dung ndo dd" (TH diin<br /> liing Vi$l, 1997), vdi nghia ndy vai nghia<br /> bilu thi nfi dung phdn dnh ciia dfng ttt "ndi"<br /> trong tilng Vift bao gid cing phdi cd gidi ttt<br /> "vl", hojc sau dfng ttt "ndi" phdi mang bl<br /> ngtt "ra/lto". Trong khi dd dfng ttt "TH,"<br /> trong tieng Hdn cd nghia tuong duong lgi cd<br /> thl mang danh ttt tdn ngtt tnfc tilp bilu thi<br /> vai nghia ndy. Nhu cdu trdn trong tilng Vipt<br /> cd the diln dgt bdng tilng Hdn nhu sau; fi<br /> VD3: * Cdc em nhd dd dang sons co so<br /> bdo tro xd hdi<br /> [Cic em nhd dd dang sing tgi/d co sd<br /> bdo trp xa hpi]<br /> Lli d VD3 Id vai nghia ngogi didn chi noi<br /> chin trong tilng Vift khi Id mft don v\ ngdn<br /> <br /> ngtt mang tinh midu td cao (vi do mft danh<br /> ngtt khd phiic tap ddm nhifm) thi thdng<br /> tiiudng phai cd sy ho trp cua gidi ttt. Vai<br /> nghia nay chi dupc An gidi ttt klii nd cung<br /> vdi dpng ttt tgo ra mpt to hpp mang tinh khdi<br /> nifm. Tinh mieu ta cy the ciia vai nghia nod<br /> chon liic dd cung bi md di. Vi dy: "tdi song<br /> chung cu/ nd song bift thy/ con ngii giudng/<br /> mp ngu dat/ tdi sing nude ngodi/ nd sing<br /> trong nude". 0 iky cd thl Id do suih vito da<br /> "bat chudc" cdch diing cua dpng ttt "d" vdi<br /> nghia "sing, tni ngy" trong tieng Vift. Dpng<br /> ttt "d" thirdng kit hpp khd ty do vdi cdc<br /> danh ttt/cym danh ttt chi noi chin, dd danh<br /> ttt noi chon dd khdng hdn luc ndo cung cimg<br /> dpng ttt "d" tgo ra mpt to hpp mang tinh<br /> khdi nifm nhu: "d khdch sgn/ d tnidng hpc/<br /> d nhdrieng/dlang Kim Lito",... Theo chung<br /> tdi dd Id do trong tilng Vift, dfng ttt "d"<br /> ding dm vdi gidi ttt "d", vi the ttt "d" trong<br /> cdc tl hpp vtta ndu trdn Id phdc hpp cua cd<br /> dfng ttt vd gidi ttt "d".<br /> VD4: * Hgc sinh ziao llm nude npodi<br /> [Hpc sinh giao luu vdi nude ngodi].<br /> Lli d VD4 Id smh vito nhtoi tudng<br /> "nude ngoai" d ddy Id vai nghia noi chin.<br /> Md vai nghia chi nod chin trong mpt sl<br /> tnidng hpp cua tilng Vift cd thl dttng tn/c<br /> tiep sau dpng ttt nhu chiing tdi vtta phan tich<br /> d VD3. Tuy nhidn "nude ngodi" trong ngtt<br /> cdnh nay lgi Id cdch dttng nit gpn cho to hpp<br /> "hpc sinh nude ngodi/ doi tdc nude ngodi/<br /> bgn be nude ngoai/ngudi nude ngodi,...".<br /> Dilu dd cd nghia Id "nude ngodi" trong VD4<br /> chinh Id vai nghia doi tdc ciia dfng ttt "giao<br /> luu". Ma ft tilng Vipt vai nghia dii tdc thdng<br /> thudng khdng tryc tilp ldm tdn ngtt cho<br /> ddng ttt, chiing can phdi cd sy hS tiv cua<br /> gidi ttt. Vgy cdu tedn cAn cd gidi ttt "vdi"<br /> diing trudc vai nghia dii tdc cua dpng ttt.<br /> VD5: • Chi dy bdn Idi ve xem phim<br /> [Chi ay bdn cho tdi vd xem phim]<br /> Loi d VD5 la tiding tilng Vift dpng tft<br /> "bdn" mac du cing nhdm vdi cdc dpng tft ba<br /> ngtt tid bieu thi "cho tang, chuyen giao"<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC* & Bin SONG<br /> nhung 1^ khdng dxnyc tr\rc tiep mang tdn<br /> ngQ bieu thj vai tilp the nhu cdc dOng td<br /> "cho/ tfing/ chuyen/ nhugi^ dua". Vai nghTa<br /> tiep the cda d0ng tir "bdn" cin cd syr xuit<br /> hi?n cua gidi tu "cho". Sinh vien cd the bj<br /> dnh hudng d tieng Hdn khi d^ng td tuong t\r<br /> nhu "bdn" d tieng Hdn l^i cd the cd cdch ndi<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> ttt, vi dy; "mmm\^^M^/m»:<br /> Slnh<br /> vidn khi dich cdu tilng Hdn ndy sang tieng<br /> Vift da ding nhat cdch ding "cdm on/ xin<br /> lli" ctta tilng Vift vdi "SiW" vd "Mft" cua<br /> tilng Hdn ndn tgo ra iSi sai.<br /> VD8: * cdi vdi mf [cai mp]<br /> fl VD8 smh vito cho rSng dfng ttt "cii"<br /> ndytte^S^f^H.<br /> trong tilng Vift tuong duong vdi dfng tir"<br /> VD6: *Nd cdi nhau hdng xdm<br /> KlS" trong tilng Hdn. Md dfng ttt "M9"<br /> [Nd cdi nhau vdi hdng xdm]<br /> VD6 sinh vi3n mfic iSi Id do thieu mit Id mft dfng ttt li hpp khdng mang tto ngii.<br /> gidi td "vdi" cua vai nghia doi tdc. Theo Vai nghia dii tdc cia dpng ttt ndy ludn xuAt<br /> quan sdt cua chdng tdi, trong tieng Vi$t mpt hifn vdi sy ho trpr cia gidi ttt. V^y nto khi<br /> s6 dOng td cd ciu tnic "V-nhau" chi nghia ding dfng ttt "cai" d tieng Vipt thi sinh vi6n<br /> xiu thi ngodi cdch bilu d^t vai i^hia dii tdc da hi dnh hudng cia tilng Hdn vd tgo ra cdu<br /> tich hop vdi chu ngQ dl t^o ra chu ngQ phdc sai. Ciing cd the sinh vidn cho lAng "cdi" vi<br /> nhu "nd vd hdng xdm cdi nhau" thl cdn c6 "cai nhau" ding ngiila, md vai nghia dii tdc<br /> cdch bieu d^t Id chuyin vai nghia doi tdc ra cua "cai nhau" khi dttng sau dfng ttt cAn<br /> sau dOng td nhung phdi cd s^ ho trgr cua gidi phdi cd gidi ttt, vi dy: "nd cai nhau vdi hdng<br /> td "vdi". Vi dy: "Mn/i vd Nam ddnh nhau/ xdm", nto khi sinh vidn dimg dfng tft "cSi"<br /> Minh ddnh nhau vdi Nam/Minh vd Nam ciing cho thdm gidi ttt *Vdi" nhu v^y vdo<br /> gidng CO nhau/Minh gidng co nhau vdi trudc danh tft vai nghia dii tdc.<br /> Nam/'\ Sinh vien do khong ndm dugrc dieu<br /> VD9; * Tdi quen nhau v&i anh Sy<br /> ndy nen dd t^o ra cdu sai.<br /> [Tdi vdi anh Ay quen nhau]<br /> 2.2. Thita gidi tit giita dgng tit vd danh<br /> 6 VD9 dfng ttt "quen nhau" cd cAu tgo<br /> tit<br /> "V- nhau" nhung khdng mang nghia xlu nSn<br /> VD7: * Cdm an vdi dng Vdn; xin ldi vdithdng thudng vai nghia dii tdc khdng xuit<br /> thity gido<br /> hifn sau dpng ttt md tich hpp vdi chi ngtt dl<br /> [cdm on ong Vfin; xin l5i thay gido].<br /> tgo ra mft chtt ngtt phftc. Trong trudng hpp<br /> d VD7 dOng tu "cdm on^in loi" cua ndy sinh vien cd thl suy luto ttt cdch ding<br /> tilng Vi^t trong giao tilp tr\rc tilp hay gidn cia cdc dpng ttt mang nghia xau "ddnh nhau/<br /> tilp, trong khiu ngQ hay but ngQ thl cung<br /> cai nhau" cung cing cAu tgo "V-nhau"<br /> diu ludn mang trvrc tilp tan ngQ danh tfr chi<br /> vai nghta tilp thi. Vd nhu v|iy d ddy sinh nhung sau dd lgi cd thl xuat hifn vai nghia<br /> vi6n da djch ihim gidi td "vdi". Sd di cd hi?n dii tdc cing vdi sy hS trp ctta gidi ttt 'Vdi".<br /> t u ^ g ndy vi trong tilng Hdn ngodi cdc d^ng Sinh vidn ciing cd thl mAc lli ndy Id do cho<br /> rdng dfng ttt "quen nhau" vd dfng ttt "quen"<br /> td ">Sai/JS^" (cdm on) vd " 5 t ^ ^ S / ^ f t " dong nghia, mA dfng tft "quen" sau dd cd<br /> (xin loi) ra cdn cd dpng tCt "iM^" vd "3S$t" the mang dupc vai nghia dii tdc d dgng in<br /> ddng trong trudng h^p mieu td gidn tiep vi$c hodc hifn gidi tft ndn dpng tft "quen nhau"<br /> cdm on/xin loi ho$c ddng trong thu tin. Khi cung cd thl cd cAch ding nhu v$y, vi dg;<br /> "tdi quen/ quen v&i anh &/'. Ching ta cd diC<br /> dd tilp thl cda d$ng td "sliS" vd "Mfi" xem thdm lli sau cia smh vito;<br /> phdi dugc xuit h i ^ vdi s\r h3 trp cua gidi<br /> <br /> s l 10 (240i-2015<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG<br /> <br /> VDIO: * Gidy em giSng nhau v&i gidy chtt thl con ngudi hdnh dfng ldm glc, do<br /> banHd<br /> vgy vi tri cia con song ludn dupc coi Id thAp<br /> [Gidy cia em vd gidy cua bgn Ha giong hem so vdi chi thl ciia ngudi di vftt rdc. Vi<br /> nhau; gidy ciia em gilng/gilng vdi gidy till ti-ong tieng Vift phii ndi li 'Vftt xuing<br /> cia bgn Hd]<br /> sdng". Cdn ngudi Trung Quic thi tid n h ^<br /> Loi d VDID Id smh vidn bilt hai dfng tii khdng gian dya vdo vi tri tuong dii gitta cdc<br /> "giong" vd "gilng nhau" cd nghia tuong v|t tilp xic. Khi vftt rdc xuing sdng thi rdc<br /> dong nhimg lgi khdng phan bift dupc cdch chhn vdo Idng sdng. Vi till ngudi Trung<br /> dttng khdc nhau cia hai dfng tft ndy. Theo Quic sa dien dgt tilng Hdn Id " f t j C f t S S<br /> dd, vai nghia hf thl cia dfng tft "gilng"<br /> #52513". Nhu vay cd thlfliAylli sai ti-to<br /> ludn diing sau dfng tft, ldm tdn ngft cho<br /> dfng ttt. Cdn d dfng tft "gilng nhau" tU vai la do hi dnh hudng tito cyc ttt tilng mp dd<br /> nghia ndy ludn dupc tich hpp vdo thdnh cua ngudi hpc trong Imh vyc tri nh^n khdng<br /> phAn chi ngft, tgo ra mft kilu chi ngtt phirc. gian.<br /> Nguydn nhdn gdy loi cd thl smh vidn cho<br /> 2.4. Hilu sai, huu Ihiiu Mn tin djch<br /> rAng d tilng Vift cd mft sl dfng tft nhu sai, dich thiiu<br /> "bang/ngang bSng/tuong duong/giong" diu<br /> VDI2: dich cdc cSu:<br /> bilu lt7]<br /> tuii Minh<br /> - Vdn Quyin dd ra sdn:<br /> Ttt cdch dimg cia cdc dpng ttt trdn, smh<br /> S:*ife3tI*J3(vdo stofliidAu).<br /> vidn cho ring dfng ttt "giing nhau" ding<br /> nghia vdi chiihg nto ciing cd cdch ding<br /> S:«*?f««(rdisto).<br /> tuong ty. Do V$y dAn din loi sai nhu d<br /> - Chi 4y ^o vien rii:<br /> VDIO. Cdc lli d VD9 vd VDIO sinh vidn<br /> » i l J E K / ^ K 4 7(dln bfnh vifn/<br /> khdng chi bi thira gidi tft md cdn djt sai v]<br /> tri cia vai ngMa doi tdc vd vai nghia hf the. nhap vito)<br /> Trong cdc tnidng hpp ndy chiing ludn tich<br /> »aiK7(rt)ivifn)<br /> hpp cing vdi chi ngtt tgo ndn chi ngft phiic<br /> Trong tilng Vift cd mft sl dfng ttt di<br /> hpp.<br /> chuyen song hudng nhu dfng tft "ra" vtta cd<br /> 2.3. DUng sai gi&i tic gilta dfng tit vi thl bilu thi nghia (1) rdi khdi noi chin ndo<br /> danh tit<br /> dd (ra vi^ ra Iru&ng) lgi vtta cd thl bilu thi<br /> VDI 1: • JVd mang Idi rdc vit vdo sdng<br /> nghia (2) di tdi mft dja dilm ndo dd (ra nha<br /> [nd mang tui rdc vftt xuing sdng]<br /> VDI 1 sinh vidn ding sai gidi tii din ra dng anh/ ra buu di$n/ ra nu&c ngodi/ ra<br /> vai nghia nod chin "sdng". L5i sai niy lidn ch(r/raphi). Trong dd nghia (2) dupc ding<br /> quan din sy khdc bift tavng bilu dgt khdng thdng dyng hon, cdn nghia (1) lgi chi cd mft<br /> gian giO» tilng Hdn vi tilng Vift. Ngudi so kit hpp nhAt djnh vd thudng cl dinh hod.<br /> Vift Nam tri nhto khdng gian ndi chung lAy Dilu niy lgi ngupc vdi dfng tii "Hi" trong<br /> <br /> 10<br /> <br /> NG6N NGC" & Din S6NG<br /> <br /> tilng Hto la, dfng ttt "BH" mac di cung<br /> thufc dfng ttt di chuyin song hudng vd cd<br /> hai nghia (1) vd (2) nhu d dfng ttt "ra" cia<br /> tilng Vift, nhung trong dd nghia (1) lgi<br /> flidng dyng hon (UiH/ajn/liiK/aj^Wai<br /> * a ^ / i i i S j l E ) , cdn nghia (2) lgi chi cd<br /> mpt sl kit hpp hgn chl (bti0/tb^). Vi thl<br /> smh vidn cd thl lAn If n nghia cia cdc tl hpp<br /> "ra + NP" vd cd nhihig li gidi sai Ifch hoac<br /> khdng dAy di. Trong VD12 ndu tidn, "ra<br /> dong" cAn hilu Id "din cdnh ding dl ldm<br /> vifc" chtt khdng phdi "rdi khdi cdnh ding".<br /> "Ra trudng" viia cd nghia "din trudng ldm<br /> vifc" lgi viia cd nghia "rdi khdi trudng",<br /> nhung nghia "rdi khdi trudng" ndy da dupe<br /> thuat ngtt hod vd mang nghia "tit nghifp ra<br /> tiTrdng". "Ra sto" ngodi nghia 'Vdo sto<br /> (choi bdng)" gilng nghia cia "tlJiS" trong<br /> tilng Hdn cdn cd nghia Id "rdi khdi sto (choi<br /> bdng)". "Ra vifn" cung tucmg ty nhu vly,<br /> ngodi nghia "ifti khdi bfnh vifn" (vd nghia<br /> ndy da thuat ngtt hod chi "bfnh nhto xuat<br /> vifn"), cdn cd nghia "den bfnh vifn (hay<br /> hpc vifn/vifn nghidn ettu nio dd) dl ldm<br /> vifc". Cd till ndi cdc lli ft VD12 Id do sinh<br /> vidn khdng hilu dupe nghia cy thl vd sy<br /> khdc bift te nh] vl cdch ding cia hai dfng<br /> ttt trdn nen chua phdn bift dupc trong trudng<br /> hpp ndo danh ttt ding sau dpng ttt cd vai<br /> nghia noi chin chl dich, trudng hpp ndo Id<br /> vai nghia noi chin chi dilm xuAt phkt, vd cd<br /> flll Id cung khdng hieu dupc nghia thuat ngtt<br /> cia mft sl to hpp ndy. Khi cdc eau tren<br /> dupe dat trong ngtt cinh cy the flii smh vien<br /> cd thl dl dtog dich chinh xde hon.<br /> VD13: smh vidn khdng biet dich cdc cym<br /> tft sau;<br /> di cha bdt: SV khdng hilu mli quan hf<br /> vl nghia gitta "chft bdt" vd "di"<br /> nhdy chdn sdo: SV khdng hieu mli quan<br /> hf vd nghia gitta "chto sdo" va "nhdy"<br /> <br /> So 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> xok cdnh qugt. SV khdng hilu mli quan<br /> hf ve nghia giiia "cdnh qugt" vi "xod"<br /> 6 VD13 ndy mft so kit \x^ "V+NP" cua<br /> tieng Vift trong dd danh tft bdng cdch ndi vi<br /> von cd thl bieu thi vai nghia phuong thic<br /> cia dfng tdc, ching cing dfng tft tgo nSn<br /> mft tl hpp mang tinh thu$t ngft cao (ngfi d<br /> dinh) ndn sinh vidn da khdng nhfn dgng<br /> dupc ching nlu khdng cd sy hudng din cia<br /> gido vidn ho$c sy trp giup cia cdc sdch cdng<br /> cy. Bdi Id dl hilu dupc nghia cia tl hpp trfn<br /> phdi cd mpt budc "hodn nguyto" dl diln<br /> gidi mli quan hf gitta dfng ttt "V" vd danh<br /> tii/cym danh tft "NP" frong tl hpp. Vi dg;<br /> "di theo kilu chto tgo Mnh chtt 'A'", "nhdy<br /> theo kilu con sdo hay nhdy", "xod theo hinh<br /> cdnh qugt". Cdc t l hpp ndy cdn khd nhilu b<br /> tilng Vift nhu; "bai ich; bai bu&m; hoc<br /> Vfi;/...". Trong tilng Hdn cung cd hifn tupng<br /> kit hpp tuong ty. Tuy nhidn, cdc kilu ka<br /> hpp "V+NP" nay chiu dnh hudng nhilu cia<br /> tu duy vto hod ndn ddi khi giiia tilng Hdn<br /> vd tilng Vift cd sy khdc bift nhAt dinh, d6i<br /> hdi sinh vidn phdi Uch luy dAn dAntillmdi<br /> hilu hit dupc.<br /> 3. Nghito cliru dii chiiu tl hyp<br /> "V+NP" Vift-Hdn vdi phan tich cdc loi sai<br /> Cdc loi sai cia smh vidn Trung Quic trSn<br /> ddy chi ylu 14 do dnh hudng cia tilng m?<br /> dd hoac do sy suy dien cdc nguydn tie trong<br /> nfi bp tilng Vift md cd thl dAn din vifc<br /> ding thtta hojc tiiilu cdc gidi ttt vai nghia<br /> cia dfng ttt, hoac ding sai gidi ttt, ho}c<br /> khdng hilu mli quan hf ngtt nghia giiia<br /> dpng ttt vd danh tii/cym danh ttt trong kit<br /> hpp "V+NP" d tilng Vift. Khi khdo sdt vifc<br /> hpctiengHto cia sinh vien Vift Nam ching<br /> tdi cttng thn dupc nhttng iSi sai tuong tf<br /> ti-ong kit hpp "V+NP" d tilng Hto. Tft dd<br /> cho tiiAy doi chiiu tl hpp "V+NP" ViftHan, ttt dd chi ra nguydn nhto iSi sai cd vai<br /> trd quan tipng trong gitog dgy tilng Vift<br /> tieng Hto nhu mft ngogi ngft.<br /> <br />