Phát huy lợi thế so sánh để hình thành nhiều nông sản chủ lực làm giàu cho nông dân miền núi Thanh Hóa

HHGHlgHTHUtTigM PHAT HUY i q i THg so SANH D E HlNH THANH.. E||J PHAT HUY L0I THE SO SANH DE HINH THANH NHIEU NONG SAN CHU LI/C LAM GIAU CHQ NONG DAN MliN NUI THANH HOA Liromg Tat Thdng* ^-^ Tdm tdt Thanh Hda Idtinhcd nhiiu tiim ndng ve ndng nghiip, thudn Igi cho phdt triin mgt sd cdy trdng, vgt nudi chu dgo nhu: mia, sdn, cao su, bd, v.v. Tuynhien, do thiiu nhieu dieu Men, ndng sudt cua cdc sdn phdm ngy vdn cdn ihdp. Viic trien khai cdc biin phdp di ndng cao ndng sudi cua cdc sdn phdm chii lue, khai thdc tdt tiem ndng se Id bi^n phdp di giup cdi thiin ddi sdng cua nguoi ddn vimg miin nui Thanh Hda. Bdi viit se ddnh gid ihi^c trgng phdt triin ndng nghiep & vimg miin niii Thanh hda vd di xudt mgtsd gidiphdp nhdm phdt huy tiim ndng cua tinh. Tir khoa: tiim ndng phdt tridn ndng nghifp, ndng sdn, midn nui, Thanhhoa. 1. Tiem ndng phdt triin ndng nghiep vimg nui tinh Thanh H6a Vd dia ly, vimg miin nui tinh Thanh Hda gidp eac tinh Son La, Hda Binh, Ninh Binh ve phia bdc; gidp tmh Nghf An vd phia Nam vd Tay nam; gidptinhHfla Phan cfla CHDCND Ldo ve phia Tay vd gidp vflng ddng bang cfla tinh Thanh Hda vd phia Ddng. Nam 2014, viing midn nui ciia Thanh Hda ed didn tieh ty nhien khodng 8517 km2 (chiim khodng 76,5% so todn tmh) vd cd sd ddn khdng 1 tridu ngudi; gdm 210 xa va 12 thjfrdn.Day la vflng ddungudn eua cae he thing sdng sudi, cd y nghla Idn vi phdng hd vd smh tgo ngudn nude. Trdn dja bdn vflng miin nfli cd cdc qudc Ip chay qua nhu dudng Hd Chi Minh, qudc 1015a, 45 vd 217. Ddngtiidi,ed 192 km dudng bien gidi vdi CHDCND Ldo; cd cdc cfla khdu Na Meo (Quan Son), Ten Tdn (Mudng Ldt) vd Kheo (Thudng Xudn) ed thd giao luu tbu$n tifn vdi cae tmh Bdc Ldo vd ddng bdc Tbai Lan vd phdttiidnkmh ti, ddc bidt la Imh vyc ndng nghifp. Bdn eanh do, ddy Id viing cd dja hbh phiic tap, chiatiidnh3tiiuvflng bj chia cdt mgnh bdi nui cao va cdc sdng sudi, dp ddc khoangfren25 dd. Theo dd d mdi tiiu viing cd dac^ tnmg rieng frong phdttriinndngnghidp. Cythe: (i) Vflng nui cao: gdm ede huydn Mudng Lat, Quan Son, Quan Hda, Bd Thude, Lang Chdnh vd cd dja hinh hiim frd, ed dinh nfli Phfl Pha Phong eao tdi 1.550 met so mgt nude bien, cd ngudn ldm sdn ddi dao, lugng mua Idn nen cd tidm ndng phdt triin thuy difn, hd ttp phdt tridn ndng nghifp. (ii) Viing nfli thdp: gdm cdc huyfn Thgeh Thanh, Cdm Thuy, Ngpc Lgc, Thudng Xudn va cdc xd miin nfli cfla cdc huyfn Thp Xudn, Vmh Ldc, Ydn Dinh, Ha Trung vd cfla Thi xa Bim Son; cd thung liing nhung hidm frd, cd tiem nang phdt tridn mia, lgc, eao su, cdy an qud vd chan nudi gia sue. (iii) Viing trung du phia nam: gdm cac huyfn Nhu Xudn, Nhu Thanh vd mpt sd xa cfla cdc huyfn Trieu Son, ITnh Gia; dii nfli thdp, ddt mau md thuan lpifrongvifc phdt tridn cdy cdng. nghifp, ldm nghidp, cdy ddc sdn va ed Vudn Qude gia Bin En (thude dia bdn huyfn Nhu Thanh vd huyfn Nhu Xudn), cd rflng phat trien tdt, vdi nhidu gd quy, thu qu^. Vd khi hdu, khu vuc midn nfli tinh Thanh Hda chia thanh hai mua rd rft: mfla ha tu thdng 4 ddn thang 10 vd mua ddng tutiidng11 ddn thdng 3 nam sau; nhift dp trung binh khodng 22-24oC (vdo mfla hg khodng 25-28oC vd vd mfla ddng khodng 15-20oC). Lupng mua trung binh nam khoang 1.600-2.200 mm vd phan bd khdng deu ttong nam, tdp trung Idn vi mua mua. Chdy qua dia bdn cd cac con sdng Ma (cd cdc phu luu la sdng Ld, sdng Ludng, sdng Budi vd sdng Chu), sdng Ydn vd sdng Chdng dd vd sdng Hdu thude tinh Nghe An. Vdi he thdng sdng cd luong nude Idn, tgo dieu kien thudn Igi phdt trien ndng nghifp noi ddy. Ngudi ddn viing midn niii tinh Thanh Hda da sfl dung Idiodng 78 van ha (chiem khodng * Luang Tat Thdng, Th^c si, Scr K^ ho^ich vii Diu tu Tinh Thanh H6a. SO 68 (7/2015) QUANLfKINHTf Q WBSM KIHHHSKIjHTHUtTliN PHAT HUY U l T H g SO SANH o i HINH THANH.. 91,5% so di$n tich tir nhien). Trong d6, dSt non^ nghiep Ijhoang 12 van ha (chiSm 14,3%); dat iam nghi&p 58 van ha (chilm 77% diSn tich tu: nhien nhtmg con hon 7 van ha chua co rimg). Trong s6 diSn tfch ditrimgthi dien tichrimgdac d\mg khoing 7,7 van ha; ph6ng hO khoang 14,5 vsin ha v4 rtag sin xuit khoing 29 van ha. Tii nguySn khoing san tuy IdiSng Ion, nhung cung khi phong phii ii phit trijn cong nghi$p. Trong do n6i bat la juang sSt, crom, kem, ddng, chi, thiec, ving, ph6t phat, cao lanh, da graphit, quaczit. Tito nang idn nhit vin li tii nguyen du Ijch: Vudn qu6c gia BSn En, Khu bio t6n thi&i nhien Phd Ludng, Fu Hu, su6i ci Cim Luong, thic Ma Hao, chiln khu Ngoc Trjo, Thinh nhi H^, Khu Lam kmh... Tai nguyen dit va rung co tiem nang Idn, li tien di de phit triln nin sin xuit hing h6a quy mo 16n, chit lugng cao. Den nim 2015, viing miln mii tinh Thanh H6a con khoing 72 nghin ha dit chua su dyng. Tuy Ichong Ida nhimg nlu huy dpng 50% sl niy dl phat triln sin xuit thi diy ciing li nguon ding ke de sir dyng cho cac nginh vi ITnh vvc trong qui trinh phat triln. Bilu 1: Cff cau sii- dung dit cfla viing miln mii, Bien dpng 2010 2014 851.663 851.667 +4 1. Dit n6ng nghiep % so dien tich t\r nhien 117.635 122.072 +4.437 13,8 14,3 - 2. Dat lim nghiep 531.971 576.768 +44.797 Chi tieu Ting dien tich bf nhien % so dien tich t^r nhien 62,5 67,7 3. Dat thuy sin 2.066 3.412 % so dien tich tu nhien 0,24 0,4 - 4. Dat phi nSng nghiep 69.339 76.972 +7.633 % so dien tich tu nhien 5. Dat chua sur dung 8,1 9,0 - 130.517 72.167 -58.350 % so dien tich tu nhien + Dit bing chua su dimg +1.346 15,3 8,6 - 6.104 5.269 -835 0,7 0,6 - + Dit doi niii chua sir dimg 105.451 52.072 - 53.379 % so dien tich tu nhien + Dat niii di kh6ng co rimg 12,4 18.961 6,1 14.826 -4.135 2,2 1,7 % so dien tich tu nhien % so dien tich tu nhien - Ngudn: Thdng ke tmh Thanh Hda 2014 2. Thuc trang phat trien ndng nghifp vung nui Thanh Hoa Vditiemnang, Ipi thd nhutten,thudn Ipi cho Thanh Hdaphat trien mdt sd cay tting, vat nudi ma QU&NUKINHT^ ehu dao nhu: mia, san, cao su, bd... Tuy nhiSn nan^ sudt vdn thdp. Vdttdngttpt,mpt sd cdy dupe ttdng chu yiu Id: mia, sdn, cao su... (Bdng 1). stf 68 (7/2815) PH*T HUY LQI THg SO SANH pg HJNH THANH.. KIHHHeHltMn"":™" ^ ^ ^ Bing 1: M$t so cay tr5ng chinh tai cic huy$n miln nui nim 2014 Ciy tring + Ciy Ilia + Cay ngo + Mla + Lac + San + Cao su Dien tich (ha) 67.000 29.300 24.000 3.570 6.000 10.312 Nang suat (ta/ha) 44,6 35 52 14 11,7 13 Nang suit sinh hoc (ta/ha) 60 45 65 25 25 18 Gii tri tao ra trSn mSi ha, Tr.d 28 19 31 25 23 22 Nguon: Cye Thing ke tinh Thanh Hda Cdy lua: vdi^ difn rich ttdng Idn nhdt 67.000 ha, cdy lua chiSm vi tri quan ttpng ttong co cdu cdy ttdng ndi chung. Tuy nhien, vifc sdn xudt Iliattencdc difn tieh ddt kem hifu qud do mpt sd nguydn nhan nhu: ddt dai khdng phu hpp, thiiu nudc tudi, ngap flng thudng xuydn, nhidm mgn... deu khdng mang lai hifu qud kinh ti, thdm chi la khdng cd lai. Cay mia: cay mia hifn dang Id cdy xda ddi gidm ngheo d U huyfn midn nui Thanh Hda vdi difn tieh 24.000 ha. Ddu ra sdn lupng mia cfla ndng dan dupe 3 nhd mdy dudng: Lam Son, Ndng Cdng, Vif t-Ddi thu mua chd bidn dn dinh. Tuy nhidn, hifn nay nang suat mia cfla midn nui Thanh Hda chi bdng khoang 70% cfla Thai Lan. Chi phi cao hon cfla Thai Lan khodng 30%. Chi tinh muc tidu diing dudng khodng 24 kg/nam (nhu muc tnmg binh hifn nay ciia the gidi), thi thi trudng dudng mia edn Idn nhung khd canh ttanh vdi nudc ngodi neu chi cd nang sudt vd trfl dudng nhu hifn nay. Ben canh dd, vifc phat tridn niia nguydn lieu khdng theo quy hoach vdn didn ra d mpt sd huyen; difntichmia dflng chdn ttSn ddt die tfl 150 ttd Idn chiim tdi 18,4% tdng didntichvd binh qudn mdi hp chi sdhflu 0,52 ha ddt mia nen khd thyc hifn co gidi hda ddng bd, nhdn rdng viing tudi nudc nhd gipt. Them nira, vdn cdn tinh trgng ndng hd sfl dyn^ ngpn mia tiiuong phdm dittdng,ty Id trdng gidng mia cu, giing thoai hda cdn cao; phdn Idn didntichmia khdng ttdng ludn canh cdy hp dau lam tang dp phi eho ddt; vide ddu tu gidng, vdt tu ung trudc, thu mua, van chuyen nguyen Ufu thye hien qua khdu trung gian nen thu nhdp cua hp ttdng mia khdngcao. Stf 68 (7/2815) Cay san: Ld loai cdy hoa mau vdn dupe coi la nguin luong thyc bd sung quanttpngcho ngudi ndng ddn, dae bidt ddng bdo viing sdu, viing xa, vflng dgc bift khd khan. Thdi gian qua, eay sdn tuong ddi dn dinh, cd xu hudng tang vd da ttd thdnh cdy edng nghidp hdng hod, gdp phdn ttong vifc thyc hidn ehuyen ddi co cdu kinh td theo hudng CNH - HDH ndng nghidp, ndng thdn tinh Thanh Hda. Bhih qudn nang sudt sdn nien vy 2014-2015 dgt 21,5 tIn/ha,tinichi phi ngudi ddn ehi thu Iai tfl 7 -10 trieu ddng/ha. Thu nhdp tu cdy sdn nhu vdy Id thdp. Nguyen nhdn chinh Id do didn tich ttdng san phat tridn d at, khdng theo quy hoach, ddn din nhidu didn tich sdnttongd nhiing vung cd dp die eao; t^p qudn canh tdc theo hinh thure qudng canh, ngudi ddn thieu sy ddu tu cham sdc, gdy suy kift dinh dudng ddtttdng,nang sudt thap. l-^ng sudt sdn eiia viing chi bdng khodng 50% cfla An Dp. Thdp hon khoang 16-20% cfla Camphuchia vd cfla Indonesia va 10% eua Thdi Lan. Vift Nam san xudt khodng 10 trifu tdn sdn tuoi (ttong dd xuat khdu 70%) Ben egnh do, tai nguyen rflng cd khd nang tgo ra sdn phdm mang thuong hidu Thanh Hda cung cd quy md Idn. Vung midn nui cd 513,4 nghin ha ddt cd rflng, chiem 60,3% difn tieh tu nhidn va 93% difn tich rflng todntinh,ttongdd: 382,9 n^hm ha rflng ty nhien vd 130,5 nghin ha rflng ttdng. Ca cdu vdn rflng: rung dae dung 77,4 nghm ha; rung phdng hp 147,5 nghin ha; rflng sdn xudt 288,5 nghin ha. Trfl lupng: ting trft lupng cdy dflng ttdn 14tiifu m3 gd, hdng nam cd thi khai thac duoc 27.000 - 33.000 m3 gd, 30.000 - 40.000 tridu ste cfli, 10 trieu cdy tie,* QUANlYKINHTf ^ I W l PHAT HUY m i THgSO SANH B I HINH THANH... milHNBHllHITHIlCTliN ning suit sira b6 ciia viing vin c6n thip hon Cniyen Quang khoing 14 lit; Son la 15 lit; binh quan ci nu6c khoing 13,5 lit). Ben csmh d6, mot sd sin phim chin nuoi khic, nhu: gi ldng ving, thit Ign sGa co hing hoa, nhung khii lu