Phố chợ, phố làng: Hai dòng chảy trong quá trình phát triển ở ngoại thành Hà Nội

o u lucu - i^ u^u uinn<br /> <br /> xs hfi HQC, SO 2 (unj, JUJ I<br /> <br /> PHO CHO, PHO LANG: HAI DONG CHAY TRONG<br /> QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN 0 NGOAI T H A N H H A NOI<br /> NGUYfiN CflNG T H A O '<br /> <br /> Tom tat: Bai viit trinh bay kit qua nghien cmi su dvng phuang phdp quan sdt tham<br /> du vd phong vdn lich sic dong dcri tgi mQt long ngogi thdnh Hd Noi trong ndm 2015-2016<br /> nhdm tim hiiu qud trinh biin doi khong gian long tu nhimg ndm 1990 din nay. Mot trong<br /> nhiing phdt hien chinh cua nghien cihi la qud trinh hinh thdnh hai khu phd ldng a hai thai<br /> diim khdc nhau: Doi mat vdo ddu thdp nien 1990 vd qud trinh do thj hoa tit ddu nhimg<br /> ndm 2000. Dii ciing mang nhiiu diem tuong dong, song qud trinh hinh thdnh cua mdi<br /> khong gian ndy dn chiia nhieu khdc biet, md dim hinh Id tinh chdt kinh doanh vd su gdn<br /> kit ciia ldng vdo mgng luai xd hoi r^ng lan han.<br /> Tit khoa; do thi hoa, bi6n d6i nong thon, khong gian va cdnh quan lang, lang Viet.<br /> 1. GiiA thieu<br /> Tir giGa nhGng nam 1990 din nay, l ^ g Vi^t da va dang co nhieu thay doi nhanh<br /> chong, dugc thuc diy bdi cdc tdc nhan khac nhau, trong do co chinh sach Doi moi va qud<br /> trinh do thj hoa. DiSu nay dan dSn qud trinh chuySn dich ca cau thu nhap theo huong gia<br /> tdng dong g6p cua kh6i dich vu, thuong mai, suy giam vai trd cOa san xuat nong nghi?p;<br /> su phat triln cua kiSn tnic d5 thi thay th6 kiln trie cu; biSn d^ng dan so bdt nguon t i qud<br /> trinh di cu, nhap cu; l6i s6ng moi hay su hoi smh cua m6t so thuc hdnh van h6a truyen<br /> th6ng (To Duy Hcjp, 2000; Papin va Tessier, 2002; Kleinen, 2004).<br /> Su bien dai cua lang Viet con the hi?n ro net qua biln dii canh quan va khong gian<br /> xa hoi. Cdch tilp can nay d§ dugc mgt s i nhd khoa hpc quan tam (Nguyen Cong Thdo,<br /> 2011; 2013; Papin vd Tessier, 2002). Nguyen Tung (2002) cho rdng c6 thi phdn khfing gian<br /> ldng o vung d6ng bdng chdu thi song H6ng thanh khong gian hdnh chinh, khong gian cu<br /> trd, khong gian canh tdc. Nguyen Thj Phuong Cham (2009) chi ra su dan xen gifta tniyin<br /> thong vd hi$n dji, giOa tinh do thi va ldng que qua nghien ciiu qua trinh biln dii 6 xd D6ng<br /> Ky. Khong gian lang 6 day da co s\f gdn kit voi qua trinh hoa nhjp va phat triln cua dat<br /> nude. Nguyen Vdn Suu vd Chu Thj Huong (2015) kl thua, phdt triln y tudng cua Nguyen<br /> Tiing (2002) da phdn loai khdng gian Idng Vi?t thdnh 5 loai bao gdm; khong gian cu tni,<br /> khdng gian kiln tnic, khdng gian sdn xudt, khong gian thieng vd khdng gian hdnh chinh.<br /> Cdc khdng gian nay dugc cho Id kit qud ciia sv thich ilng vdi mdi trudng t\l nhien.<br /> ' Vipl Ddn tpc hpc, Viin Han ldm Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi4l Nam.<br /> <br /> 48<br /> <br /> Phd chg, phd ldng: hai ddng chcp' trong qua trinh...<br /> <br /> Cung tidp can qud trinh bidn ddi ldng dudi gde dO khdng gian nhung bdi viet nhin tir<br /> ldng kinh sinh thai hpe lich sd (historical ecology). Tim hidu qud tiinh hinh thanh 2 khu<br /> "phd" d mOt ldng ngoai thdnh Ha Ndi, tdc gia nhin nhan "phd lang" nhu mpt dang thdc<br /> canh quan (landscape), dupe tgo dyng dudi tde dpng eua nhidu ydu to, trong do cdc ehhih<br /> sdch phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua nhd nude vd qua trinh do thi hda la hai nhan to quan<br /> tipng. Lich sd hinh tiidnh cua mdi khdng gian nay dn chda, phan anh cdc didu kipn, xu tii^<br /> phat tiidn kmh td - van hda - xa hdi khdng chi tiong pham vi ldng ma d binh dipn r$ng<br /> hon. Tdc gid dd kdt hprp phuang phap phdng vdn lich sd cuOe ddi (life history interview)<br /> vdi quan sdt thuc dia dd Idn dyng lai lieh sd hhih thanh ciong nhu y nghia, vai tid cda hai<br /> khdng gian ay ddi vdi ngudi ddn.<br /> Sinh thdi hpc lich sd nhin nhan canh quan nhu "bidu hipn ve mdt vat chat eho moi<br /> quan h^ gifia con ngudi vd moi trudng" (Crumley, 1994: 6). Cac thyc the tdn tai trong<br /> mSi canh quan khdng ehi mang tinh vdt chat md cdn bao ham ca cae ehieu canh tinh thdn,<br /> x3 hpi va van hda. Chinh vi thd, cdnh quan cd the dupre su dung nhu mpt "don vi ph§n<br /> tich" (Crumley, 2001: 16). Moi canh quan ludn cd ranh gidi vat chat, ranh gidi tinh t h ^<br /> va chling khdng nhat thiet phai triing khdp nhau (Morris, 1995). Trong qua trinh phat<br /> trien, canh quan ludn dupe cdi hda nhdm dap dng ky vpng eua ngudi ddn sinh sdng tiong<br /> dd va phEim vi cua nd da deing, td cdp dp dia phuong den vimg, lidn vung th$m chi xuy^n<br /> qude gia (Bunnell, 2004).<br /> 2. Sir hinh thanh hai "ph6" trong m$t Idng<br /> 2.1. Khdi qudt ve ldng Due Npi<br /> Dye Ndi (ten Ndm Id lang Dde) la lang Idn nhdt eua xa Vi^t Hung, huypn Ddng<br /> Anh, nam each trung tam thdnh phd Ha Npi khoang 25 km vd phia Ddng Bdc, each trung<br /> tdm huyen chimg 2 km vd phia Tdy. Lang eo 3 khu (xdm) bao gdm: Dodi, Trung vd<br /> Ddng. Ldng nam d v} tri trung tdm xa Vipt Hiing, gidp vdi ldng Gia LOc va xa Co Loa vg<br /> phia Nam, giap lang Lo Giao ve phia Bdc, xa Due Tii va lang Qu|y (xd Lidn Ha) ve phia<br /> Ddng, giap xa Uy No ve phia Tdy. Theo sd lipu ndm 2016, ldng cd t6ng sd 2.863 hp vdi<br /> 10.350 khdu.<br /> Hoat ddng sinh kl chinh eua ngudi dan d ddy tiirdc ndm 1990 la sdn xudt ndng<br /> nghipp vdi 2 vy Ida nude va 1 vy hoa mdu. Tu giiia nhfing ndm 1990, d ^ bi^t kd td dau<br /> nhihig ndm 2000 tid 1^ day, budn bdn, dich vy, ldm cdng nhan trong cdc khu cong nghi^<br /> dd trd thanh ngudn tiiu chinh cho hdu het h^ gia dinh trong lang. Ddng gdp cda sdn xuat<br /> ndng nghiep ngdy cang khdng edn quan tipng, nhdt la khi tiong chdng 10 ndm tid I?i ddy,<br /> di^n tich ru^ng bo hoang ed xu hudng gia tdng. Ndm d vi tiri tiiuan Ipri vd mdt giao tiidng,<br /> gidp vdi till ti^ huy^n, ldng Dye Ndi dupe hudng lgi nhi^u tii qud tiinh phdt tiiln, dd thj<br /> hda. Td cuoi ndm 1999, mdt sd nha may cd nguon vdn nude ngoai cda Nh^t, Dai Loan,<br /> Han Qude dup'e xdy dyng ngay phia Tay cua lang. Nhihig co sd nay thu hdt hang tidm lao<br /> dpng Id ngudi lang va cung ung nhu cdu thue nha d cho hang nghin lao dpng den td cac<br /> tinhxa.<br /> <br /> Nguyen Cdng Thdo 49<br /> 2.2. Stf hinh thdnh "pho chg"<br /> Khu phd eho DOc dupe hinhtiidnhtiiddu ndm 1990,tienkhu vyc chpF lang cu, dpc<br /> ven true dudng chinh ciia ldng, td khu vyc sdn kho chay ddi den nga tu tiam xa xd, diem<br /> giap ranh gifia khu Trung va khu Ddng. Trudc ndm 1990, khu vyc phia Bdc cua dogn<br /> dudng ndy la nha kho, sdn kho cua hpp tae xa, dupe ngdn each vdi dudng lang bdi mdt<br /> eon kenh nhd, phia Nam la nha dan. Dd ndm d vi tri tiung tdm xd, dpc ven Xmc dudng<br /> ehinh nhung mat dp cu ddn noi day kha thua, ehua ed hang qudn. Chpr Ide do hpp d khu<br /> vyc ddi dien tram y te xa, dpc ven dudng va chu ydu hpp vdo budi sdng.<br /> Theo chinh sach Doi mdi, sy trien khai Khoan 10 va sau nay la viec ban hanh Ludt<br /> Dat dai nam 1993 da khien vai tid eiia hop tac xd khdng cdn thyc su quan trpng. Su tdn<br /> tai eua nha kho va san kho trd nen Ididng cdn thidt. Sau qud trinh dd bd nha kho, ehinh<br /> quyen xd tien hanh phdn Id ddt ven sdn kho, khu dpc ven dudng lang, td chdc bdn ddu gid<br /> cho ngudi dan trong thdn vao nam 1991. Cd thd noi, ddy la dpt ban dau gia ddt d dau tien<br /> dupe tien hanh d lang ndi ridng, trong xa Vipt Hung ndi chimg. Diem dang ndi Id qud<br /> trinh ban ddu gia nay chi dp dyng vdi ngudi dan d khu Trung. Mdc dau gia thdnh cdng<br /> thdp nhdt t?i thdi didm dd la 300.000W, vupt xa kha ndng cua phan Idn ngudi dan tiong<br /> thdn. Chinh vi the, cdc hO thdng ddu gia chu yeu thude nhdm khd gid, nhihig ngudi cd thu<br /> nh|p td budn bdn nhd, nghd may, nghd thd cdng hay giao vien, bac si hay mdi di xudt<br /> khau lao dpng d nude ngodi ve.<br /> Nguyen nhdn cac hO nay tham gia ddu gia khdng phdi vi thieu ddt d ma nhdm myc<br /> dich budn ban. Trong khi dd, mot didu kien quantipngdua ra trudc ddu gia la cac hp phdi<br /> xdy dung tdi thidu nha mdi bdng ngay sau khi dugc ban giao dat. T§ti thdi diem dd, tuy^t<br /> dai da sd nhd d tiong lang la nhd ngdi, nhin ve hudng Ddng Nam, bao quanh Id vudn.<br /> Chinh vi thd, su hinh thanh ciia hang logt nha dng, nhin ra dudng chinh, thilt kl theo kiln<br /> true chung Id nha d kit hpp cua hang budn bdn dd tao ra dipn m ^ mdi cho khu vyc. Chg<br /> lang dugc ehuyin hdn vl phia sau, khu vyc sdn kho cu, hpp cd ngay khiln khu vyc ndy<br /> tid thanhti-ungtdm budn bdn cua lang.<br /> Trong ddng chay dd, kl td cudi nhihig ndm 1990, hang logt nha dan d phia Nam<br /> ben kia dudng eiing tiln hdnh xay ki 6t ban hdng, mpt sd thlm chi bdn ddt dl xdy nhd<br /> tdng, cda hang. Qua trinh ndy dan ddn sy hinh thdnh mpt khdng gian mang dang dap<br /> dd thi tren dai ddt ddi chimg 200m, dpc ven theo dudng lang. Vd ra§t xay dyng, dd Id<br /> sy noi len cua hdng loat nha cao tdng, nha dng cung hudng ra mdt dudng vdi su da<br /> dang vl kiln tnic. Ve mdt cdng ndng, dd la sy kit hgp gifia khdng gian budn ban, djch<br /> vy vdi khdng gian cu tni. Vdi dipn tich trung binh moi nha ven dudng la 50m2, 4<br /> ngudi tren mgt hp, ve m^t khdng gian, do la sy hinh thanh cua khu vyc cu trd cd mat<br /> do dan sd cao nhdt trong toan xd. Td nhihig dde diem ndy, tdn ggi "ph6 chg" dd xudt<br /> hi^n trong each ggi cua ngudi ddn, trd nen phd biln td dau ndm 2000. Khu "phd chg"<br /> ddn dugc md rdng qua eac euOc ddu gid dat tiep theo, trdi dai, chgy dgc theo trye<br /> dudng chinh td khu vyc Uy ban nhdn ddn xd din sdt khu vue Trudng Trung hpc co sd<br /> xd Vipt Hung hipn nay.<br /> <br /> 50<br /> <br /> Pho chg, phd long: hai dong chdy trong qud trinh...<br /> <br /> Hinh thuc cu tni ti^yln thong d nhilu lang Viet Id theo ddng hg, tde Id cdc hd gia<br /> dmh cd quan he hg hang gdn gui sinh sdng c ^ nhau. Tuy nhidn, d khu "phd chg", ddc<br /> dilm ndy khdng cdn nfia. Tu dgt bdn ddu gia dat dau tidn cho din dgt gan nhdt dien ra<br /> vao cudi nhung ndm 2000, da ed khodng 50 hO ehuyin din cu tni d khu vyc nay (chua kg<br /> cac hp vdn cu tru dgc dudng trudc do). Ndu dpt dau gia ddu ehi uu tien dp dyng cho<br /> ngudi d khu Trung thi eae dgt tilp theo md rpng cho mgi ddi tugng tiong toan xd. Trong<br /> sd 50 hd nay, khdng hp nao cd quan hp hp hdng gdn gui. Ve mdt lop tuoi, nhdm chii hg<br /> khi bdt ddu ehuyin den sdng d khu "phi chp" co dO tudi trung binh dudi 40. Hp thuong la<br /> nhiing cap vg chdng tre dugc bo mp mua ddt, xdy nhd, cho ra d ridng de budn ban hoac<br /> nhihig ngudi ed tay nghd (may, sda chiia didn td, didn dan dyng), thao vdt, quen vdi viec<br /> budn ban tu trudc. Mpt s6 it la edng vien chuc (bac sT, giao vien, duge si). Bdn c ^ hai<br /> ddi tugng chinh (ngudi sdng d khu vyc ndy td trudc, ngudi td thdn, ldng khac mua ddt<br /> den d), tiong vai nam trd lai day, cu dan "phd chg" eiing ddn nhan them m^t sd nguoi tir<br /> thdn, lang, xa, huyen khac den thud nhd dl kinh doanh.<br /> Diem chimg eiia ddn "phd chg" la hau het hg khdng edn lam rupng. Thu nhdp ehinh<br /> ciia hp ddn td budn bdn, dich vy vd luong, mdc dd trudc khi chuyen ra "phd chg", gia<br /> dinh hg cimg da phan deu lam mdng. Tuy nhien, ngoai ldm ruOng, gia dinh hg edn cd thu<br /> nhdp I n dinh td cac ngudn khac va nhu thda nh$n cua hp, do mdi Id ngudn thu quan tigng<br /> giiip hp ed du khd ndng mua ddt, ldm nha d khu "phd chg". Cae hoat dOng budn bdn, dich<br /> vu chinh hien nay cd the phan thdnh hai nhdm chinh: hdng tieu dung va thyc phdm. Ngodi<br /> hogt dpng kinh doanh cda cdc hp tai ehd, nhieu ngudi trong ldng, xa cung budn bdn hang<br /> ngay d khu vyc nay, chu ylu la ban thyc phdm. MOt s6 it din td cdc xa khac tiong huypn,<br /> chd ydu budn ban ndng san, theo miia.<br /> 2.3. Khu "pho ldng"<br /> Khu "pho ldng" hinh thdnh muOn hon mOt chdt, phai tii ddu ndm 2000. Cd ba mdc<br /> quan tipng cd anh hudng tdi qud tiinh Wnh thanh bao gdm: 1) sy xudt hi^n cua edc doanh<br /> nghipp nude ngoai tu cudi ndm 1999; 2) su nang cdp cua ca sd ha tdng, dich vy (duong<br /> Hdn xd, h? thdng xc buyt, sieu thi tii gifia nhfing ndm 2000; 3) su hinh tiidnh khu ddn cu<br /> mdi dii dien Cdng Thuong bdt ddu vao ndm 2010. Mdc ddu tien ddn din viOc nhilu hg<br /> gia dinh sdng ven dudng, gdn edng ty san sudt phy tiing xe may eua Nhat vd nhd mdy gidy<br /> cua Dai Loan, ddu tu md cda hang dn u6ng, giai khdt, giai tri, nha eho thue dl phyc vy<br /> hang nghin can bO, cdng nhdn din cua hai nhd may ndy. Sy bung nd cua nhilu nha hang,<br /> quan xa khiln cho hogt dOng kinh doanh d khu vyc ndy trd nen nhOn nhip hon. Tham chi,<br /> mpt khu chg dan sinh mdi dd hinh thdnh ngay ddu Idng.<br /> Moc tiiu hai keo tiieo sy gia tdng dOt biln cOa gia ddt ven dudng. Nhd vi|e ndng cap<br /> tuyen dudng lidn xd tii dudng rai dd ram thdnh dudng nhya rOng 12 met, cd den cao ap<br /> kit hgp vdi cac tuyIn xe buyt chay qua vdo ndm 2008, gia ddt d khu vyc nay tdng 16n<br /> hang ehyc idn, dao dOng d mdc 15-20 tiieu dong/m^. Con sot bdt dOng san ndy mot p h ^<br /> ndm tiong con bao gia ehung tii thi tiudng bdt dOng sdn d ndi tiidnh Hd NOi, mOt phdn tir<br /> quy hoach phdt tiiln cua huyen Ddng Anh khi tiimg tam huypn du kiln sS ehuyin vl xS<br /> Lien Ha (each lang chung 2km vl phia Bdc), khu vyc flii tian dugc dy bao sS dugc nang<br /> <br /> Nguyen Cong ihao<br /> <br /> 51<br /> <br /> len thanh qudn. Khi do, khu "phd ldng" sS la cdu ndi gifia trung tam quan va huyOn mdi.<br /> Tu 2005 den dau 2010, khu vyc nay chung kiln sy bimg nl vl xdy dyng khi hdng ehyc<br /> nha cao tdng dugc xdy dyng, vdi quy md Idn hon ca khu "phd chg". Neu td nhfing ndm<br /> 1995 trd ve trude, hau hit ddt ven dudng la ddt vudn, ao tid d gjai doan nay, chdng dugc<br /> cdi tgo thanh nhd hang, nhd d, cda hang, qudn cafe, qudn gpi ddu, djch vy van tai, du Ijch,<br /> may mac, co khi. Hau hit nhd mdi xay cd it nhdt 3 tdng vd dientichnhd nhdt la 60m^.<br /> Mdc thu ba la ket qua eiia vi$e ehuyin ddi mdt phdn dipnti'ehdat ndng nghiOp cua<br /> khu Dodi thanh ddt d vi day la khu ddt cao, hgn ehl kha ndng tudi tieu. Khu nay ndm ven<br /> dudng Idn, ndi lang vdi trung tdm huypn, ndi lang vdi cac xd khde. Cdc hd uu tidn duge<br /> mua dat vdi gia uu dai la ngudi cd dat ndng nghiep bi thu hdi; la ngudi khu Dodi thuOc<br /> didn gia dinh chinh sach, thieu dat d. Chinh sach nay dan din su hinh thdnh cua cym dan<br /> eu mdi gdm 19 hg. Cac hg ndy cung xay nha eao tdng, md cda hdng bdn bia, dipn thogi di<br /> dOng, may tinh, xe dgp, xe may.<br /> Vdi khdng it ngudi, "phd chg" va "phd lang" la bilu tugng mdi minh chung cho sy<br /> phdt trien, h^i nhdp cda ldng, nhu nhdn dinh dudi day cua mdt ngudi ddn;<br /> <br /> Gid ddt a hai khu ndy chang hi re, cd khi cao han ddt trong ngo d ngi thdnh. Ch<br /> cdn CO cua hdng nho nhd, kiim vdi trdm mdt ngdy chdng hi khd. Nhd cua. ti$n<br /> ciing chdng thua kem gi niu khdng mudn ndi la rgng rdi. thodng mdt hon. Khdn<br /> khi trong lanh, th\fc phdm sgch, gid cd sinh hogt lgi re hon. Giao thdng di lgi th<br /> ti?n, vdi chuc phiit la ra den Bd Hd. Tgi gi md chen chuc a thdnh phd, chi td hit b<br /> dn do bdn md ddt do.<br /> (PVS, nam, 65 tudi, hpc vdn cao ddng, gido vidn nghi huu)<br /> 3. Hai khu "phi", hai "dong chay"<br /> 3.1. Tinh chat vd m&c dp lien kit cua ho^t d^ng kinh ti<br /> Sy tin tgi cua mOt khdng gian phan anh dde diem hogt dOng kinh td cua cu ddn sinh<br /> sdi^ tiong dd. Day cung chinh Id chdc ndng kinh tl cua bat ky mpt khdng gian ndo<br /> (Hirsch vd O'Hanlon chu bien, 1995). Khu "phd chg" la bieu tugng cho sy troi d^y eua<br /> hogt dgng thuong mgi tu nhdn ty vin khdng cd khdng gian trong thdi V^ hgp tdc xd - thdi<br /> kj' titiig duge bilu trung bdi eda hdng bach hoa, hoat dOng thdng qua hp thong phdn phoi<br /> hang tieu ddng dua tien tem phieu. Sy hhih thanh cua khu "pho chg" phdn dnh sy ehuyin<br /> dich vai trd sdn xudt, diiu tiit, qudn ly vd phdn phdi hang hda bdi nhd nude sang khdi<br /> doanh nghiep, tu nhdn vd thj trudng bdi dk ddm bao cho each vgn hdnh mdi, dilu kipn<br /> cdn thilt la phai cd khong gian tuong dng. Chinh vi thi, sy ton tai cua nhd kho, sdn kho,<br /> cua hang bdch hda - nhfing bilu tugng cda thdi ky trudc Ddi mdi, khdng cdn cdn thilt.<br /> ViOc tu nhdn hda cac khdng gian ay la dilu kipn tien quyet de ngudi ddn cd thi thay thi<br /> vai tro phdn phdi hdng hda, thu mua ndng sdn... vdn timg do hgp tac xd dam nhiOm.<br /> Khu "phd chg" ciing la ddu hipu budc ddu, danh dau su phat trien cua nin kinh tl,<br /> noi ma vai trd eua sdn xuat ndng nghiep tdng budc bi thay the bdi hogt dOng thuang mai,<br /> dich vu. Dilu nay the hiOn qua mgt dO hO kinh doanh nhilu hon, m^t hdng kinh doanh da<br /> <br />